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| 1991 || || || Gopher system is released by Mark P. McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Daniel Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the {{w|University of Minnesota}}<ref name="wwwunleashed">{{cite book|last=December|last2=Randall|first=John|first2=Neil|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwidewebunle00dece/page/20 20]|title=The World Wide Web unleashed|year=1994|publisher=Sams Publishing|isbn=1-57521-040-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwidewebunle00dece/page/20}}</ref> Gopher is considered to be the first search engine using a hypertext paradigm.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com">{{cite web |title=The History of Search Engine Optimization |url=http://www.thehistoryofseo.com/The-Industry/The_History_of_Search_Engine_Optimization.aspx |website=thehistoryofseo.com |accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref>
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| 1992 1993 || || || "VLib"{{w|Excite}} is born as a {{w|Stanford University}} project called Architext involving six undergraduate students seeking to use statistical analysis of word relationships to improve relevancy of searches on the Internet.<ref name="tellmeyourgoalthehistoryofseo.comscom"/>{{cite web |title=Short History of Early Search Engines |url=http://www.thehistoryofseo.com/The- Industry/Short_History_of_Early_Search_Engines.aspx | 1993 website=thehistoryofseo.com || || || "In 1993, accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref> Excite revolutionized would revolutionize how information was is categorized".<ref name="bluefrogdm.coms"/>
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| 1993 || || || "For example, in 1992, Gopher became the first search engine using a hypertext paradigm. Only a year later, the graphical Mosaic web browser improved Gopher’s primarily text-based interface. About the same time, Wandex became the first search engine to crawl the web indexing and searching indexed pages on the web."<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com"/>