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This is a '''timeline of anesthesiology''', listing important events in the development of the field.
==Big picture==
| Middle ages || Di-ethyl ether, the first agent to be demonstrated successfully in public, is originally synthesized (by the action of sulphuric acid on ethanol) in the 13th century, and there are early reports of both analgesic and soporific effects.<ref name="The History of Anaesthesiavvv">{{cite web |title=The History of Anaesthesia |url=https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/college-heritage/the-history-of-anaesthesia |website=rcoa.ac.uk |accessdate=21 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 19th century || "During most of the nineteenth century, the vast majority of notable advances in the science of anesthesiology were are achieved by basic scientists [10]. Among physiologists, {{w|Jean Pierre Jean Marie Flourens}}, {{w|François Magendie}}, and {{w|Claude Bernard }} are respected for their work on the effects and site of action of anesthetic gases. Pharmacologists and chemists, including {{w|Joseph Friedrich von Mering}}, Hans Meyer, and Charles Overton, synthesized synthesize novel drugs and investigated investigate the properties that enabled a chemical to function as an anesthetic. Surgeons, obstetricians, and dentists contributed contribute the bulk of clinical advances in the field [10]. Most of the practicing anesthetists functioned function primarily as technicians who made make meager contributions to advancing the scientific underpinnings of the discipline. But This would begin to change in the late nineteenth century, this would begin to change."<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/> In the 1980s, a movement opposing all types of human suffering is promoted by surgeon English physician {{w|Henry Hill Hickman}}.<ref name="The History of Professionalism in Anesthesiology"/>
|-
| 20th century || The {{w|anaesthetic machine}} is introduced. By 1950 all of the elements of modern anaesthesia are in place. Very few of the drugs of that time are still in use, but their modern successors are really only improvements on the same theme.<ref name="The History of Anaesthesiavvv"/>
|-
|}
== Numerical and visual data ==
=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 18, 2021.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! anesthesiology
! anesthesia
! intensive care medicine
! critical emergency medicine
! pain medicine
|-
| 1980 || 4,690 || 17,100 || 7,900 || 3,430 || 14,500
|-
| 1985 || 6,330 || 23,300 || 9,790 || 4,810 || 21,400
|-
| 1990 || 10,200 || 41,900 || 13,400 || 6,680 || 38,200
|-
| 1995 || 15,300 || 57,500 || 21,600 || 11,900 || 71,300
|-
| 2000 || 26,600 || 104,000 || 58,100 || 25,500 || 144,000
|-
| 2002 || 28,400 || 117,000 || 79,000 || 32,500 || 177,000
|-
| 2004 || 35,600 || 131,000 || 103,000 || 44,100 || 226,000
|-
| 2006 || 41,300 || 144,000 || 134,000 || 56,800 || 287,000
|-
| 2008 || 46,200 || 152,000 || 160,000 || 68,000 || 346,000
|-
| 2010 || 47,600 || 161,000 || 199,000 || 85,200 || 409,000
|-
| 2012 || 55,500 || 181,000 || 226,000 || 103,000 || 512,000
|-
| 2014 || 59,900 || 156,000 || 227,000 || 111,000 || 484,000
|-
| 2016 || 58,200 || 133,000 || 172,000 || 105,000 || 361,000
|-
| 2017 || 56,000 || 118,000 || 151,000 || 98,700 || 311,000
|-
| 2018 || 51,900 || 92,600 || 123,000 || 83,400 || 221,000
|-
| 2019 || 46,200 || 77,000 || 93,400 || 71,100 || 184,000
|-
| 2020 || 43,900 || 59,700 || 86,600 || 60,500 || 140,000
|-
|}
[[File:Anesthe tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
=== Google trends ===
The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Anesthesiology (Medical specialty) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anesthesiology |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0_xp48q |website=trends.google.com |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Anesthesiology (Medical specialty).jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Anesthesiology from 1700 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anesthesiology |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Anesthesiology&year_start=1700&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=1&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Anesthesiologyngram.jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
=== Wikipedia views ===
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w| Anesthesiology}} on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anesthesiology |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Anesthesiology&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Anesthe wv.jpeg|thumb|center|600px]]
==Full timeline==
| 1916 || Literature || Paluel J. Flagg publishes ''The Art of Anaesthesia''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flagg |first1=Paluel Joseph |title=The Art of Anaesthesia |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_Art_of_Anaesthesia.html?id=j0CM1rnp93MC&redir_esc=y}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1917 || Field development Instrumental || British anesthetist {{w|Henry Edmund Gaskin Boyle}} first describes the {{w|anaesthetic machine}} (also known as Boyle's machine).<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/><ref name="The basic anaesthesia machine">{{cite web |title=The basic anaesthesia machine |url=http://medind.nic.in/iad/t13/i5/iadt13i5p438.htm |website=medind.nic.in |accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1920 || Field development || Arthur Guedel first describes four stages of general anesthesia as induced by ether in humans. His stages can be loosely applied to anesthesia produced by inhalants other than ether and injectables.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hameroff |first1=S.R. |title=Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciousness and NanoTechnology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-uC54_DD0tMC&pg=PA188&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9jMOEirzdAhXLHJAKHQfuDOgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201920%22%20%22Arthur%20Guedel%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society |edition=IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6vRVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9jMOEirzdAhXLHJAKHQfuDOgQ6AEIQzAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals |edition=Dennis F. Kohn, Sally K. Wixson, William J. White, G. John Benson |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xJWCnuy2kE4C&pg=PR15&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Arthur+Guedel%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9jMOEirzdAhXLHJAKHQfuDOgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201920%22%20%22Arthur%20Guedel%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1920 || Field development || British anesthetist {{w|Ivan Magill}} and Stanley Rowbotham develop endotracheal anesthesia,<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> a technic in which the administration of an anesthetic may be facilitated and the patient benefited by an artificial extension of the tracheobronchial tree by means of a tube through which the patient's respiratory exchange takes place.<ref>{{cite web |title=ENDOTRACHEAL ANESTHESIA |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/547793 |website=jamanetwork.com |accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1920 || Instrumental || The ether bottle is added to the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev">{{cite web |title=Anaesthesia machine |url=https://www.slideshare.net/drdkmamc/anaesthesia-machine-28815136 |website=slideshare.net |accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1922 || Literature || ''Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia'' is launched in {{w|Cleveland}} by Francis H. McMechan as the world's first journal published by an anesthesia society, the International Anesthesia Research Society.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United States}}
| 1923 || Field development || The first ethylene-oxygen surgical anesthetic is administered by Dr. Isabella Herb, who demonstrates the remarkable trance-like state that low-dose ethylene can induce in human subjects.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||
|-
| 1924 || Instrumental || Dr. Ralph Waters develops the first simple and easily transportable absorber, known as the "Waters Canister" and the "Waters To-and-Fro."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||
|-
| 1926 || Instrumental || The chloroform bottle is added to the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev"/> |||-| 1927 || Instrumental || The back bar is added to the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev"/> |||-| 1930 || Field development Instrumental || Brian Sword introduces the circle absorption system.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> |||-| 1930 || Instrumental || Plungers and cowls in ether and chloroform bottles are added to the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev"/> |||-| 1931 || Organization || The {{w|American Association of Nurse Anesthetists}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists |url=https://www.aana.com/news/press-releases/about-the-american-association-of-nurse-anesthetists |website=aana.com |accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1932 || Organization || The Association of anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland is formed.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|Ireland}}
|-
| 1933 || Instrumental || Dry bobbin flow meters replace water sight feed bottles in the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev"/><ref name="The basic anaesthesia machine"/> ||
|-
| 1934 || Drug || {{w|Thiopentone}} is introduced into clinical use.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Webster |first1=Nigel R. |last2=Galley |first2=Helen F. |title=Landmark Papers in Anaesthesia |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cTxoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=%22in+1934%22+%22Thiopentone%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlmJCvl7vdAhWCFZAKHR6MD1IQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201934%22%20%22Thiopentone%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agasti |first1=TK |title=Textbook of Anesthesia for Postgraduates |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=f2YOpCMNFD4C&pg=PA342&dq=%22in+1934%22+%22Thiopentone%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlmJCvl7vdAhWCFZAKHR6MD1IQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201934%22%20%22Thiopentone%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thiopentone anaphylaxis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1967.tb02730.x |website=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1935 || Field development || The first diploma in anesthesia in {{w|England}} is awarded.<ref name="A Dictionary of the History of Medicine"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1937 || Instrumental || The rotameter displaces dry bobbin flowmeters in the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev"/> ||
|-
| 1942 || Drug || Muscle relaxants are introduced.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> ||
|-
| 1951 || Drug || Charles Suckling in {{w|Manchester}} first synthesizes {{w|Halothane}}, a general inhalation anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.<ref name="Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants">{{cite book |last1=Barceloux |first1=Donald G. |title=Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9JLiJcjdqkcC&pg=PA653&dq=%22in+1951%22+%22halothane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq3IyG67rdAhXFjpAKHfDlAzAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201951%22%20%22halothane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agasti |first1=TK |title=Textbook of Anesthesia for Postgraduates |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=f2YOpCMNFD4C&pg=PA414&dq=%22in+1951%22+%22halothane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq3IyG67rdAhXFjpAKHfDlAzAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201951%22%20%22halothane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition |edition=Thomas EJ Healy, Paul R Knight |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Uh-0XJkj-C8C&pg=PA524&dq=%22in+1951%22+%22halothane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq3IyG67rdAhXFjpAKHfDlAzAQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201951%22%20%22halothane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1952 || Instrumental || Woodbridge introduces the pin index safety system (PISS) into the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="The basic anaesthesia machine"/> ||
|-
| 1955 || Organization || The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA) is established in {{w|Scheveningen}}, {{w|Netherlands}}, at the first World Congress of Anaesthesiologists (WCA).<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
|-
| 1958 || Instrumental || The Bodok seal is introduced into the {{w|anaesthetic machine}}.<ref name="The basic anaesthesia machine"/> ||
|-
| 1960 || Drug || {{w|Methoxyflurane}} is introduced into clinical practice.<ref name="Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants"/> ||
| 1964 || Drug || Janssen in Belgium synthesizes {{w|etomidate}}, a carboxylated imidazole derivative.<ref name="Pharmacology - Volume II">{{cite book |last1=Majewski |first1=Harry |title=Pharmacology - Volume II |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nCNVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA301&dq=%22in+1964%22+%22Corssen%22+%22ketamine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitiKWEjbvdAhVJipAKHXYbAJ0Q6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201964%22%20%22Corssen%22%20%22ketamine%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
|-
| 1966 || Drug || Robert Virtue begins human trials of the inhalational anesthetic {{w|enflurane}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Anesthesia - Enflurane |url=https://www.dailyrounds.org/rounds/history-of-anesthesia---enflurane |website=dailyrounds.org |accessdate=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||
|-
| 1970 || Field development || Mexican anesthesiologist J. Antonio Aldrete publishes his "Postanesthetic Recovery Score."<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||
| 1972 || Drug || {{w|Isoflurane}} is introduced as an inhalational anesthetic.<ref name="History of Anesthesia"/> ||
|-
| 1973 || Instrumental || Japanese physiologist and bioengineer Takuo Aoyagi introduces the pulse oximeter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulse oximetry: Its invention, contribution to medicine, and future tasks |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11463912_Pulse_oximetry_Its_invention_contribution_to_medicine_and_future_tasks |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> || |-| 1974 || Organization || The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) is established.<ref name="Urological and Gynaecological Chronic Pelvic Pain: Current Therapies">{{cite book |last1=Moldwin |first1=Robert M. |title=Urological and Gynaecological Chronic Pelvic Pain: Current Therapies |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l8gmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=European+Association+of+Urology+%22founded+in+1920..2017%22&source=bl&ots=7EritgbOzC&sig=u8CQl1N3ZmFPMk_po5pXvmldPEo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj24f_lpZPeAhWBfZAKHbNoBkMQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=European%20Association%20of%20Urology%20%22founded%20in%201920..2017%22&f=false}}</ref> |||-| 1979 || Instrumental || Standards for {{w|anaesthetic machine}} are introduced.<ref name="Anaesthesia machinev"/> ||
|-
| 1983 || Field development || The {{w|laryngeal mask airway}} is introduced.<ref name="History of anaesthesia"/> ||
===What the timeline is still missing===
* [[Total intravenous anesthesia]] (TIVA)
* [[Nurse anesthetist]]
* [[Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology]]
===Timeline update strategy===
==See also==
* [[Timeline of palliative care]]
* [[Timeline of nursing]]
==External links==
