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Comparison of methods of malaria control

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{{INDEX|visible = yes}} <!-- Remove once page is published in main space -->
 
This page is a '''comparison of methods of malaria control''', covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Combines with !! Status
|-
| [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"<ref>{{cite web|title=amodiaquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top|website=nih.gov|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || oral<ref>{{cite web|title=ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet|url=http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|website=wipo.int|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|publisher=Portland State Universit y|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || Africa || Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug [[wikipedia:lumefantrine|lumefantrine]] which should be taken with fatty food).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Arthur|title=Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2-nwinRKtBQC&pg=PA2005&lpg=PA2005&dq=%22amodiaquine%22+%22advantage%22&source=bl&ots=17vhyc7xHa&sig=MnF_LcWpBvjFRkn9B3WkEa7vCpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq8jS673TAhXMh5AKHQEeAa8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=%22amodiaquine%22%20%22advantage%22&f=false|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"<ref>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz|url=http://pharmafactz.com/medicinal-chemistry-of-antimalarial-drugs/|website=http://pharmafactz.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || Artesunate || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
|-
| [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|publisher=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|accessdate= }}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs|edition=Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1XCmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=%22Artemether%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=jHK7AwZkdP&sig=kU6mL9_bxLH6A4nPCAEXC2MhwOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDwd-AncDTAhUED5AKHR3_AYs4ChDoAQgnMAE#v=onepage&q=%22Artemether%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>, intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1987 || || || Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration|doi=10.1128/AAC.01428-13|url=http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4187974/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || || [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
| [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."<ref name="Artemotil">{{cite web|title=Artemotil|url=http://topics.sciencedirect.com/topics/page/Artemotil?|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| 2000 <ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment">{{cite web|title=MALARIA: Artemotil treatment|url=http://www.who.int/tdr/research/progress/9900/regulatory_approval/en/|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>|| || || "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."<ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment"/> || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || "Artemether-lumefantrine benefits from coformulation, approval in multiple countries in the developing world and Europe, and demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety "<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso"/> || "Disadvantages of artemether-lumefantrine therapy include the need for twice-per-day dosing, irregular bioavailability, and recommendation for ingestion with a fatty meal to improve drug levels."<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso">{{cite journal|title=Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso|doi=10.1086/522985|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/11/1453/333938/Randomized-Comparison-of-Amodiaquine-plus|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || Uncomplicated falciparum malaria (orally), severe falciparum malaria (parenterally)<ref name="Artesunate">{{cite web|title=Artesunate| url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.11.html|website=who.int|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || Oral, parenteral<ref name="Artesunate"/> || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref> || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|accessdate= }}</ref>|| Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Artesunate + Amodiaquine|website=msh.org|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=ARAM370T3&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100mg%2B270mg&desc=Artesunate%2BAmodiaquine&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E5%2E3%2E1&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E5%2E3%2E1%29Antimalarial%20medicines%2C%20for%20curative%20treatment%3Cbr%3E|accessdate= }}</ref> || 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available|url=https://www.dndi.org/2007/media-centre/press-releases/new-once-a-day-fixed-dose-combination-against-malaria-now-available/|website=dndi.org|accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref>|| || Sub-Saharan Africa || || || ||
| [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || Blood and liver phases of ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref name="5 Malaria">{{cite web|title=Malaria|url=http://www.reispassie.nl/losse%20paginas/05-Malaria-00[1].pdf|website=reispassie.nl|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || Oral || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|accessdate= }}</ref> || Oral ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|accessdate= }}</ref>|| "The disadvantages of chloroquine are its effects on protein degradation and direct block of other cardiac ion channels"<ref>{{cite journal|title=The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine blocks KIR2.x-mediated inward rectifier current by entering the cytoplasmic pore region of the channel|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x/full|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|first1=Richard David|last2=Bloem|first2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Proguanil ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|accessdate= |pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|accessdate= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || oral, [[wikipedia:topical|topical]], [[wikipedia:intravenous therapy|intravenous]], [[wikipedia:pessary|intravaginal]]<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Clindamycin Hydrochloride|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clindamycin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=June 25, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Ley2006>{{cite book|last1=Leyden|first1=James J.|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|date=2006|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9783540331018|page=152|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&pg=PA152}}</ref> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || "Considered safe for use in pregnant women and very young children."<ref name="Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance">{{cite web|title=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance| url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11017/chapter/11#293|website=nap.edu| accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || "Clindamycin’s disadvantages are its high cost, the common occurrence of rash and the predisposition of patients taking clindamycin to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. Based on cohort studies, the risk of severe diarrhea in out-patients is as low as one per 1000, but the risk of in-patients acquiring C difficile colonization may be as high as 30%."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smieja|first1=Marek|title=Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250868/|accessdate=16 June 2017|pmc=3250868}}</ref> || Used in conjunction with quinine, doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, atovaquone and proguanil<ref name=AHFS2015/> ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || "Excellent antimalarial efficacy in available trials and appears to offer advantages over artemether-lumefantrine, including simpler dosing and the longer half-life of piperaquine, compared with that of lumefantrine."<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso"/> || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || Treatment || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || "A major advantage of halofantrine is it's rapid onset of action."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Use of Halofantrine Hydrochloride in Acute Malaria|url=http://proceedings-szh.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-use-of-halofantrine-hydrochloride-in-acute-malaria.pdf|website=proceedings-szh.com| accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>|| "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || ||
| [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "The once-weekly dosing is quite attractive to some people" " Mefloquine is relatively inexpensive"<ref name="What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine">{{cite web|title=What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/what-you-need-to-know-about-antimalarial-drug-mefloquine/article32955626/|website=theglobeandmail.com|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || "There can be severe neurological and psychiatric side effects, especially for people with any history of mental illness" "A major drawback is intolerability" "The issues are as minor as unpleasant dreams to issues as major as severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the range of 1 in 10,000 healthy people."<ref name="What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine"/> ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || || ||
| [[wikipedia:RTS,S|RTS,S]] || Prevention || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || "Tafenoquine and mefloquine exhibit similar prophylactic efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in field studies"<ref name="The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)">{{cite web|title=The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-017-1862-4|website=biomedcentral.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}
 
==Non-drug Methods==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! First use !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Status
|-
| Chicken scent || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||
|-
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || ||
|-
| Environmental management ("encompasses draining and filling of breeding habitats, clearance of vegetation, and eliminating pools of stagnant water.")<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/> || Prevention || Mosquito || || || "
*Prevent mosquito maturation by eliminating breeding sites
*Community-wide protective effect
*Useful in peri-urban and urban areas where transmission is focal77
*Useful in economic development sites where nonimmune populations may be concentrated
*Sustainable reductions in transmission, morbidity, and mortality observed when integrated with other interventions
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
|| "
*Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., periodic maintenance, labor intensive)
*Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
*High initial costs
*Intersectoral action is required
*Impact difficult to quantify when integrated wth other interventions
*Some undesirable environmental impact if activities target wetlands
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
|-
| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || ||
| Fogging || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref> || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "*Mosquitoes killed and repelled *Community-wide protective effect *Once sprayed, *no additional commitment from community *Residual activity: 3–12 months, depending on the insecticide *Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings *No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment."<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies">{{cite web|title=Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1724/table/pg249.t5/?report=objectonly|website=nih.gov|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>" ||" *Insecticide resistance monitoring and management*Ineffective against exophilic malaria vectors*Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., transportation into remote communities are difficult, labor intensive) and resource requirements*Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance*Acceptability among community members*Required removal of all belongings, except large pieces of furniture, from the home*Health and safety of sprayers and communities<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>""homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> |-| Insecticide–treated nets || Prevention || Mosquito || || || "*Mosquitoes killed and repelled*Community-wide protective effect, if coverage rate is high, extended to neighboring communities15*Rebound effect not observed75*Individual and community decisions to use*Effectively treated nets with sizeable holes remain effective76*Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings*No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment "<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>|| "*Ineffective against exophagic malaria Vectors*Decreased susceptibility and increasing resistance to pyrethroids, but nets may still be a practical means of personal protection65*Periodic net retreatment is required (as long-lasting nets become available, retreatment will cease to be a problem)*Distribution and sustainability problems, particularly in impoverished areas when nets are not distributed free of charge*Low coverage rates, particularly in high-risk groups such as children and pregnant women, when nets are not distributed free of charge*Difficult to promote in areas of unstable transmission*Individual attitudes and practices (e.g., ineffective for persons sleeping outside)"<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers"/> Mosquitoes are becoming highly resistant to insecticides on nets. "Insecticides are designed to kill mosquitoes immediately on contact, so when more than 10% of them are still alive in the day following exposure we know they are getting resistant to insecticides."<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria—should we abandon insecticide-treated bednets?|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-07-malariashould-abandon-insecticide-treated-bednets.html#nRlv|website=medicalxpress.com|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || ||
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || Mosquito || 484–?425 BC<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.">{{cite journal|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.|journal=Institute of Medicine (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215620/|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || ||
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Name !! Surface !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Duration of effective action (months) !! Usage status|-| [[wikipedia:Alpha-cypermethrin|Alpha-cypermethrin]] || || || || || || || 4–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> |-| [[wikipedia:Bifenthrin|Bifenthrin]] || || circa 1984<ref name="bifenthrin"/> || || || "There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil."<ref name="bifenthrin">{{cite web|title=bifenthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/78.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || "There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine distupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms."<ref name="bifenthrin"/> || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> |-| [[wikipedia:Cyfluthrin|Cyfluthrin]] || Field corn, Sweetcorn, Popcorn, Silage corn, Citrus, Public health situations<ref>{{cite web|title=cyfluthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/192.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || 1983<ref>{{cite web|title=cyfluthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/192.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> |-| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || 1974, first described<ref name="deltamethrin">{{cite web|title=deltamethrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/205.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || || || "It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile."<ref name="deltamethrin"/> || "Highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees."<ref name="deltamethrin"/> || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> |-| [[wikipedia:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || |||-| [[wikipedia:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase|Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase]] (DLD) || || || || || || || |||-| [[wikipedia:Etofenprox|Etofenprox]] || Fruit, Vegetables, Paddy fields<ref name="etofenprox">{{cite web|title=etofenprox|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/283.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || 1987<ref name="etofenprox"/> || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> |-| [[wikipedia:Bendiocarb|Bendiocarb]] || || || || || || || 2–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> |-| BHC ([[wikipedia:Lindane|Lindane]]?) || || || || || || || |||-| Dieldrin || || || || || || || |||-| [[wikipedia:Fenitrothion|Fenitrothion]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?">{{cite journal|last1=Sadasivaiah|first1=Shobha|last2=Tozan|first2=Yeim|last3=Breman|first3=Joel G.|title=Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1724/|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> |-| HCH || || || || || || || |||-| [[wikipedia:Lambda-cyhalothrin|Lambda-cyhalothrin]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
|-
| [[wikipedia:DichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneMalathion|DichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneMalathion]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)|| 2–3<ref name="2016_palmerDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp |7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain"Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="2016_palmerDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?" />{{rp|7}}
|-
| [[wikipedia:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenaseDeltamethrin|Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenaseDeltamethrin]] (DLD) || || || || || || || ||
|-
| BHC ([[wikipedia:LindaneParis green|LindaneParis green]]?) || || || || || || || ||
|-
| Dieldrin [[wikipedia:Pirimiphosmethyl|Pirimiphosmethyl]] | || || || || || | || 2–3<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
|-
| HCH [[wikipedia:Propoxur|Propoxur]] | || || || || || | || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
|-
| [[wikipedia:DeltamethrinPyrethrin|DeltamethrinPyrethrin]] || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[wikipedia:Paris green|Paris green]] || || || || || ||
|}
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