Changes

This is a '''timeline of anesthesiology''', listing important events in the development of the field.

| 19th century || "During most of the nineteenth century, the vast majority of notable advances in the science of anesthesiology were are achieved by basic scientists [10]. Among physiologists, {{w|Jean Pierre Jean Marie Flourens}}, {{w|François Magendie}}, and {{w|Claude Bernard }} are respected for their work on the effects and site of action of anesthetic gases. Pharmacologists and chemists, including {{w|Joseph Friedrich von Mering}}, Hans Meyer, and Charles Overton, synthesized synthesize novel drugs and investigated investigate the properties that enabled a chemical to function as an anesthetic. Surgeons, obstetricians, and dentists contributed contribute the bulk of clinical advances in the field [10]. Most of the practicing anesthetists functioned function primarily as technicians who made make meager contributions to advancing the scientific underpinnings of the discipline. But This would begin to change in the late nineteenth century, this would begin to change."<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/> In the 1980s, a movement opposing all types of human suffering is promoted by surgeon English physician {{w|Henry Hill Hickman}}.<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/>

| 20th century || The {{w|anaesthetic machine}} is introduced. By 1950 all of the elements of modern anaesthesia are in place. Very few of the drugs of that time are still in use, but their modern successors are really only improvements on the same theme.<ref name="The History of Anaesthesiavvv"/>

| c.4000 BC || Drug || Opium poppy is depicted in Sumerian artifacts.<ref name="History of Anesthesia">{{cite web |title=History of Anesthesia |url=https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/history-of-anesthesia/ |website=woodlibrarymuseum.org |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> ||

| c.2250 BC || Field development || {{w|Babylon}}ians relieve {{w|toothache}} with {{w|henbane}} (Hyoscyamus niger).<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| c.1600 BC || Field development || {{w|Acupuncture}} is practiced in China.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|China}}

| c.600 BC || Drug || Indian physician {{w|Sushruta}} uses {{w|cannabis}} vapors to sedate surgical patients. Over ensuing centuries, other herbs like aconitum would supplement that sedation in India and eventually in China.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|India}}

| c.400 BC || Field development || Assyrians use carotid compression to produce brief unconsciousness before circumcision or cataract surgery. Egyptians employ the same technique for eye surgery.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| 64 AC || Drug || Greek physician {{w|Pedanius Dioscorides}} recommends {{w|mandrake}} boiled in wine to "cause the insensibility of those who are to be cut or cauterized."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| c.160 AC || Field development || Chinese physician {{w|Hua Tuo}} performs surgery with his general anesthetic Mafeisan, a wine and herbal mixture.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|China}}

| 500 || Field development || {{w|Hippocrates}} describes BC Opium analgesia.<ref name="History of anaesthesia">{{cite web |title=History of anaesthesia |url=https://www.anaesthesiasociety.org.nz/patient-info/history/ |website=anaesthesiasociety.org.nz |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> ||

| c.800 – 1200s || Field development || "After herbal Herbal mixtures including opium, mandrake, henbane, and/or hemlock are introduced and steeped into a soporific or sleep-bearing sponge ("spongia somnifera"), the . The sponge is dampened so that anesthetic vapors or drippings can be applied to a patient's nostrils. These sponges were are likely historical cousins to the so-called Roman or Arabic sponges (used during crucifixions, surgeries, and other painful events)."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| c.1350 || Field development || {{w|Inca}} shamans chew coca leaves mixed with vegetable ash and drip their cocaine-laden saliva into the wounds of patients.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|South America}}

| 1540 || Field development || German physician {{w|Valerius Cordus}} describes a revolutionary technique to synthesize ether, which involves adding sulfuric acid to ethyl alcohol.<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology">{{cite web |title=The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/history-professionalism-anesthesiology/2015-03 |website=journalofethics.ama-assn.org |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> Cordus synthesizes diethyl ether by distilling ethanol and sulphuric acid into what he calls "sweet oil of vitriol."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| 1596 || Field development || The South American {{w|arrow poison}} is described.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> ||

| 1659 || Field development || Anglo-Irish chemist {{w|Robert Boyle}} pioneers intravenous therapy by injecting opium through a goose quill into a dog's vein.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1665 || Field development || The first injection of opium is performed into a dog.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> ||

| 1754 || Scientific development || Joseph Black discovers carbon dioxide.<ref name="The History of Anaesthesiavvv"/> ||

| 1771 || Scientific development || English chemist and natural philosopher {{w|Joseph Priestley}} discovers "airs" of oxygen. Priestley becomes the first to isolate oxygen.<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/><ref name="The History of Anaesthesiavvv"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1772 || Scientific development || {{w|Joseph Priestley}} discovers {{w|nitrous oxide}}.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/><ref name="The History of Anaesthesiavvv"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1779 || Field development || German doctor {{w|Franz Mesmer}} describes using {{w|magnet}}s and {{w|hypnosis}} to cure many ailments.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| 1796 || Field development || James Moore compresses nerves to produce local anesthesia.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> ||

| 1796 || || German pharmacist {{w|Wilhelm August Lampadius}} discovers Carbon Disulfide{{w|carbon disulfide}}, which is later used as treatment for a variety of diseases and is tried as an anesthetic agent before the advent of {{w|chloroform}}.<ref name="A Dictionary of the History of Medicine"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1799 || Field development || British chemist {{w|Humphry Davy}} introduces nitrous oxide into medical practice.<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1800 || Field development || {{w|Humphry Davy}} observes "As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation appears capable of destroying physical pain, it may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1804 || Drug || Japanese surgeon {{w|Hanaoka Seishū}} formulates his general anesthetic Tsusensan{{w|tsusensan}}.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|Japan}}

| 1805 || Drug || German pharmacist {{w|Friedrich Sertürner}} isolates a new substance from {{w|opium}}, which he later names "morphium" after Morpheus, the god of dreams.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1818 || Field development || British scientist {{w|Michael Faraday}}, after studying the inhalation of {{w|ether}}, publishes his findings, including soporific and analgesic effects.<ref name="The History of Anaesthesiavvv"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1824 || Field development || English physician {{w|Henry Hill Hickman}} describes carbon dioxide anesthesia for animals.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/><ref name="A Dictionary of the History of Medicine">{{cite book |last1=Sebastian |first1=Anton |title=A Dictionary of the History of Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CvpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT420&lpg=PT420&dq=%221824%22+Henry+Hill+Hickman+(1800-1830)+describes+carbon+dioxide+anesthesia+for+animals.&source=bl&ots=xUTOXiKrLh&sig=6tXbVF6g7MayDkwHtjZObBy7t_4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieysWjw__cAhUMg5AKHSpSCrYQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%221824%22%20Henry%20Hill%20Hickman%20(1800-1830)%20describes%20carbon%20dioxide%20anesthesia%20for%20animals.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1829 || Field development || French physician {{w|Jules Germain Cloquet}} in {{w|Paris}} uses {{w|hypnosis}} for {{w|mastectomy}}.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gravitz |first1=Melvin A. |title=Early Uses of Hypnosis as Surgical Anesthesia |journal=American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00029157.1988.10402733}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

| 1831 || Drug || {{w|Chloroform}} is discovered independently by American physician [[w:Samuel Guthrie (physician)|Samuel Guthrie]], French scientist {{w|Eugène Soubeiran}}, and German chemist {{w|Justus von Liebig}}.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wawersik |first1=J |title=[History of chloroform anesthesia]. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9487785}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Elizabeth A.M. |title=Comprehensive Guide to Education in Anesthesia |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=oQ4JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=%22in+1831%22+Chloroform&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx5uCF6LrdAhWGhJAKHdxjAtwQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201831%22%20Chloroform&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barceloux |first1=Donald G. |title=Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9JLiJcjdqkcC&pg=PA642&dq=%22in+1831%22+Chloroform&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx5uCF6LrdAhWGhJAKHdxjAtwQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201831%22%20Chloroform&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|France}}, {{w|Germany}}

| 1853 – 1857 || Field development || "Dr. English physician {{w|John Snow (1813-1858)-A fulltime anesthetist since 1847, Dr. Snow }} popularizes obstetric anesthesia by chloroforming Queen Victoria for the birth of Prince Leopold (1853) and Princess Beatrice (1857). His Snow books ''On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether** '' and ''On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics*** enlightened '' enlighten physician-anesthetists. His sourcing of the 1854 London cholera epidemic to the Broad Street water pump founded epidemiology."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1857 || Field development || "French physiologist Claude Bernardshows that a strongly paralysing poison such as curare (the first isolated neuromuscular blocking agent) blocks the passage of nerve impulses through the junction of a nerve and muscle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schoffeniels |first1=E. |last2=Margineanu |first2=D. G. |title=Molecular Basis and Thermodynamics of Bioelectrogenesis |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-Rviumfh3WEC&pg=PA26&dq=%221857%22+%22Claude+Bernard%22+%22curare%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgq-OjmLvdAhUCDpAKHYrIB-0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221857%22%20%22Claude%20Bernard%22%20%22curare%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Donnerer |first1=Josef |title=The Chemical Languages of the Nervous System: History of Scientists and Substances |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HkOhFssK5UIC&pg=PT143&dq=%221857%22+%22Claude+Bernard%22+%22curare%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgq-OjmLvdAhUCDpAKHYrIB-0Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%221857%22%20%22Claude%20Bernard%22%20%22curare%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Essential Clinical Anesthesia |edition=Charles Vacanti, Scott Segal, for examplePankaj Sikka, alluded to the paralytic effect of curare in 1857"Richard Urman |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TSIZm277e7sC&pg=PA5&dq=%221857%22+%22Claude+Bernard%22+%22curare%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgq-OjmLvdAhUCDpAKHYrIB-0Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=%221857%22%20%22Claude%20Bernard%22%20%22curare%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/> ||

| 1884 || Drug || Viennese ophthalmologist Karl Koller introduces {{w|cocaine}} as an anesthetic for eye surgery.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|Austria}}

| 1889 || Field development || "At the Philadelphia College of Dentistry, Henry I. Dorr, MD, DDS was is appointed as the world's 1st Professor of the Practice of Dentistry, Anaesthetics and Anaesthesia. The world's 1st unidisciplinary "Professors of Anaesthesia" will follow in dentistry at Chicago's American the Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery (1892, George Leininger, MD) and in medicine at the New York Homeopathic Medical College (1903, T. Drysdale Buchanan, MD)Dentistry.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1894 || Field development || "Medical students E. {{w|Ernest Amory Codman (1869-1940) }} and {{w|Harvey Cushing (1869-1939)-}} develop the first anesthesia record using observed respiratory rate and palpated pulse rate. By 1901, Cushing will would add blood pressure measurement by Riva Rocci sphygmomanometry; by 1903, respiratory rate and heart rate as auscultated by precordial stethoscope (use of which was pioneered by Cushing on dogs and by his favorite physician-anesthetist, S. Griffith Davis, on patients)."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1894 || Field development || American neurosurgeon {{w|Harvey Cushing}} advocates the use of anaesthetic record charts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Perioperative Considerations and Positioning for Neurosurgical Procedures: A Clinical Guide |edition=y Adam Arthur, Kevin Foley, C. Wayne Hamm |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cd1ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=%22in+1894%22++%22Harvey+Cushing%22+anaesthetic+record+charts&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijn-2L-KLdAhWGhJAKHXYeAnQQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%20%22Harvey%20Cushing%22%20anaesthetic%20record%20charts&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Dictionary of the History of Medicine"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bliss |first1=Michael |title=Harvey Cushing: A Life in Surgery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=zENRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA531&dq=%22in+1894%22++%22Harvey+Cushing%22+anaesthetic+record+charts&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijn-2L-KLdAhWGhJAKHXYeAnQQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%20%22Harvey%20Cushing%22%20anaesthetic%20record%20charts&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1901 || Field development || "Caudal epidural analgesia is described independently by France's Drs. Jean-Anthanase Sicard and Fernand Cathelin. Their innovation comes after an inadvertent from {{w|France}} describe independently caudal epidural injection by Dr. J. Leonard Corning (1855-1923)analgesia.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||{{w|France}}

| 1902 || Field development || "Dr. Mathias J. Seifert of in {{w|Chicago }} coins the words "anesthesiology" and "anesthesiologist." He asserted Seifert asserts that an "ANESTHETISTanesthetist" is a technician and an "ANESTHESIOLOGISTanesthesiologist" is the scientific authority on anesthesia and anesthetics."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1905 || Organization || The Long Island Society of Anesthetists (LISA) is founded as the first professional anesthesia society in the United States.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1905 || Drug || German chemist {{w|Alfred Einhorn}} first synthesizes {{w|procaine}} and names the substance "novocain".<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1909 || Field development || Endotracheal anesthesia is introduced by Samuel James Meltzer and John Auer.<ref name="A Dictionary of the History of Medicine"/> ||

| 1914 || Literature || "the The ''American Journal of Surgery, in 1914, began '' begins publication of the ''Quarterly Supplement of Anesthesia and Analgesia'', which endured would endure until 1926."<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1914 || Field development || "Dr. Dennis E. Jackson develops a carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbing anesthesia system, allowing for a patient to re-breathe their exhaled air containing the anesthetic, cleansed of the carbon dioxide, resulting in the use of less anesthetic and the avoidance of waste. Ten years later, Dr. Ralph Waters develops the first simple and easily transportable absorber, known as the "Waters Canister" and the "Waters To-and-Fro.""<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| 1917 || Instrumental || British anesthetist {{w|Henry Edmund Gaskin Boyle}} first describes the {{w|anaesthetic machine}} (also known as Boyle's machine).<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/><ref name="The basic anaesthesia machine">{{cite web |title=The basic anaesthesia machine |url=http://medind.nic.in/iad/t13/i5/iadt13i5p438.htm |website=medind.nic.in |accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}|-| 1920 || Field development || Arthur Guedel first describes four stages of general anesthesia as induced by ether in humans. His stages can be loosely applied to anesthesia produced by inhalants other than ether and injectables.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hameroff |first1=S.R. |title=Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciousness and NanoTechnology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-uC54_DD0tMC&pg=PA188&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9jMOEirzdAhXLHJAKHQfuDOgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201920%22%20%22Arthur%20Guedel%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society |edition=IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6vRVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9jMOEirzdAhXLHJAKHQfuDOgQ6AEIQzAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals |edition=Dennis F. Kohn, Sally K. Wixson, William J. White, G. John Benson |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xJWCnuy2kE4C&pg=PR15&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9jMOEirzdAhXLHJAKHQfuDOgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201920%22%20%22Arthur%20Guedel%22&f=false}}</ref> |||-| 1920 || Field development || British anesthetist {{w|Ivan Magill}} and Stanley Rowbotham develop endotracheal anesthesia,<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> a technic in which the administration of an anesthetic may be facilitated and the patient benefited by an artificial extension of the tracheobronchial tree by means of a tube through which the patient's respiratory exchange takes place.<ref>{{cite web |title=ENDOTRACHEAL ANESTHESIA |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/547793 |website=jamanetwork.com |accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}|-| 1920 || Instrumental || The ether bottle is added to the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev">{{cite web |title=Anaesthesia machine |url=https://www.slideshare.net/drdkmamc/anaesthesia-machine-28815136 |website=slideshare.net |accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> |||-| 1922 || Literature || ''Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia'' is launched in {{w|Cleveland}} by Francis H. McMechan as the world's first journal published by an anesthesia society, the International Anesthesia Research Society.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1923 || Field development || The first ethylene-oxygen surgical anesthetic is administered by Dr. Isabella Herb, who demonstrates the remarkable trance-like state that low-dose ethylene can induce in human subjects.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> |||-| 1924 || Instrumental || Dr. Ralph Waters develops the first simple and easily transportable absorber, known as the "Waters Canister" and the "Waters To-and-Fro."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| 1920 1926 || Instrumental || "Arthur Guedel publishes his eye signs of ether anesthesia in the American Journal of Surgery. His Guedel (oral) airway The chloroform bottle is still used today, and he has been memorialized by added to the Arthur E{{w|anaesthetic machine}}. Guedel Memorial Anesthesia Center, San Francisco, CA."<ref name="History of AnesthesiaAnaesthesia machinev"/> ||

| 1920 1927 || Instrumental || British anesthetist The back bar is added to the {{w|Ivan Magillanaesthetic machine}} and Stanley Rowbotham develop endotracheal anesthesia.<ref name="History of anaesthesiaAnaesthesia machinev"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1922 1930 || Instrumental || "From Cleveland, Ohio, Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia is launched by Francis H. "Frank" McMechan (1879-1939) as the world's first journal published by an anesthesia society, Brian Sword introduces the International Anesthesia Research Societycircle absorption system." <ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| 1923 1930 || Instrumental || "Dr. Isabella Herb administers Plungers and cowls in ether and chloroform bottles are added to the first ethylene-oxygen surgical anesthetic. She demonstrated the remarkable trance-like state that low-dose ethylene could induce in human subjects{{w|anaesthetic machine}}."<ref name="History of AnesthesiaAnaesthesia machinev"/> ||

| 1930 1931 || Organization || Brian Sword introduces the circle absorption systemThe {{w|American Association of Nurse Anesthetists}} is founded.<ref name>{{cite web |title="History About the American Association of Anesthesia"Nurse Anesthetists |url=https://www.aana.com/news/press-releases/about-the-american-association-of-nurse-anesthetists |website=aana.com |accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1951 || Drug || Charles Suckling in {{w|Manchester}} first synthesizes {{w|Halothane}}, a general inhalation anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.<ref name="Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants">{{cite book |last1=Barceloux |first1=Donald G. |title=Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9JLiJcjdqkcC&pg=PA653&dq=%22in+1951%22+%22halothane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq3IyG67rdAhXFjpAKHfDlAzAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201951%22%20%22halothane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agasti |first1=TK |title=Textbook of Anesthesia for Postgraduates |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=f2YOpCMNFD4C&pg=PA414&dq=%22in+1951%22+%22halothane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq3IyG67rdAhXFjpAKHfDlAzAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201951%22%20%22halothane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition |edition=Thomas EJ Healy, Paul R Knight |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Uh-0XJkj-C8C&pg=PA524&dq=%22in+1951%22+%22halothane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq3IyG67rdAhXFjpAKHfDlAzAQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201951%22%20%22halothane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}|-| 1952 || Instrumental || Woodbridge introduces the pin index safety system (PISS) into the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="The basic anaesthesia machine"/> ||

| 1963 || Field development || "Dr. American physician {{w|Edmond I. Eger, II }} describes minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), later characterized as "the concentration [of inhaled anesthetic] producing immobility in 50% of patients subjected to a noxious stimulus.""<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1966 || Drug || Robert Virtue begins human trials of the inhalational anesthetic {{w|enflurane}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Anesthesia - Enflurane |url=https://www.dailyrounds.org/rounds/history-of-anesthesia---enflurane |website=dailyrounds.org |accessdate=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||

| 1973 || Instrumental || Japanese physiologist and bioengineer Takuo Aoyagi introduces the pulse oximeter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulse oximetry: Its invention, contribution to medicine, and future tasks |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11463912_Pulse_oximetry_Its_invention_contribution_to_medicine_and_future_tasks |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> || |-| 1974 || Organization || The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) is established.<ref name="Urological and Gynaecological Chronic Pelvic Pain: Current Therapies">{{cite book |last1=Moldwin |first1=Robert M. |title=Urological and Gynaecological Chronic Pelvic Pain: Current Therapies |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l8gmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=European+Association+of+Urology+%22founded+in+1920..2017%22&source=bl&ots=7EritgbOzC&sig=u8CQl1N3ZmFPMk_po5pXvmldPEo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj24f_lpZPeAhWBfZAKHbNoBkMQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=European%20Association%20of%20Urology%20%22founded%20in%201920..2017%22&f=false}}</ref> |||-| 1979 || Instrumental || Standards for {{w|anaesthetic machine}} are introduced.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev"/> ||

The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:FIXME|FIXMESebastian]].