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| 1596 – 1650 || Scientific development || French philosopher {{w|René Descartes}} performs vivisections on animals under his belief that animals are ‘machine-like’, interpreted as a belief that animals can not feel pain.<ref name="Medical Testing on Animals: A Brief History"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1660 || Animal testing || Anglo-Irish scientist {{w|Robert Boyle}} theorizes that living beings need air to live —something {{snd}}something unknown at the time. Using animals, Boyle tests and proves his theories.<ref name="History of Animal Testing"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1700s || Animal testing || Scientists like Stephen Hales and Luigi Galvani use animals to prove their scientific theories. Some of the theories proved during the 1700's include animation caused by electricity, respiration as combustion, and blood pressure theories.<ref name="History of Animal Testing"/> ||
