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| 2014–2015 || Background || {{W|Nick Bostrom}}'s book ''{{W|Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies}}'', about the dangers of superhuman machine intelligence, is published. Soon after the book's publication, {{W|Elon Musk}} and {{W|Sam Altman}}, the two people who would become co-chairs and initial donors of OpenAI, publicly state their concern of superhuman machine intelligence.
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| 2015–present 2015 || Establishment || OpenAI is founded as a nonprofit and begins producing research.|-| 2019 || Restructure || OpenAI shifts from nonprofit to ‘capped-profit’ with the purpose to attract capital.|-
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| 2015 || {{dts|July}} (approximate) || Background || {{W|Sam Altman}} sets up a dinner in {{W|Menlo Park, California}} to talk about starting an organization to do AI research. Attendees include Greg Brockman, Dario Amodei, Chris Olah, Paul Christiano, {{W|Ilya Sutskever}}, and {{W|Elon Musk}}.<ref name="path-to-openai" />
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| 2015 || {{dts|December 11}} || Creation || {{w|OpenAI}} is announced to the public. (The news articles from this period make it sound like OpenAI launched sometime after this date.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/science/artificial-intelligence-research-center-is-founded-by-silicon-valley-investors.html |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]] |title=Artificial-Intelligence Research Center Is Founded by Silicon Valley Investors |author=John Markoff |accessdate=July 26, 2017 |quote=The organization, to be named OpenAI, will be established as a nonprofit, and will be based in San Francisco.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/introducing-openai/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=Introducing OpenAI |date=December 11, 2015 |accessdate=July 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/12/11/non-profit-openai-launches-with-backing-from-elon-musk-and-sam-altman/ |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=TechCrunch |title=Artificial Intelligence Nonprofit OpenAI Launches With Backing From Elon Musk And Sam Altman |author=Drew Olanoff |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref>|-| 2015 || {{dts|December}} || Staff || OpenAI announces {{w|Y Combinator}} founding partner {{w|Jessica Livingston}} as one of its financial backers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/theopriestley/2015/12/11/elon-musk-and-peter-thiel-launch-openai-a-non-profit-artificial-intelligence-research-company/ |title=Elon Musk And Peter Thiel Launch OpenAI, A Non-Profit Artificial Intelligence Research Company |first1=Theo |last1=Priestly |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=''{{w|Forbes}}'' |access-date=8 July 2019 }}</ref>
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| 2016 || {{dts|January}} || Staff || {{W|Ilya Sutskever}} joins OpenAI as Research Director.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aiwatch.issarice.com/?person=Ilya+Sutskever |date=April 8, 2018 |title=Ilya Sutskever |publisher=AI Watch |accessdate=May 6, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2016 || {{dts|January 9}} || Education || The OpenAI research team does an AMA ("ask me anything") on r/MachineLearning, the subreddit dedicated to machine learning.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/404r9m/ama_the_openai_research_team/ |publisher=reddit |title=AMA: the OpenAI Research Team • r/MachineLearning |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2016 || {{dts|March 31}} || Staff || A blog post from this day announces that {{W|Ian Goodfellow}} has joined OpenAI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/team-plus-plus/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=Team++ |date=March 22, 2017 |first=Greg |last=Brockman |accessdate=May 6, 2018}}</ref>
| 2016 || {{dts|July 8}} || Publication || "Adversarial Examples in the Physical World" is published. One of the authors is {{W|Ian Goodfellow}}, who is at OpenAI at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/fool-ai-seeing-something-isnt/ |title=How To Fool AI Into Seeing Something That Isn't There |publisher=[[wikipedia:WIRED|WIRED]] |date=July 29, 2016 |first=Cade |last=Metz |accessdate=March 3, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2016 || {{dts|August 15}} || Donation || The technology company {{W|Nvidia}} announces that it has donated the first {{W|Nvidia DGX-1}} (a supercomputer) to OpenAI. OpenAI plans to use the supercomputer to train its AI on a corpus of conversations from {{W|Reddit}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/08/15/first-ai-supercomputer-openai-elon-musk-deep-learning/ |title=NVIDIA Brings DGX-1 AI Supercomputer in a Box to OpenAI |publisher=The Official NVIDIA Blog |date=August 15, 2016 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/15/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-openai-nvidia-supercomputer/ |title=Nvidia Just Gave A Supercomputer to Elon Musk-backed Artificial Intelligence Group |publisher=Fortune |first=Jonathan |last=Vanian |date=August 15, 2016 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://futurism.com/elon-musks-openai-is-using-reddit-to-teach-an-artificial-intelligence-how-to-speak/ |date=August 17, 2016 |title=Elon Musk's OpenAI is Using Reddit to Teach An Artificial Intelligence How to Speak |first=Cecille |last=De Jesus |publisher=Futurism |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2016 || {{dts|November 15}} || Partnership || A partnership between OpenAI and Microsoft's artificial intelligence division is announced. As part of the partnership, Microsoft provides a price reduction on computing resources to OpenAI through {{W|Microsoft Azure}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/15/13639904/microsoft-openai-ai-partnership-elon-musk-sam-altman |date=November 15, 2016 |publisher=The Verge |first=Nick |last=Statt |title=Microsoft is partnering with Elon Musk's OpenAI to protect humanity's best interests |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/11/next-battles-clouds-ai-chips/ |title=The Next Big Front in the Battle of the Clouds Is AI Chips. And Microsoft Just Scored a Win |publisher=[[wikipedia:WIRED|WIRED]] |first=Cade |last=Metz |accessdate=March 2, 2018 |quote=According to Altman and Harry Shum, head of Microsoft new AI and research group, OpenAI's use of Azure is part of a larger partnership between the two companies. In the future, Altman and Shum tell WIRED, the two companies may also collaborate on research. "We're exploring a couple of specific projects," Altman says. "I'm assuming something will happen there." That too will require some serious hardware.}}</ref>
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| 2016 || {{dts|December 5}} || Software || OpenAI's Universe, "a software platform for measuring and training an AI's general intelligence across the world's supply of games, websites and other applications", is released.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/openai/universe |accessdate=March 1, 2018 |publisher=GitHub |title=universe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/05/openais-universe-is-the-fun-parent-every-artificial-intelligence-deserves/ |date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=TechCrunch |title=OpenAI's Universe is the fun parent every artificial intelligence deserves |author=John Mannes |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/12/openais-universe-computers-learn-use-apps-like-humans/ |title=Elon Musk's Lab Wants to Teach Computers to Use Apps Just Like Humans Do |publisher=[[wikipedia:WIRED|WIRED]] |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13103742 |title=OpenAI Universe |website=Hacker News |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
| 2017 || {{dts|January}} || Staff || Paul Christiano joins OpenAI to work on AI alignment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paulfchristiano.com/ai/ |title=AI Alignment |date=May 13, 2017 |publisher=Paul Christiano |accessdate=May 6, 2018}}</ref> He was previously an intern at OpenAI in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/team-update/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=Team Update |date=March 22, 2017 |accessdate=May 6, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2017 || {{dts|March}} || Financial Donation || The Open Philanthropy Project awards a grant of $30 million to {{w|OpenAI}} for general support.<ref name="donations-portal-open-phil-ai-risk">{{cite web |url=https://donations.vipulnaik.com/donor.php?donor=Open+Philanthropy+Project&cause_area_filter=AI+safety |title=Open Philanthropy Project donations made (filtered to cause areas matching AI safety) |accessdate=July 27, 2017}}</ref> The grant initiates a partnership between Open Philanthropy Project and OpenAI, in which {{W|Holden Karnofsky}} (executive director of Open Philanthropy Project) joins OpenAI's board of directors to oversee OpenAI's safety and governance work.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.openphilanthropy.org/focus/global-catastrophic-risks/potential-risks-advanced-artificial-intelligence/openai-general-support |publisher=Open Philanthropy Project |title=OpenAI — General Support |date=December 15, 2017 |accessdate=May 6, 2018}}</ref> The grant was is criticized by {{W|Maciej Cegłowski}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/Pinboard/status/848009582492360704 |title=Pinboard on Twitter |publisher=Twitter |accessdate=May 8, 2018 |quote=What the actual fuck… “Open Philanthropy” dude gives a $30M grant to his roommate / future brother-in-law. Trumpy!}}</ref> and Benjamin Hoffman (who would write the blog post "OpenAI makes humanity less safe")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://benjaminrosshoffman.com/openai-makes-humanity-less-safe/ |title=OpenAI makes humanity less safe |date=April 13, 2017 |publisher=Compass Rose |accessdate=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Nqn2tkAHbejXTDKuW/openai-makes-humanity-less-safe |title=OpenAI makes humanity less safe |accessdate=May 6, 2018 |publisher=[[wikipedia:LessWrong|LessWrong]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://donations.vipulnaik.com/donee.php?donee=OpenAI |title=OpenAI donations received |accessdate=May 6, 2018}}</ref> among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/vipulnaik.r/posts/10211478311489366 |title=I'm having a hard time understanding the rationale... |accessdate=May 8, 2018 |first=Vipul |last=Naik}}</ref>|-| 2017 || {{dts|April}} || Coverage || An article entitled "The People Behind OpenAI" is published on {{W|Red Hat}}'s ''Open Source Stories'' website, covering work at OpenAI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.redhat.com/en/open-source-stories/ai-revolutionaries/people-behind-openai |title=Open Source Stories: The People Behind OpenAI |accessdate=May 5, 2018 |first1=Brent |last1=Simoneaux |first2=Casey |last2=Stegman}} In the HTML source, last-publish-date is shown as Tue, 25 Apr 2017 04:00:00 GMT as of 2018-05-05.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenAI/comments/63xr4p/profile_of_the_people_behind_openai/ |publisher=reddit |title=Profile of the people behind OpenAI • r/OpenAI |date=April 7, 2017 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14832524 |title=The People Behind OpenAI |website=Hacker News |accessdate=May 5, 2018 |date=July 23, 2017}}</ref>
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| 2017 || {{dts|April6}} || Coverage || An article entitled "The People Behind OpenAILearning to Generate Reviews and Discovering Sentiment" is published on {{W|Red Hat}}'s ''Open Source Stories'' website, covering work at OpenAI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.redhattechcrunch.com/en2017/04/open07/openai-sourcesets-stories/aibenchmark-revolutionaries/peoplefor-behindsentiment-openai |title=Open Source Stories: The People Behind OpenAI |accessdate=May 5, 2018 |first1=Brent |last1=Simoneaux |first2=Casey |last2=Stegman}} In the HTML source, lastanalysis-publishusing-date is shown as Tue, 25 Apr 2017 04:00:00 GMT as of 2018an-05efficient-05.<mlstm/ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenAI/comments/63xr4p/profile_of_the_people_behind_openai/ |publisher=reddit |title=Profile of the people behind OpenAI • r/OpenAI |date=April 7, 2017 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |urlpublisher=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14832524 TechCrunch |title=The People Behind OpenAI sets benchmark for sentiment analysis using an efficient mLSTM |websiteauthor=Hacker News John Mannes |accessdate=May 5March 2, 2018 |date=July 23, 2017}}</ref>
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| 2017 || {{dts|April 6}} || Publication AI development || "Learning to Generate Reviews OpenAI unveils reuse of an old field called “neuroevolution”, and Discovering Sentiment" a subset of algorithms from it called “evolution strategies,” which are aimed at solving optimization problems. In one hour training on an Atari challenge, an algorithm is found to reach a level of mastery that took a reinforcement-learning system publishedby DeepMind in 2016 a whole day to learn. On the walking problem the system took 10 minutes, compared to 10 hours for DeepMind's approach.<ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI Just Beat Google DeepMind at Atari With an Algorithm From the 80s |url=https://techcrunchsingularityhub.com/2017/04/0706/openai-setsjust-benchmarkbeat-forthe-hell-out-sentimentof-analysisdeepmind-usingwith-an-efficientalgorithm-from-the-mlstm80s/ |datewebsite=April 7, 2017 |publisher=TechCrunch |title=OpenAI sets benchmark for sentiment analysis using an efficient mLSTM |author=John Mannes singularityhub.com |accessdate=March 2, 201829 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2017 || {{dts|May 24}} || Software || OpenAI releases Baselines, a set of implementations of reinforcement learning algorithms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/openai-baselines-dqn/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=OpenAI Baselines: DQN |date=November 28, 2017 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/openai/baselines |publisher=GitHub |title=openai/baselines |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
| 2017 || {{dts|June 12}} || Publication || "Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences" is first uploaded to the arXiv. The paper is a collaboration between researchers at OpenAI and Google DeepMind.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03741 |title=[1706.03741] Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gwern.net/newsletter/2017/06 |author=gwern |date=June 3, 2017 |title=June 2017 news - Gwern.net |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/story/two-giants-of-ai-team-up-to-head-off-the-robot-apocalypse/ |title=Two Giants of AI Team Up to Head Off the Robot Apocalypse |publisher=[[wikipedia:WIRED|WIRED]] |accessdate=March 2, 2018 |quote=A new paper from the two organizations on a machine learning system that uses pointers from humans to learn a new task, rather than figuring out its own—potentially unpredictable—approach, follows through on that. Amodei says the project shows it's possible to do practical work right now on making machine learning systems less able to produce nasty surprises.}}</ref>
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| 2017 || June || Partnership || OpenAi partners with {{dtsw|August 12DeepMind}} || || OpenAI's Dota 2 bot beats Danil "Dendi" Ishutin, a professional human player, (and possibly others?) ’s safety team in one-on-one battlesthe development of an algorithm which can infer what humans want by being told which of two proposed behaviors is better.<ref>The learning algorithm uses small amounts of human feedback to solve modern {{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/12/openai-bot-remains-undefeated-against-worlds-greatest-dota-2-players/ |date=August 12, 2017 |publisher=TechCrunch |title=OpenAI bot remains undefeated against world's greatest Dota 2 players |author=Jordan Crook w|accessdate=March 2, 2018reinforcement learning}}</ref>environments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learning from Human Preferences |url=https://www.thevergeopenai.com/2017/8/14blog/16143392/dotadeep-aireinforcement-openailearning-botfrom-win-elonhuman-musk |date=August 14, 2017 |publisher=The Verge |title=Did Elon Musk's AI champ destroy humans at video games? It's complicated |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}<preferences/ref><ref>{{cite web |urlwebsite=http://www.businessinsideropenai.com/the-international-dota-2-openai-bot-beats-dendi-2017-8 |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Elon Musk's $1 billion AI startup made a surprise appearance at a $24 million video game tournament — and crushed a pro gamer |publisher=Business Insider |accessdate=March 3, 201829 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2017 || {{dts|August 12}} || Achievement || OpenAI's Dota 2 bot beats Danil "Dendi" Ishutin, a professional human player, (and possibly others?) in one-on-one battles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/12/openai-bot-remains-undefeated-against-worlds-greatest-dota-2-players/ |date=August 12, 2017 |publisher=TechCrunch |title=OpenAI bot remains undefeated against world's greatest Dota 2 players |author=Jordan Crook |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/14/16143392/dota-ai-openai-bot-win-elon-musk |date=August 14, 2017 |publisher=The Verge |title=Did Elon Musk's AI champ destroy humans at video games? It's complicated |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-international-dota-2-openai-bot-beats-dendi-2017-8 |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Elon Musk's $1 billion AI startup made a surprise appearance at a $24 million video game tournament — and crushed a pro gamer |publisher=Business Insider |accessdate=March 3, 2018}}</ref>|-| 2017 || {{dts|August 13}} || Coverage || ''{{W|The New York Times}}'' publishes a story covering the AI safety work (by Dario Amodei, Geoffrey Irving, and Paul Christiano) at OpenAI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/technology/artificial-intelligence-safety-training.html |date=August 13, 2017 |publisher=[[wikipedia:The New York Times|The New York Times]] |title=Teaching A.I. Systems to Behave Themselves |author=Cade Metz |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2017 || {{Dts|September 13}} || Publication || "Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness" is first uploaded to the arXiv.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04326 |title=[1709.04326] Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gwern.net/newsletter/2017/09 |author=gwern |date=August 16, 2017 |title=September 2017 news - Gwern.net |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
| 2018 || {{dts|February 20}} || Publication || The report "The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation" is published. The report forecasts malicious use of artificial intelligence in the short term and makes recommendations on how to mitigate these risks from AI. The report is authored by individuals at Future of Humanity Institute, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, OpenAI, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for a New American Security, and other institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.07228 |title=[1802.07228] The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation |accessdate=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/preparing-for-malicious-uses-of-ai/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=Preparing for Malicious Uses of AI |date=February 21, 2018 |accessdate=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://maliciousaireport.com/ |author=Malicious AI Report |publisher=Malicious AI Report |title=The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence |accessdate=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="musk-leaves" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/story/why-artificial-intelligence-researchers-should-be-more-paranoid/ |title=Why Artificial Intelligence Researchers Should Be More Paranoid |first=Tom |last=Simonite |publisher=[[wikipedia:WIRED|WIRED]] |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{dts|February 20}} || Donation || OpenAI announces changes in donors and advisors. New donors are: {{W|Jed McCaleb}}, {{W|Gabe Newell}}, {{W|Michael Seibel}}, {{W|Jaan Tallinn}}, and {{W|Ashton Eaton}} and {{W|Brianne Theisen-Eaton}}. {{W|Reid Hoffman}} is "significantly increasing his contribution". Pieter Abbeel (previously at OpenAI), {{W|Julia Galef}}, and Maran Nelson become advisors. {{W|Elon Musk}} departs the board but remains as a donor and advisor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/openai-supporters/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=OpenAI Supporters |date=February 21, 2018 |accessdate=March 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="musk-leaves">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/21/17036214/elon-musk-openai-ai-safety-leaves-board |date=February 21, 2018 |publisher=The Verge |title=Elon Musk leaves board of AI safety group to avoid conflict of interest with Tesla |accessdate=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{dts|March 3}} || Event host || OpenAI hosts its first hackathon. Applicants include high schoolers, industry practitioners, engineers, researchers at universities, and others, with interests spanning healthcare to {{w|AGI}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/hackathon/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=OpenAI Hackathon |date=February 24, 2018 |accessdate=March 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/hackathon-follow-up/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=Report from the OpenAI Hackathon |date=March 15, 2018 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|April 5}}{{snd}}June 5 || Event host || The OpenAI Retro Contest takes place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://contest.openai.com/ |title=OpenAI Retro Contest |publisher=OpenAI |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/retro-contest/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=Retro Contest |date=April 13, 2018 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref> As a result of the release of the Gym Retro library, OpenAI's Universe become deprecated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/openai/universe/commit/cc9ce6ec241821bfb0f3b85dd455bd36e4ee7a8c |publisher=GitHub |title=openai/universe |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{dts|April 9}} || || OpenAI releases a charter. The charter says in part that OpenAI commits to stop competing with a value-aligned and safety-conscious project that comes close to building artificial general intelligence, and also that OpenAI expects to reduce its traditional publishing in the future due to safety concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/openai-charter/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=OpenAI Charter |date=April 9, 2018 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/e5mFQGMc7JpechJak/openai-charter |title=OpenAI charter |accessdate=May 5, 2018 |date=April 9, 2018 |author=wunan |publisher=[[wikipedia:LessWrong|LessWrong]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/8azk2n/d_openai_charter/ |publisher=reddit |title=[D] OpenAI Charter • r/MachineLearning |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16794194 |title=OpenAI Charter |website=Hacker News |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2018/04/10/the-ai-company-elon-musk-co-founded-is-trying-to-create-sentient-machines/ |title=The AI company Elon Musk co-founded intends to create machines with real intelligence |publisher=The Next Web |date=April 10, 2018 |author=Tristan Greene |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|May 2}} || Publication || The paper "AI safety via debate" by Geoffrey Irving, Paul Christiano, and Dario Amodei is uploaded to the arXiv.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.00899 |title=[1805.00899] AI safety via debate |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.openai.com/debate/ |publisher=OpenAI Blog |title=AI Safety via Debate |date=May 3, 2018 |first1=Geoffrey |last1=Irving |first2=Dario |last2=Amodei |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|June 25}} || AI development || OpenAI announces set of AI algorithms able to hold their own as a team of five and defeat human amateur players at {{w|Dota 2}}, a multiplayer online battle arena video game popular in e-sports for its complexity and necessity for teamwork.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gershgorn |first1=Dave |title=OpenAI built gaming bots that can work as a team with inhuman precision |url=https://qz.com/1311732/openai-built-gaming-bots-that-can-work-as-a-team-with-inhuman-precision/ |website=qz.com |accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref> In the algorithmic A team, called OpenAI Five, each algorithm uses a {{w|neural network}} to learn both how to play the game, and how to cooperate with its AI teammates.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Will |title=A team of AI algorithms just crushed humans in a complex computer game |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/611536/a-team-of-ai-algorithms-just-crushed-expert-humans-in-a-complex-computer-game/ |website=technologyreview.com |accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI’s bot can now defeat skilled Dota 2 teams |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/25/openai-trains-ai-to-defeat-teams-of-skilled-dota-2-players/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|June 26}} || Notable comment || {{w|Bill Gates}} comments on {{w|Twitter}}: {{Quote|AI bots just beat humans at the video game Dota 2. That’s a big deal, because their victory required teamwork and collaboration – a huge milestone in advancing artificial intelligence.}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Papadopoulos |first1=Loukia |title=Bill Gates Praises Elon Musk-Founded OpenAI’s Latest Dota 2 Win as “Huge Milestone” in Field |url=https://interestingengineering.com/bill-gates-praises-elon-musk-founded-openais-latest-dota-2-win-as-huge-milestone-in-field |website=interestingengineering.com |accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|July 18}} || Commitment || {{w|Elon Musk}}, along with other tech leaders, sign a pledge promising to not develop “lethal autonomous weapons.” They also call on governments to institute laws against such technology. The pledge is organized by the {{w|Future of Life Institute}}, an outreach group focused on tackling existential risks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Elon Musk, DeepMind founders, and others sign pledge to not develop lethal AI weapon systems |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/18/17582570/ai-weapons-pledge-elon-musk-deepmind-founders-future-of-life-institute |website=theverge.com |accessdate=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Locklear |first1=Mallory |title=DeepMind, Elon Musk and others pledge not to make autonomous AI weapons |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/07/18/deepmind-elon-musk-pledge-autonomous-ai-weapons/ |website=engadget.com |accessdate=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Quach |first1=Katyanna |title=Elon Musk, his arch nemesis DeepMind swear off AI weapons |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/07/19/keep_ai_nonlethal/ |website=theregister.co.uk |accessdate=1 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|July 30}} || AI development || OpenAI announces a robotics system that can manipulate objects with humanlike dexterity. The system is able to develop these behaviors all on its own. It uses a reinforcement model, where the AI learns through trial and error, to direct robot hands in grasping and manipulating objects with great precision.<ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI’s ‘state-of-the-art’ system gives robots humanlike dexterity |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/07/30/openais-state-of-the-art-system-gives-robots-humanlike-dexterity/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Coldewey |first1=Devin |title=OpenAI’s robotic hand doesn’t need humans to teach it human behaviors |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/30/openais-robotic-hand-doesnt-need-humans-to-teach-it-human-behaviors/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|August 7}} || Achievement || Algorithmic team OpenAI Five defeats a team of semi-professional {{w|Dota 2}} players ranked in the 99.95th percentile in the world, in their second public match in the traditional five-versus-five settings, hosted in {{w|San Francisco}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitwam |first1=Ryan |title=OpenAI Bots Crush the Best Human Dota 2 Players in the World |url=https://www.extremetech.com/gaming/274907-openai-bots-crush-the-best-human-dota-2-players-in-the-world |website=extremetech.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Quach |first1=Katyanna |title=OpenAI bots thrash team of Dota 2 semi-pros, set eyes on mega-tourney |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/08/06/openai_bots_dota_2_semipros/ |website=theregister.co.uk |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Savov |first1=Vlad |title=The OpenAI Dota 2 bots just defeated a team of former pros |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/6/17655086/dota2-openai-bots-professional-gaming-ai |website=theverge.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rigg |first1=Jamie |title=‘Dota 2’ veterans steamrolled by AI team in exhibition match |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/08/06/openai-five-dumpsters-dota-2-veterans/ |website=engadget.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|November 1}} || Publication || OpenAI publishes research paper detailing AI able to defeat humans at the retro platformer [[w:Montezuma's Revenge (video game)|Montezuma’s Revenge]]. The top-performing iteration found 22 of the 24 rooms in the first level, and occasionally discovered all 24.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiggers |first1=Kyle |title=OpenAI made a system that’s better at Montezuma’s Revenge than humans |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/11/01/openai-made-a-system-thats-better-at-montezumas-revenge-than-humans/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=New research from OpenAI uses curious AI to beat video games |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/1/18051196/ai-artificial-intelligence-curiosity-openai-montezumas-revenge-noisy-tv-problem |website=theverge.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|November 8}} || Education || OpenAI launches Spinning Up, an educational resource designed to teach anyone deep reinforcement learning. The program consists of crystal-clear examples of RL code, educational exercises, documentation, and tutorials.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spinning Up in Deep RL |url=https://openai.com/blog/spinning-up-in-deep-rl/ |website=openai.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramesh |first1=Prasad |title=OpenAI launches Spinning Up, a learning resource for potential deep learning practitioners |url=https://hub.packtpub.com/openai-launches-spinning-up-a-learning-resource-for-potential-deep-learning-practitioners/ |website=hub.packtpub.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Khari |title=OpenAI launches reinforcement learning training to prepare for artificial general intelligence |url=https://flipboard.com/@venturebeat/openai-launches-reinforcement-learning-training-to-prepare-for-artificial-genera/a-TxuPmdApTGSzPr0ny7qXsw%3Aa%3A2919225365-bafeac8636%2Fventurebeat.com |website=flipboard.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|November 9}} || Notable comment || {{w|Ilya Sutskever}} gives speech at the AI Frontiers Conference in {{w|San Jose}}, and declares: {{Quote|We (OpenAI) have reviewed progress in the field over the past six years. Our conclusion is near term AGI should be taken as a serious possibility.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI Founder: Short-Term AGI Is a Serious Possibility |url=https://syncedreview.com/2018/11/13/openai-founder-short-term-agi-is-a-serious-possibility/ |website=syncedreview.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || {{Dts|November 19}} || Partnership || OpenAI partners with {{w|DeepMind}} in a new paper that proposes a new method to train {{w|reinforcement learning}} agents in ways that enables them to surpass human performance. The paper, titled ''Reward learning from human preferences and demonstrations in Atari'', introduces a training model that combines human feedback and reward optimization to maximize the knowledge of RL agents.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Jesus |title=What’s New in Deep Learning Research: OpenAI and DeepMind Join Forces to Achieve Superhuman Performance in Reinforcement Learning |url=https://towardsdatascience.com/whats-new-in-deep-learning-research-openai-and-deepmind-join-forces-to-achieve-superhuman-48e7d1accf85 |website=towardsdatascience.com |accessdate=29 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2019 || {{Dts|February 14}} || AI development || OpenAI unveils its language-generating system called GPT-2, a system able to write the news, answer reading comprehension problems, and is beginning to show promise at tasks like translation.<ref>{{cite web |title=An AI helped us write this article |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/2/14/18222270/artificial-intelligence-open-ai-natural-language-processing |website=vox.com |accessdate=28 June 2019}}</ref> However, the data or the parameters of the model are not released, under expressed concerns about potential abuse.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lowe |first1=Ryan |title=OpenAI’s GPT-2: the model, the hype, and the controversy |url=https://towardsdatascience.com/openais-gpt-2-the-model-the-hype-and-the-controversy-1109f4bfd5e8 |website=towardsdatascience.com |accessdate=10 July 2019}}</ref>
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| 2019 || {{Dts|March 11}} || Organization || OpenAI announces the creation of OpenAI LP, a new “capped-profit” company owned and controlled by the OpenAI nonprofit organization’s board of directors. The new company is purposed to allow OpenAI to rapidly increase their investments in compute and talent while including checks and balances to actualize their mission.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Khari |title=OpenAI launches new company for funding safe artificial general intelligence |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/03/11/openai-launches-new-company-for-funding-safe-artificial-general-intelligence/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Trazzi |first1=Michaël |title=Considerateness in OpenAI LP Debate |url=https://medium.com/@MichaelTrazzi/considerateness-in-openai-lp-debate-6eb3bf4c5341 |website=medium.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2019 || {{Dts|April 23}} || AI development || OpenAI announces Sparse Transformers, a deep neural network for learning sequences of data, including text, sound, and images. It utilizes an improved algorithm based on the attention mechanism, being able to extract patterns from sequences 30 times longer than possible previously.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alford |first1=Anthony |title=OpenAI Introduces Sparse Transformers for Deep Learning of Longer Sequences |url=https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/05/openai-sparse-transformers/ |website=infoq.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI Sparse Transformer Improves Predictable Sequence Length by 30x |url=https://medium.com/syncedreview/openai-sparse-transformer-improves-predictable-sequence-length-by-30x-5a65ef2592b9 |website=medium.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Generative Modeling with Sparse Transformers |url=https://openai.com/blog/sparse-transformer/ |website=openai.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2019 || {{Dts|April 25}} || AI development || OpenAI announces MuseNet, a deep {{w|neural network}} able to generate 4-minute musical compositions with 10 different instruments, and can combine multiple styles from [[w:Country music|country]] to {{w|Mozart}} to {{w|The Beatles}}. The neural network uses general-purpose unsupervised technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=MuseNet |url=https://openai.com/blog/musenet/ |website=openai.com |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2019 || {{Dts|April 27}} || Event host || OpenAI hosts the OpenAI Robotics Symposium 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI Robotics Symposium 2019 |url=https://openai.com/blog/symposium-2019/ |website=openai.com |accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref>
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| 2019 || {{Dts|May}} || AI development || OpenAI releases a limited version of its language-generating system GPT-2. This version is more powerful (though still significantly limited compared to the whole thing) than the extremely restricted initial release of the system, citing concerns that it’d be abused.<ref>{{cite web |title=A poetry-writing AI has just been unveiled. It’s ... pretty good. |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/15/18623134/openai-language-ai-gpt2-poetry-try-it |website=vox.com |accessdate=11 July 2019}}</ref> The potential of the new system is recognized by various experts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=AND OpenAi's new multitalented AI writes, translates, and slanders |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/14/18224704/ai-machine-learning-language-models-read-write-openai-gpt2 |website=theverge.com |accessdate=11 July 2019}}</ref>
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|}
===What the timeline is still missing===
===Timeline update strategy===
==See also==
* [[Timeline of DeepMind]]
* [[Timeline of Future of Humanity Institute]]
* [[Timeline of Centre for the Study of Existential Risk]]
