Changes

This is a '''timeline of {{w|Neuralink}}''', a {{w|San Francisco}}-based {{w|neurotechnology}} company founded by {{w|Elon Musk}} and others, which aims at developing [[w:brain implant|implantable]] {{w|brain–machine interface}}s (BMIs).

| 2018 || Neuralink intends to conduct tests on animals. By late year, Elon Musk for the first time publicly invites people to apply for jobs at the company. He also announces Neuralink aspires to symbiotically merge human brains with a super digital intelligence.

| 2019 ||A presentation of Neuralink is held, informing publicly on the latest news about the technology. The company cumulates US$158 million in funding and employs a staff of 90 people.|-| 2020 || Neuralink human test of brain-computer interface could start around this year.

| 1970s || || Prelude || Research on {{w|brain–computer interface}}s begins at the {{w|University of California, Los Angeles}} (UCLA) under a grant from the {{w|National Science Foundation}}, followed by a contract from {{w|DARPA}}.<ref name="Vidal1">{{cite journal|pmid=4583653|doi=10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105|year=1973|last1=Vidal|first1=JJ|title=Toward direct brain-computer communication|volume=2|pages=157–80|journal=Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering|issue=1}}</ref><ref name="Vidal2">{{cite journal|author=J. Vidal|title=Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG|journal=IEEE Proceedings|year=1977|url=http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~vidal/Real_Time_Detection.pdf|volume=65|pages=633–641|doi=10.1109/PROC.1977.10542|issue=5}}</ref>|-| 1997 || || Prelude || Dr. Richard Norman at the {{w|University of Utah}} develops the Utah electrode array, a tiny piece of silicon, only a quarter of an inch on its side, with 256 electrodes that can be attached to the central nervous system to listen to neural activity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Markman |first1=Jon |title=Elon Musk's Other Big Start-Up, Neuralink, Is Gaining Momentum |url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/elon-musk-neuralink-gains-momentum-15072786 |website=thestreet.com |accessdate=2 September 2019}}</ref>|-| 1998 || || Prelude || The first sensor is implanted in the brain of a paralyzed patient. Since then, at least about a dozen people would receive similar implants.<ref name="Elon Musk's dreams of merging AI and brains are likely to remain just that — for at least a decade">{{cite web |title=Elon Musk's dreams of merging AI and brains are likely to remain just that — for at least a decade |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/21/15370376/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-ai-implant-neuroscience |website=theverge.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref> |-| 2009 || || Prelude || American inventor {{w|Raymond Kurzweil}} that by 2020 we’ll have "computers that are powerful enough to simulate the human brain. However, we won’t be finished yet with reverse engineering the human brain and understanding its methods".<ref name="Neuralink: How the Human Brain Will Download Directly from a Computer">{{cite web |title=Neuralink: How the Human Brain Will Download Directly from a Computer |url=https://interestingengineering.com/neuralink-how-the-human-brain-will-download-directly-from-a-computer |website=interestingengineering.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Coming Singularity">{{cite web |title=Ray Kurzweil: The Coming Singularity |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uIzS1uCOcE |website=youtube.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref>|-| 2011 || || Competition || {{w|Emotiv}} is founded as a US-based {{w|bioinformatics}} company which works in understanding the human brain using {{w|electroencephalography}} (EEG).<ref>{{cite web |title=Emotiv |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/emotiv |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref> It would later be listed among the top Neuralink competitors.<ref name="Top 8 Neuralink Competitors Everyone Should Track"/> |-| 2015 || || Competition || BrainCo is founded. The company develops brain-machine interface (BMI) technology products including sensors, hardware, software, and {{w|AI}}. It would later be listed among the top Neuralink competitors.<ref name="Top 8 Neuralink Competitors Everyone Should Track">{{cite web |title=Top 8 Neuralink Competitors Everyone Should Track |url=https://www.analyticsindiamag.com/top-8-neuralink-competitors-everyone-should-track/ |website=analyticsindiamag.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref>|-| 2016 || June || Prelude || At Recode’s Code conference, South African entrepreneur {{w|Elon Musk}} discusses his "{{w|neural lace}}" proposal, a {{w|brain–computer interface}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk Full interview Code Conference 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsixsRI-Sz4 |website=youtube.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Etherington">{{cite web |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |title=Elon Musk-backed Neuralink to detail its progress on upgrading the brain to keep pace with AI |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/12/elon-musk-backed-neuralink-to-detail-its-progress-on-upgrading-the-brain-to-keep-pace-with-ai/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref>|-| 2016 || July 11 || Launch || {{w|NeurlainkNeuralink}} is foundedby {{w|Elon Musk}}, Ben Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Max Hodak, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Tim Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/neuralink#section-lists-featuring-this-company |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="LAT2017-04">{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-elon-musk-neuralink-20170421-htmlstory.html|title=A quick guide to Elon Musk's new brain-implant company, Neuralink|last=Masunaga|first=Samantha|date=21 April 2017|work={{w|Los Angeles Times}}}}</ref>|-| 2016 || || Competition || [[w:Kernel (neurotechnology company)|Kernel]] is founded. It builds advanced neural interfaces to treat disease, illuminate the mechanisms of intelligence, and extend cognition. It would later be listed among the top Neuralink competitors.<ref name="Top 8 Neuralink Competitors Everyone Should Track"/>|-| 2017 || January || Company || {{w|Elon Musk}} buys the name Neuralink from a pair of {{w|neurotechnology}} researchers that owned the trademark on "NeuraLink" since 2015 after creating their own startup company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Guys Who Sold “Neuralink” to Elon Musk without Even Realizing It |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604037/meet-the-guys-who-sold-neuralink-to-elon-musk-without-even-realizing-it/ |website=technologyreview.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref> |-| 2017 || February || Research || Neuralink executive Jared Birchall submits a letter to the city of {{w|San Francisco}}'s planning department giving some clues about the company’s plans and files permit to build biological research lab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Neuralink files permit to build biological research lab |url=https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-neuralink-permits-biological-testing-lab/ |website=teslarati.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref>|-| 2017 || February || Notable comment || {{w|Elon Musk}} claims that "people would need to become cyborgs to be relevant in an artificial intelligence age."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Isackson |first1=Peter |title=The Daily Devil’s Dictionary: Will “Everyone” Benefit? |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-technology-news-headlines-96712/|website=fairobserver.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk says plan to merge humans with machines is aimed at stopping a ‘Terminator’-style scenario |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/24/elon-musk-neuralink-ai-human-machine-terminator-skynet.html |website=cnbc.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref> |-| 2017 || March 28 || Company || {{w|Elon Musk}} confirms the existence of {{w|Neuralink}}, and reveals that a longer story about Neuralink would appear on explainer website {{w|Wait But Why}} in a week.<ref>{{cite web | title= Neuralink | url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/846580443797368832 |website=witter.com |accessdate=29 July 2019 |ref=Long Neuralink piece coming out on @waitbutwhy in about a week. Difficult to dedicate the time, but existential risk is too high not to.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Constine |first1=Josh |title=Elon Musk’s brain interface startup Neuralink files $27M fundraise |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/25/elon-musks-brain-interface-startup-neuralink-files-27m-fundraise/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref>|-| 2017 || April 20 || Review || {{w|Wait But Why}} editor Tim Urban posts the first deep look at {{w|Neuralink}}, after Musk petition from about a month and a half before.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink and the Brain’s Magical Future |url=https://waitbutwhy.com/2017/04/neuralink.html |website=waitbutwhy.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref> Musk confirms plans for the company, revealing he will be the chief executive of a startup that aims to merge computers with brains so humans could one day engage in “consensual telepathy.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk Lays Out Plans to Meld Brains and Computers |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-lays-out-plans-to-meld-brains-and-computers-1492738741 |website=wsj.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref>|-| 2017 || June || Research || Neuralink scientists start researching at the {{w|University of California, Davis}} campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk's Neuralink Startup Planned to Test on Animals, Report Claims |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/42994-elon-musk-neuralink-testing |website=inverse.com |accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref>|-| 2017 || July 19 || Company || {{w|Elon Musk}} talks about {{w|Neuralink}} in an interview at the ISS R&D Conference in {{w|Washington, DC.}}, and says the reason he went to create Neuralink was primarily as an offset to the existencial risk associated with {{w|artificial intelligence}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk - A.I., Biology, Neuralink |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbzVdUwPnrI |website=youtube.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref> |-| 2017 || August 25 || Company || {{w|Elon Musk}} tweets: "Neuralink is not seeking investors."<ref name="neuralink d"/>|-| 2018 || March || Notable comment || At a {{w|South by Southwest}} tech conference in {{w|Austin, Texas}}, {{w|Elon Musk}} calls {{w|AI}} more dangerous than nuclear warheads and says there needs to be a regulatory body overseeing the development of super intelligence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk: ‘Mark my words — A.I. is far more dangerous than nukes’ |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/13/elon-musk-at-sxsw-a-i-is-more-dangerous-than-nuclear-weapons.html |website=cnbc.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref>|-| 2018 || March || Research || Report communicates that Neuralink has plans to test products on animals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brain implants intended for humans to be tested on animals |url=https://endtimeheadlines.org/2018/03/brain-implants-intended-for-humans-to-be-tested-on-animals/ |website=endtimeheadlines.org |accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> |-| 2018 || May || Funding || Neuralink agrees to fund primate research at the {{w|University of California}}. The company is expected to pay US$796,006 for research conducted at [[w:University of California, Davis|UC Davis]]' {{w|California National Primate Research Center}}, one of seven centers nationwide dedicated to the study of health and disease on primates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink Is Funding Primate Research at the University of California |url=https://gizmodo.com/neuralink-is-funding-primate-research-at-the-university-1826205424 |website=gizmodo.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink - UC Davis Primate Center - Services Agreement |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/379906285/Neuralink-UC-Davis-Primate-Center-Services-Agreement?campaign=SkimbitLtd&ad_group=33330X911642Xbd980c46b67dbe987520610dbcbb787d&keyword=660149026&source=hp_affiliate&medium=affiliate |website=scribd.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref>|-| 2018 || November || Company || In an interview with podcaster {{w|Joe Rogan}}, {{w|Elon Musk}} says {{w|Neuralink}} aspires to symbiotically merge human brains with a super digital intelligence that will serve as a tertiary cognition layer augmenting the human cortex and limbic systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk on Joe Rogan - what is Neuralink |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5pgAM26wuM&t=63s |website=youtube.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Neuralink Plans to Put Chips in Human Brains by 2020 |url=https://syncedreview.com/2019/07/17/elon-musks-neuralink-plans-to-put-chips-in-human-brains-by-2020/ |website=syncedreview.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref> |-| 2018 || November || Company || In an interview, {{w|Elon Musk}} hints that {{w|Neuralink}} would first introduce {{w|microcontroller}}s to further advance computer-brain interface technology, i.e., possibly unveiling an initial version of what will eventually become a “neural lace.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Neuralink to livestream special project update on July 16 |url=https://www.teslarati.com/neuralink-project-demo-event-livestream-july-16/ |website=teslarati.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ELON MUSK LATEST INTERVIEW WITH AXIOS 25 NOVEMBER |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQjUw16Mu_0 |website=youtube.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref>

| 2017 2018 || January November 26 || Employment || {{w|Elon Musk}} buys the name Neuralink to a pair of tweets mentioning {{w|neurotechnologyNeuralink}} researchers that owned for the first time in 20 months, inviting people to apply for jobs at the trademark on "NeuraLink" since 2015 after creating their own startup companyfirm alongside three of his other companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Guys Who Sold “Neuralink” to Elon Musk without Even Realizing It Breaks Twitter Silence on Secretive A.I.-Brain Firm Neuralink |url=https://www.technologyreviewinverse.com/s/604037article/meet51228-theelon-guysmusk-whobreaks-soldtwitter-neuralinksilence-toon-elonsecretive-muska-withouti-evenbrain-realizingfirm-itneuralink |website=inverse.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink |url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/ 1067173241800650752 |website=technologyreviewtwitter.com |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref>

| 2017 2019 || February May || Funding || Neuralink executive Jared Birchall submits a letter to the city of {{w|San FranciscoBloomberg}}'s planning department giving some clues about the company’s plans and files permit to build biological research labreports on Neuralink having raised US$39 million of its planned US$51 million funding target.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Musk's Neuralink files permit startup raises $39 MILLION as it seeks to build biological research lab develop tech that will connect the human brain with computers |url=https://wwwbak.teslaratimegam.cominfo/sciencetech/elonarticle-musk7025075/Elon-neuralinkMusks-permitsNeuralink-biologicalstartup-testingraises-lab/ 39-MILLION-seeks-develop-brain-computer-tech.html |website=teslaratibak.megam.com info |accessdate=29 July 1 August 2019}}</ref>

| 2017 2019 || March 28 July 16 || Company || {{w|Elon Musk}} confirms the existence of and {{w|Neuralink}}, and reveals that president Max Hodak host a longer story about Neuralink would appear on explainer website presentation of the company in {{w|Wait But WhySan Francisco}} in a week.<ref>{{cite web | title= Neuralink | url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/846580443797368832 |website=witter.com |accessdate=29 July 2019 |ref=Long Neuralink piece coming out , informing publicly on @waitbutwhy in the latest news about a week. Difficult to dedicate the time, but existential risk is too high not totechnology.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Constine |first1=Josh |title=Elon Musk’s brain interface startup Neuralink files $27M fundraise Presentation: Live Recap of What Happened |url=https://techcrunchheavy.com/2017tech/082019/2507/elon-musks-brain-interface-startupmusk-neuralink-files-27mpresentation-fundraiserecap/ |website=techcrunchheavy.com |accessdate=29 July 1 August 2019}}</ref>

| 2017 2019 || April 20 July 18 || Company || {{w|Wait But WhyElon Musk}} editor Tim Urban posts the first deep look at tweets about Neuralink: "Addressing {{w|Neuralinkepilepsy}}, after Musk petition from about a month and a half beforeis likely one of the more near-term applications".<refname="neuralink d">{{cite web |title=Neuralink and the Brain’s Magical Future elonmusk neuralink twitter |url=https://waitbutwhytwitter.com/2017/04/neuralink.html |websitesearch?f=waitbutwhy.com |accessdatetweets&q=29 July 2019}}</ref> Musk confirms plans for the company, revealing he will be the chief executive of a startup that aims to merge computers with brains so humans could one day engage in “consensual telepathy.”<ref>{{cite web |titlefrom%3Aelonmusk+neuralink&src=Elon Musk Lays Out Plans to Meld Brains and Computers |urltypd&vertical=https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-lays-out-plans-to-meld-brains-and-computers-1492738741 default |website=wsjtwitter.com |accessdate=29 July 23 September 2019}}</ref>

| 2017 2019 || July 19 || |Funding | {{w|Elon Musk}} talks about {{w|Neuralink}} cumulates US$158 million in an interview at the ISS R&D Conference in {{w|Washington, DCfunding (of which $100 million comes from Musk) and employs a staff of 90 employees.}}<refname=":0">{{cite web |title=Elon Musk - A.I., Biology, Neuralink Cite news|url=https://www.youtubenytimes.com/watch?v2019/07/16/technology/neuralink-elon-musk.html|title=Elon Musk’s Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet|last=Markoff|first=John|date=MbzVdUwPnrI 2019-07-16|websitework=youtube.com The New York Times|accessdateaccess-date=1 August 2019-07-17|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

| 2017 2019 || February August 28 || Notable comment || {{w|Elon Musk}} claims “that people would need to become cyborgs to be relevant says during interview that computers are getting smarter, so much so that they could quickly surpass human intelligence "in an artificial intelligence ageevery single way".“<ref>{{cite web |last1=Isackson |first1=Peter |title=The Daily Devil’s Dictionary: Will “Everyone” Benefit? Elon Musk says computers will eventually surpass us in every single way |url=https://www.fairobserverdigitaltrends.com/region/north_americacomputing/elon-musk-artificialcomputers-intelligencewill-technologysurpass-newsus-headlinesjack-96712ma/|website=fairobserverdigitaltrends.com |accessdate=29 July 23 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk says plan to merge humans with machines is aimed at stopping a ‘Terminator’-style scenario : Computers will surpass us ‘in every single way’ |url=https://www.cnbc.com/20172019/0408/2428/elon-musk-neuralinkcomputers-aiwill-humansurpass-us-in-machineevery-terminatorsingle-skynetway.html |website=cnbc.com |accessdate=29 July 23 September 2019}}</ref>

| 2018 2019 || May September 5 || Competition || Neuralink agrees to fund primate research American Internet entrepreneur {{w|Jag Singh}} publishes a project based on work at the {{w|University of CaliforniaMIT Media Lab}}. The company i expected to pay US$796,006 for research conducted at [[construct a {{w:University of California, Davis|UC Davis]]' brain–computer interface}} that allows users to telepathically query {{w|California National Primate Research CenterGoogle Search}}, one of seven centers nationwide dedicated to the study of health and disease on primatesanticipating Neuralink's BCI.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink Is Funding Primate Research at the University of California Merging with AI: How to Make a Brain-Computer Interface to Communicate with Google using Keras and OpenBCI |url=https://gizmodowww.reddit.com/neuralink-is-funding-primate-research-at-the-university-1826205424 r/Neuralink/comments/czxkio/merging_with_ai_how_to_make_a_braincomputer/ |website=gizmodoreddit.com |accessdate=29 July 6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink Merging with AI: How to Make a Brain- UC Davis Primate Center - Services Agreement Computer Interface to Communicate with Google using Keras and OpenBCI |url=https://www.scribdmedium.com/documentswlh/379906285/Neuralinkmerging-with-ai-how-to-make-a-brain-computer-interface-to-communicate-UCwith-Davisgoogle-Primateusing-Centerkeras-Servicesand-Agreement?campaign=SkimbitLtd&ad_group=33330X911642Xbd980c46b67dbe987520610dbcbb787d&keyword=660149026&source=hp_affiliate&medium=affiliate f9414c540a92 |website=scribdmedium.com |accessdate=29 July 6 September 2019}}</ref>

| 2018 2020 || November 26 || {{w|Clinical trial}} | | According to July 19 {{w|Elon Musk}} tweets mentioning 's report, {{w|Neuralink}} for the first time in 20 months, inviting people to apply for jobs at the firm alongside three human test of his other companiesbrain-computer interface could start around this year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk Breaks Twitter Silence on Secretive A.I.says Neuralink plans 2020 human test of brain-Brain Firm Neuralink computer interface |url=https://www.inversecnet.com/articlenews/51228-elon-musk-breaksneuralink-twitterworks-silencemonkeys-onhuman-secretivetest-abrain-icomputer-interface-in-2020/ |website=cnet.com |accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Neuralink targets human trials for brain-firmmachine interface in 2020 |url=https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-neuralink -human-trials-to-begin-in-2020/ |website=inverseteslarati.com |accessdate=29 July 1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neuralink Elon Musk Plans to Start Putting Chips in Human Brains Next Year |url=https://twitterwww.highsnobiety.com/elonmuskp/statuselon-musk-neuralink-2020/1067173241800650752 |website=twitterhighsnobiety.com |accessdate=29 July 1 August 2019}}</ref>

| 2019 2029 || July || Growth Prediction || According to 2009 {{w|NeuralinkRaymond Kurzweil}} cumulates US$158 million in funding (prediction, by this "scientists will have reverse-engineered, modeled and simulated all the regions of which $100 million comes from Musk) the brain. That will provide humans with the software and employs a staff algorithmic methods to simulate all of 90 employeesthe human brain's capabilities including the emotional intelligence."<ref name="Neuralink:0How the Human Brain Will Download Directly from a Computer"/>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/technology/neuralink-elon-musk.html|title=Elon Musk’s Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet|last=Markoff|first=John|date=2019-07-16|work<ref name="The New York Times|access-date=2019-07-17|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}<Coming Singularity"/ref>