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| 2005 (May) || Scientific development || Russian scientist [[wikipedia:Alexander Bolotin|Alexander Bolotin]], working at [[wikipedia:Institut national de la recherche agronomique|Institut national de la recherche agronomique]], discovers an unusual [[wikipedia:CRISPR locus|CRISPR locus]] while studying the [[wikipedia:bacteria|bacteria]] ''[[wikipedia:streptococcus thermophilus|streptococcus thermophilus]]''. Although similar to previously reported systems, the CRISPR array discovered would lack some of the known cas genes and instead contained novel cas genes, including one encoding a large protein they predicted to have nuclease activity, which is now known as [[wikipedia:Cas9|Cas9]]. Bolotin's team would also note that the spacers, which have homology to viral genes, all share a common sequence at one end. This sequence would be later known as [[wikipedia:Protospacer adjacent motif|protospacer adjacent motif]] (PAM).<ref name="CRISPR Timeline"/><ref name="CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea"/> || [[wikipedia:France|France]]
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| 2005 (August)|| Scientific development || Researchers at the {{w|Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique}} in {{w|Paris}} reveal the origin of the spacers in CRISPR elements. This would provide a new and robust identification tool for the CRISPR structure.<ref>{{cite journal|title=CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies|doi=10.1099/mic.0.27437-0|url=http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/micro/151/3/653.pdf?expires=1496784176&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=15EDF2C49E783FE7C5623FFB579DE768|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea"/> ||{{w|France}}
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| 2005 (November) || Scientific development || American scientists, working at the [[wikipedia:The Institute for Genomic Research|The Institute for Genomic Research]], classify 45 CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families and multiple CRISPR/Cas subtypes in prokaryotic genomes.<ref name="CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Guild of 45 CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Protein Families and Multiple CRISPR/Cas Subtypes Exist in Prokaryotic Genomes|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010060|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1282333/|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/>||
| 2012 (December) || Patent case || The [[wikipedia:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]] submits fast track application for CRISPR-Cas 9 technology to the [[wikipedia:United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent and Trademark Office]]. A further dozen patents would be filed by the Institute based on the eukaryotic use of CRISPR.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/><ref name="Round one of CRISPR patent legal battle goes to the Broad Institute"/> || United States
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| 2013 (January) || Engineering Application || Team led by [[wikipedia:Feng Zhang|Feng Zhang]] at the [[wikipedia:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]] reports that it has used CRISPR to cut DNA in [[wikipedia:human cell|human cells]], opening the door for the tool to be used in medicine.<ref name="Round one of CRISPR patent legal battle goes to the Broad Institute">{{cite web|title=Round one of CRISPR patent legal battle goes to the Broad Institute|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/round-one-crispr-patent-legal-battle-goes-broad-institute|website=sciencemag.org|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How the battle lines over CRISPR were drawn.|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/how-battle-lines-over-crispr-were-drawn|website=sciencemag.org|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref> In the same month, a number of other researchers at different laboratories publish papers within a few weeks of each other demonstrating how the CRISPR system could be used to edit genomes in [[wikipedia:human cells|human cells]].<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/>||
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| 2013 (January) || Engineering Application || CRISPR-Cas systems is used to edit the genome of a [[wikipedia:zebrafish|zebrafish]].<ref name="Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system">{{cite journal|title=Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system|journal=Nature Biotechnology|url=http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v31/n3/full/nbt.2501.html|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> ||
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| 2013 (February) || Engineering Application || Scientists from [[wikipedia:Harvard Medical School|Harvard Medical School]] announce successful RNA-guided editing tool for facile, robust, and multiplexable human genome engineering using a CRISPR-Cas 9 technique.<ref>{{cite journal|title=RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.|doi=10.1126/science.1232033|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287722|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> || United States
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| 2013 (March) || Engineering Application || Researchers report the use of type II bacterial CRISPR-Cas system in ''[[wikipedia:saccharomyces cerevisiae|saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' (a yeast species used in wine making, baking and brewing) for genome engineering.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR-Cas systems|doi=10.1093/nar/gkt135|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627607/|accessdate=8 June 2017|pmc=3627607}}</ref> ||
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| 2013 || Engineering Application || New CRISPR technology offers the first alternative to the current protein-based targeting ([[wikipedia:Transcription activator-like effector nuclease|Transcription activator-like effector nuclease]] and [[wikipedia:Zinc finger|Zinc finger]]) methods used to specifically target a [[wikipedia:gene|gene]] (or other DNA sequence). This new system uses a short [[wikipedia:RNA|RNA]] to guide a nuclease to the [[wikipedia:DNA|DNA]] target.<ref>{{cite web|title=CRISPR/Cas9 History|url=https://www.addgene.org/crispr/reference/history/|website=addgene.org|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 2013 (August) || Engineering Application || Scientists demonstrate use of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in [[wikipedia:arabidopsis|arabidopsis]], [[wikipedia:tobacco|tobacco]], [[wikipedia:sorghum|sorghum]] and [[wikipedia:rice|rice]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in Arabidopsis, tobacco, sorghum and rice|url=https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/41/20/e188/2414851/Demonstration-of-CRISPR-Cas9-sgRNA-mediated|website=oup.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 2013 || Engineering Application || A pair of studies simultaneously show how to successfully engineer type II CRISPR systems from [[wikipedia:Streptococcus thermophilus|streptococcus thermophilus]] and [[wikipedia:Streptococcus pyogenes|streptococcus pyogenes]] to accomplish genome editing in mammalian cells.<ref name="Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering"/> ||
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| 2013 (November) || Organization || Editas Medicine is founded as a transformative genome editing company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Editas Medicine|url=https://www.massbio.org/member/editas-medicine-43942|website=massbio.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || United States ([[wikipedia:Massachusetts|Massachusetts]])
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| 2013 (November) || Organization || CRISPR Therapeutics is founded with the mission of developing gene-editing based therapeutics for serious diseases.<ref name="CRISPR will Win the Nobel Prize, but When? Not this year…">{{cite web|title=CRISPR will Win the Nobel Prize, but When? Not this year…|url=http://labiotech.eu/crisps-denied-nobel-prize-autophagy/|website=labiotech.eu|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FOUNDERS & SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS|url=http://www.crisprtx.com/about-us/scientific-founders-advisors.php|website=crisprtx.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]]
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| 2014 (April 15) || Patent case || The [[wikipedia:United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent and Trademark Office]] awards the first patent for use the CRISPR/Cas system to edit eukaryotic genomes to [[wikipedia:Feng Zhang|Feng Zhang]] of the [[wikipedia:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]] of the [[wikipedia:MIT|MIT]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent Covers CRISPR|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39745/title/Patent-Covers-CRISPR/|website=the-scientist.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
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| 2014 (August) || Scientific development || Biological engineers at the [[wikipedia:MIT|Massachusets Institute of Technology]] demonstrate that CRISPR genome-editing technique can disrupt a single parasite gene with a success rate of up to 100% — in a matter of weeks. This approach could enable much more rapid gene analysis and boost drug-development efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=An easier way to manipulate malaria genes|url=http://news.mit.edu/2014/better-malaria-drug-targets-0810|website=mit.edu|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
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| 2014 || Organization || Intellia Therapeutics is launched as a gene editing company, focusing on the development of [[wikipedia:therapeutics|therapeutics]] utilizing a the CRISPR/Cas9 system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Company Overview of Intellia Therapeutics Inc.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=277799796|website=bloomberg.com|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:Cambridge (Massachusets)|Cambridge (Massachusets]])
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| 2014–2015 || Engineering Application || Researchers report the successful use of CRISPR technology in [[wikipedia:mice|mice]] to eliminate [[wikipedia:muscular dystrophy|muscular dystrophy]] and cure a rare liver disease, and to make human cells immune to [[wikipedia:HIV|HIV]].<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> ||
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| 2015 (March) || || American scientists call for a voluntary worldwide moratorium on the use of genome editing tools to modify human reproductive cells, under the assumption that genome editing in human embryos using current technologies could have unpredictable effects on future generations.<ref name="Don’t edit the human germ line">{{cite web|title=Don’t edit the human germ line|url=http://www.nature.com/news/don-t-edit-the-human-germ-line-1.17111|website=nature.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 2015 (April) || Engineering Application || Chinese research team reports the first application of CRISPR to (non-viable) human embryos. This development, together with the decreasing costs of the technology would trigger a major bioethical debate about how far CRISPR technology should be used.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org">{{cite web|title=CRISPR|url=http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/science/crispr|website=whatisbiotechnology.org|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="A simple guide to CRISPR, one of the biggest science stories of 2016"/> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]
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| 2015 (April) || Policy || The United States [[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] issues a statement indicating that it will not fund any research that uses genome editing tools such as CRISPR in [[wikipedia:human embryos|human embryos]].<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> ||
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| 2015 (September) || Endorsement || Leading United Kingdom research organizations issue declare support of the continued use of CRISPR-Cas9 and other genome-editing techniques in preclinical research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human genome-editing research should proceed, say leading UK science bodies|url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/press-release/human-genome-editing-research-should-proceed-say-leading-uk-science-bodies|website=wellcome.ac.uk|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || United Kingdom
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| 2015 (September) || || Professor [[wikipedia:Jennifer Doudna|Jennifer Doudna]] gives a [[wikipedia:TED Talk|TED Talk]] about the [[wikipedia:bioethics|bioethics]] of using CRISPR.<ref>{{cite web|title=How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/jennifer_doudna_we_can_now_edit_our_dna_but_let_s_do_it_wisely|website=ted.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ([[wikipedia:London|London]])
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| 2015 (November) || Engineering Application || Researchers at [[wikipedia:University of California|University of California]] campuses in [[wikipedia:University of California, Irvine|Irvine]] and [[wikipedia:University of California, San Diego|San Diego]] announce they could possibly eliminate [[wikipedia:malaria|malaria]] using the CRISPR technology to start a [[wikipedia:gene drive|gene drive]] in [[wikipedia:mosquitos|mosquitos]].<ref name="CRISPR Is Rapidly Ushering in a New Era in Science"/> ||
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| 2015 (December) || Engineering Application || Three different groups of researchers announce they have successfully used CRISPR in [[wikipedia:mice|mice]] to treat [[wikipedia:Duchenne muscular dystrophy|Duchenne muscular dystrophy]] (DMD), one rare but among the most common fatal genetic diseases.<ref name="CRISPR Is Rapidly Ushering in a New Era in Science"/> ||
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| 2015 (December) || Recognition || The use of CRISPR/Cas9-gRNA complex for [[wikipedia:genome editing|genome editing]] becomes the [[wikipedia:American Association for the Advancement of Science|American Association for the Advancement of Science]] choice for breakthrough of the year.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Travis J | title = Breakthrough of the Year: CRISPR makes the cut | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year | work = Science Magazine | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | |accessdate=5 June 2017 }}</ref> || United States
| 2015 || Recognition || CRISPR earns recognition as the top scientific breakthrough of the year by [[wikipedia:Science Magazine|Science Magazine]].<ref name="CRISPR Is Rapidly Ushering in a New Era in Science">{{cite web|title=CRISPR Is Rapidly Ushering in a New Era in Science|url=https://futurism.com/crispr-is-rapidly-ushering-in-a-new-era-in-science/|website=futurism.com|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref> || United States
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| 2016 (January) || Engineering Application || Scientists at [[wikipedia:Harvard University|Harvard University]] publish improved version of CRISPR/Cas 9 with less risk of off-target DNA breaks.<ref>{{cite journal|title=High-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects.|doi=10.1038/nature16526|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735016|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> || United States
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| 2016 (February) || Policy || The United Kingdom Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) autorizes researchers get green light to genetically modify human embryos.<ref>{{cite web|title=British researchers get green light to genetically modify human embryos|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/01/human-embryo-genetic-modify-regulator-green-light-research|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> || United Kingdom
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| 2016 (March) || Application || Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, Researchers from Temple University demonstrate how they can edit {{w|HIV}} out of human immune cell {{w|DNA}}, and therefore, prevent the reinfection of unedited cells too.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientists Just Removed HIV from Human Immune Cells Using CRISPR Gene-Editing|url=https://futurism.com/scientists-just-removed-hiv-human-immune-cells-using-crispr-gene-editing/|website=futurism.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hodgkins|first1=Kelly|title=Scientists just successfully used gene editing to remove HIV from infected immune cells|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/hiv-gene-editing/|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=CREW|first1=BEC|title=Scientists Have Removed HIV From Human Immune Cells Using a New Gene-Editing Technique|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-removed-hiv-dna-from-human-immune-cells-using-new-gene-editing-technique|website=sciencealert.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dvorsky|first1=George|title=HIV Genes Successfully Edited Out of Immune Cells|url=https://gizmodo.com/hiv-successfully-edited-out-of-immune-cells-1766413957|website=gizmodo.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>
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| 2016 (June) || Funding || American magnate [[wikipedia:Bill Gates|Bill Gates]] endorses the use of CRISPR technique to create malaria-resistant mosquitoes. By September, the [[wikipedia:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] would plan to double the sum it was spending under the Gates–funded project [[wikipedia:Target malaria|Target malaria]], to create a mosquito-killing technology that relies on CRISPR gene editing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Gates Doubles His Bet on Wiping Out Mosquitoes with Gene Editing|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602304/bill-gates-doubles-his-bet-on-wiping-out-mosquitoes-with-gene-editing/|website=technologyreview.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Gates endorses genetically modified mosquitoes to combat malaria|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/17/11965176/bill-gates-genetically-modified-mosquito-malaria-crispr|website=theverge.com|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gates Foundation doubling efforts to use CRISPR to create mosquito-killing technology|url=https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/09/07/gates-foundation-doubling-efforts-use-crispr-create-mosquito-killing-technology/|website=geneticliteracyproject.org|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref> ||
| 2017 (February) || Patent case || The [[wikipedia:United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent and Trademark Office]] rules that the [[wikipedia:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]] and [[wikipedia:University of California, Berkeley |University of California, Berkeley ]]’s patents do not interfere, after lawyers representing the [[wikipedia:University of California|University of California]] filed for an ‘interference’ proceeding in order to have the Broad’s patents thrown out. The judges' rule, that would benefit Broad Institute, effectively allows both UC-Berkeley and the Broad to have patents covering portions of [[wikipedia:intellectual property|intellectual property]] in the CRISPR's field, possibly requiring companies to license patents from both institutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broad Institute wins bitter battle over CRISPR patents|url=http://www.nature.com/news/broad-institute-wins-bitter-battle-over-crispr-patents-1.21502|website=nature.com|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref> || United States
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| 2017 (April) || Engineering Application || A team of scientists from the MIT and Harvard manage to adapt a CRISPR protein that targets RNA (rather than DNA) as a rapid, inexpensive, highly sensitive diagnostic tool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientists unveil CRISPR-based diagnostic platform|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-04-scientists-unveil-crispr-based-diagnostic-platform.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || United States|-| 2017 (May) || Application || Research team at [[wikipedia:Temple University|Temple University Health System]] publishes demonstration that HIV-1 replication can be completely shut down and the virus eliminated from infected cells in animals using CRISPR/Cas9 editing technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gene editing strategy eliminates HIV-1 infection in live animals|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170501112514.htm|website=sciencedaily.com|publisher=Temple University Health System|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> || United States|-| 2017 (May) || Application || Researchers from the {{w|University of Rochester Medical Center}} use the CRISPR gene editing technique to try to slow cancer growth by eliminating one of the key proteins that allow cancer cells to proliferate out of control.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maldarelli|first1=Claire|title=Scientists are using gene editing to try to slow cancer growth|url=https://www.popsci.com/CRISPR-cancer|website=popsci.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=STAPLETON|first1=ANDREW|title=Scientists Have Used CRISPR to Slow The Spread of Cancer Cells|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-use-crispr-to-slow-the-cancer-cells-from-spreading|website=sciencealert.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A new way to slow cancer cell growth|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-05-cancer-cell-growth.html|website=medicalxpress.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CRISPR gene editing puts the brakes on cancer cells|url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/crispr-gene-editing-puts-the-brakes-on-cancer-cells|website=cosmosmagazine.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| 2017 (May) || Funding || The Open Philanthropy Project, a collaboration between [[wikipedia:Good Ventures|Good Ventures]] and charity evaluator [[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]], awards a grant of US$ 17,500,000 to [[wikipedia:Target Malaria|Target Malaria]] over four years to help the project develop and prepare for the potential deployment of gene drive technologies to help eliminate malaria in [[wikipedia:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria elimination project wins $17.5m funding boost|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_30-5-2017-13-49-35|website=imperial.ac.uk|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Target Malaria — General Support|url=http://www.openphilanthropy.org/focus/scientific-research/miscellaneous/target-malaria-general-support|website=openphilanthropy.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || |-| 2017 (June) || Application || Scientists at {{w|Emory University}} show that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can reverse {{w|Huntington’s disease}} in {{w|mice}} by snipping part of a gene that produces toxic protein aggregates in the brains of 9-month-old mice.<ref>{{cite web|title=CRISPR Reverses Huntington’s Disease in Mice|url=https://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/crispr-reverses-huntingtons-disease-in-mice/81254532|website=genengnews.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gene editing reverses Huntington's in mouse model|url=http://news.emory.edu/stories/2017/06/li_hd_jci-CRISPR/index.html|website=emory.edu|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Ricki|title=Can CRISPR Conquer Huntington’s?|url=http://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2017/06/29/can-crispr-conquer-huntingtons/|website=plos.org|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Barlow|first1=Joshua|title=CRISPR gene-editing reverses Huntington’s Disease in mice|url=https://america.cgtn.com/2017/06/27/crispr-gene-editing-reverses-huntingtons-disease-in-mice|website=cgtn.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2017 (MayJuly) || Engineering Application || Research team at [[wikipedia:Temple University, led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov of {{w|Temple Oregon Health and Science University Health System]] publishes demonstration that HIV}}, claims having used CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing technique to correct a disease-1 replication can be completely shut down and causing mutation in gene called MYBPC3 in dozens of viable human embryos. The targeted mutation causes a condition known as {{w|hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}}, which is the virus eliminated from infected cells leading cause of sudden death in young athletes.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Connor|first1=Steve|title=First Human Embryos Edited in U.S.|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in animals using CRISPR-us/Cas9 editing technology|website=technologyreview.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ledford|first1=Heidi|title=Gene editing strategy eliminates HIVCRISPR fixes disease gene in viable human embryos|url=http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-fixes-disease-gene-in-viable-human-embryos-1 infection .22382|website=nature.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Potenza|first1=Alessandra|title=Human embryos edited for first time in live animalsthe US using CRISPR|url=https://www.sciencedailytheverge.com/releases2017/7/27/16049340/human-embryos-dna-crispr-gene-editing-us|website=theverge.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Molteni|first1=Megan|title=US Scientists Edit a Human Embryo—But Superbabies Won’t Come Easy|url=https:/05/170501112514www.wired.htmcom/story/first-us-crispr-edited-embryos-suggest-superbabies-wont-come-easy/|website=sciencedailywired.com|publisher=Temple University Health System|accessdate=8 June 16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{w| United States}}
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| 2017 (MayOctober) || Funding Technology || The Open Philanthropy ProjectResearchers at the {{w|University of California, a collaboration between [[wikipedia:Good Ventures|Good Ventures]] and charity evaluator [[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]]Berkeley}}, awards a grant develop new version of US$ 17the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology called CRISPR-Gold,500,000 to [[wikipedia:Target Malariaa technology that uses {{w|Target Malaria]] over four years gold}} nanoparticles for delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system to help cells that, when tested in the project develop and prepare for mdx mouse model of {{w|Duchenne muscular dystrophy}} (DMD), repair the potential deployment of faulty DMD gene drive technologies , leading to help eliminate malaria improved strength and agility and reduced {{w|fibrosis}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mumal|title=Advanced Gene-Editing Technology CRISPR-Gold Repairs DMD Mutation in [[wikipediaMice|url=https:Sub//musculardystrophynews.com/2017/10/13/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-mutation-in-mice-fixed-crispr-gold-gene-editing-technology/|website=musculardystrophynews.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Israel|first1=Brett|title=CRISPR-Saharan AfricaGold fixes Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation in mice|Suburl=http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/10/03/crispr-Saharan Africa]]gold-fixes-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-mutation-in-mice/|website=berkeley.edu|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laycock|first1=Emma|title=Target Malaria — General Support'CRISPR-Gold' repairs muscular dystrophy gene in mouse model|url=http://www.openphilanthropybionews.org.uk/focuspage_894685.asp|website=bionews.org.uk|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</scientificref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ktorri|first1=Sophia|title=CRISPR Nanoparticles Repair Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Gene|url=https://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-researchhighlights/miscellaneous/targetcrispr-nanoparticles-repair-duchenne-malariamuscular-generaldystrophy-supportgene/81255009|website=openphilanthropygenengnews.orgcom|accessdate=12 June 16 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Leitch|first1=Carmen|title=New CRISPR-Gold Tool Repairs Muscular Dystrophy in Mice|url=https://www.labroots.com/trending/cell-and-molecular-biology/7053/crispr-gold-tool-repairs-muscular-dystrophy-mice|website=labroots.com| accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>
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