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This is a '''timeline of bacteriology''', attempting to describe important events in the development of the field. For the treatment of bacterial diseases, visit {{w|Timeline of antibiotics}}.
==Big picture==
! Time period !! Development summary
|-
| 1854–1920 17th century || This period Experimental explorations with microorganisms is known as the "golden age of microbiology", already conducted in which standardized microbiological techniques are developed and most of the disease-causing bacteria are discovered. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch stand out as the great scientists in the fieldthis century.<ref name="Textbook =History of MicrobiologyBacteriology"/> German physician Robert Koch introduces the science {{cite journal|last1=Kreuder‐Sonnen|first1=Katharina|title=History of microorganisms to the medical field, identifying bacteria as the cause of infectious diseases and process of fermentation in diseasesBacteriology|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470015902. French Scientist Louis Pasteur develops techniques to produce vaccinesa0003073.pub2}}</ref>
|-
| 18th century || Botanists and zoologists try to structure and classify the world of the invisible living organisms.<ref name="=History of Bacteriology"/>|-| 1854–1920 || This period is known as the "golden age of microbiology", in which standardized microbiological techniques are developed and most of the disease-causing bacteria are discovered. {{w|Louis Pasteur}} and {{w|Robert Koch}} stand out as the great scientists in the field.<ref name="Textbook of Microbiology"/> German physician Robert Koch introduces the science of microorganisms to the medical field, identifying bacteria as the cause of infectious diseases and process of fermentation in diseases. French Scientist Louis Pasteur develops techniques to produce vaccines.|-| 1940s || The genetics of bacteriophage bacteriophages begin to be studied vigorously, after the development of techniques for the study of bacteriophage infection in single bacteria.<ref name="The Evolution of Genetics">{{cite book|last1=Ravin|first1=Arnold W.|title=The Evolution of Genetics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Ia3SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&dq=%22in+1946%22+Genetic+recombination+through+bacterial+conjugation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZo6KwsqnZAhVHl5AKHaHCCOEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201946%22%20Genetic%20recombination%20through%20bacterial%20conjugation&f=false}}</ref>|-| 1990s || The first bacterium genome is sequenced.<ref name="The History of DNA Timeline"/>
|-
|}
|-
| 2 billion BC || || A bacterium becomes symbiotic with the cell from which animals and plants later develop. Chromosomes from this bacterium’s mitochondria would later carry 37 genes in the human body.<ref name="Timeline of Microbiology">{{cite web|title=Timeline of Microbiology|url=http://www.timelines.ws/subjects/Microbiology.HTML|website=timelines.ws|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref> ||
|-
| 220 million BC || || Bacteria and single-celled animals and plants from this period become encased in tree resin on the northern edge of the {{w|Tethys Ocean}}. Scientists in 2006 study the organisms in amber of this time from a town in the Italian Dolomites. {{w|Ciliate}}s and {{w|amoeba}} in the amber appear identical to modern examples.<ref name="Timeline of Microbiology"/> ||
|-
| 1590 || Scientific development || Dutch spectacle-maker {{w|Zacharias Janssen}} and his brother {{w|Hans Janssen}} produce the operational compound microscope.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
| 1762 || Scientific development || Austrian medical doctor Marcus Antonius Von Plenciz in Vienna publishes a germ theory of infectious diseases and reports that each disease is caused by a separate organism.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Murchie|first1=Guy|title=The Seven Mysteries of Life: An Exploration in Science & Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Cq0AqNmeaHYC&pg=PA101&dq=%22in+1762%22+%22Von+Plenciz%22+%22germ%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia3IjV16bZAhUBgpAKHYRlCz0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201762%22%20%22Von%20Plenciz%22%20%22germ%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Textbook of Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Vasanthakumari|first1=R.|title=Textbook of Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HX_vyjBbAkkC&pg=PT18&dq=%22in+1762%22+%22Von+Plenciz%22+%22germ%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia3IjV16bZAhUBgpAKHYRlCz0Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201762%22%20%22Von%20Plenciz%22%20%22germ%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chia|first1=Mantak|last2=Dao|first2=Johnathon|title=The Eight Immortal Healers: Taoist Wisdom for Radiant Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VmEoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT220&dq=%22in+1762%22+%22Von+Plenciz%22+%22germ%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia3IjV16bZAhUBgpAKHYRlCz0Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201762%22%20%22Von%20Plenciz%22%20%22germ%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
|-
| 1828 || Scientific development || German naturalist {{w|Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg}} coins introduces new technical terms "bakterium/bakteria", replacing the vaguer "germ" and "miasma."<ref name ''bacterium''="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/><ref name="Introduction to Biotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Saini|first1=B.L.|title=Introduction to Biotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JAa47MMf9cYC&pg=PA96&dq=%22in+1800..1850%22+%22bacteriology%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij5KWSp6TZAhVJl5AKHVe5AkIQ6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201800..1850%22%20%22bacteriology%22&f=false|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Breverton|first1=Terry|title=Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VepgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206&dq=%22in+1828%22+Christian+Gottfried+Ehrenberg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4meTJ2abZAhXBDJAKHdXhB8YQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201828%22%20Christian%20Gottfried%20Ehrenberg&f=false}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1835 || Scientific development || Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg coins the term ''Bacillus'' to contain rod-shaped bacteria.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industries|edition=P M Fratamico, B A Annous, N W Guenther|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9LmkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA271&dq=%22in+1835%22+Ehrenberg+++bacillus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPiefsg6fZAhUKlpAKHTHTA-wQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201835%22%20Ehrenberg%20%20%20bacillus&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Breverton|first1=Terry|title=Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VepgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206&dq=%22in+1835%22+Ehrenberg+++bacillus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPiefsg6fZAhUKlpAKHTHTA-wQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201835%22%20Ehrenberg%20%20%20bacillus&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Islam|first1=M. Tofazzal|last2=Rahman|first2=Mahfuz|last3=Pandey|first3=Piyush|last4=Jha|first4=Chaitanya Kumar|last5=Aeron|first5=Abhinav|title=Bacilli and Agrobiotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sfYODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311&dq=%22in+1835%22+Ehrenberg+++bacillus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPiefsg6fZAhUKlpAKHTHTA-wQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201835%22%20Ehrenberg%20%20%20bacillus&f=false}}</ref> ||
| 1884 || Scientific development || German Jewish internist {{w|Arthur Nicolaier}} discovers the causal agent of {{w|tetanus}} ''{{w|Clostridium tetani}}''.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roos|first1=Karen L.|last2=Tunkel|first2=Allan R.|title=Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GgQshXzR9scC&pg=PA263&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22nicolaier%22+%22tetanus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiki5rUxanZAhUFgZAKHWSOAT0Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22nicolaier%22%20%22tetanus%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 114, No. 5, 1970|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qEwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22nicolaier%22+%22tetanus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiki5rUxanZAhUFgZAKHWSOAT0Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22nicolaier%22%20%22tetanus%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Artenstein|first1=Andrew W.|title=Vaccines: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ewdL8ilILZAC&pg=PA106&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22nicolaier%22+%22tetanus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiki5rUxanZAhUFgZAKHWSOAT0Q6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22nicolaier%22%20%22tetanus%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1884 || Scientific development || Danish bacteriologist {{w| Hans Christian Gram }} discovers a differential stain used the identification of bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
|-
| 1884 || Scientific development || French microbiologist {{w|Charles Chamberland}} develops an unglazed porcelain filter that retains bacteria.<ref name="Significant Events By Years">{{cite web|title=Significant Events By Years|url=https://www.asm.org/index.php/71-membership/archives/7852-significant-events-in-microbiology-since-1861#Year1861|website=asm.org|accessdate=8 April 2018}}</ref> ||
| 1886 || Scientific development || German agricultural chemist {{w|Hermann Hellriegel}} and {{w|Hermann Wilfarth}} establish the relationship between legumes and nitrogen fixing bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
|-
| 1886 || Scientific development || F. Frankel isolates Pneumococcus bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=BAGYARAJ|first1=D. J.|last2=RANGASWAMI|first2=G.|title=AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=shiA41L-rTIC&pg=PA8&dq=1886+++F.+Frankel+isolates+Pneumococcus+bacteria&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCrMKlrPXaAhXEf5AKHbvyBjAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1886%20%20%20F.%20Frankel%20isolates%20Pneumococcus%20bacteria&f=false}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1886 || Publication || E.M. Crookshank publishes ''An Introduction to Practical Bacteriology. Based Upon the Methods of Koch''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
| 1909 || Publication || Professor Dr. A. Dieudonne and C.F. Bolduan in {{w|New York}} publish ''Bacterial Food Poisoning. A Concise Exposition of the Etiology, Bacteriology, Pathology, Symptomatology, Prophylaxis and Treatment of So-Called Ptomaine Poisoning''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1909 || Scientific development || "American pathologist {{w|Howard Taylor Ricketts shows }} describes the bacterium that causes {{w|Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by an organism that is intermediate }} in size between an virus and a bacteriumhumans. This organism, {{w|Rickettsia}}, is transmitted by ticks. Ricketts dies from typhus, another rickettsial disease, in 1910."<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hagan|first1=William Arthur|last2=Bruner|first2=Dorsey William|last3=Timoney|first3=John Francis|title=Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UtxUbXOfAFUC&pg=PA319&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22rickettsia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg_4D_mLjaAhWKl5AKHYJxAd84ChDoAQgyMAI#v=onepage&q=%22in%201909%22%20%22rickettsia%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, Volumes 23-24|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XMAtAAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1909%22+%22rickettsia%22&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22rickettsia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg_4D_mLjaAhWKl5AKHYJxAd84ChDoAQhFMAU}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1909 || Publication || E.R. Stitt publishes ''Practical Bacteriology, Blood Work and Animal Parasitology''. The book includes bacteriological keys and clinical notes.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
| 1947 || Scientific development || American molecular biologist {{w|Joshua Lederberg}} shows that bacteria can exchange and recombine genes.<ref name="A to Z of Biologists"/> ||
|-
| 1951 || Publication || The ''{{w|International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}}'' is established. <ref>{{cite web|title=International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) Puts Archive Online For Free|url=http://www.science20.com/news_releases/international_journal_of_systematic_and_evolutionary_microbiology_ijsem_puts_archive_online_for_free|website=science20.com|accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1952 || Scientific development || American biologists {{w|Norton Zinder}} and {{w|Joshua Lederberg}} discover the transduction in bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
|-
| 1977 || Scientific development || Health officials in the {{w|United States}} discover that some germs within one family of bacteria, ''{{w|Enterobacteriaceae}}'', could produce an enzyme capable of breaking down common antibiotics.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scutti|first1=Susan|title=Unusual forms of 'nightmare' antibiotic-resistant bacteria detected in 27 states|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/03/health/nightmare-bacteria-cdc-vital-signs/index.html|website=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1995 || Scientific development || ''{{w|Haemophilus Influenzae}}'' becomes the first bacterium {{w|genome}} to be [[w:DNA sequencing|sequenced]].<ref name="The History of DNA Timeline">{{cite web|title=The History of DNA Timeline|url=https://www.dna-worldwide.com/resource/160/history-dna-timeline|website=dna-worldwide.com|accessdate=30 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || Scientific development || The first {{w|genome}} of a plant pathogen, the bacterium {{w|Xylella fastidiosa}}, is completed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Travensolo|first1=Regiane F.|last2=Carareto-Alves|first2=Lucia M.|last3=Costa|first3=Maria V. C. G.|last4=Lopes|first4=Tiago J. S.|last5=Carrilho|first5=Emanuel|last6=Lemos|first6=Eliana G. M.|title=Xylella fastidiosa gene expression analysis by DNA microarrays|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036931/}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}}
{{funding info}} is available.
===Feedback and comments===
Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1571123569819826/permalink/2643838912548281/ Microbiology Research Group] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2064163863629746/permalink/3334520206594099/ Microbiology Study Group] Facebook group
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* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/121052094770118/permalink/1374391232769525/ Cellular Biology, Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/560636171514842/permalink/650080732570385/ Food& water Microbiology] Facebook group
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* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/918828021821686/permalink/1177911272580025/ El mundo de las bacterias] Facebook group
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* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/amazingmicrobiology/permalink/3593916750641413 Amazing Microbiology (Nepal)] Facebook group
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* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/524131408044046/permalink/1073171273140054/ Bacteriology Lovers & Lerners] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/Microbiologyforhumanwelfare/permalink/2214707342008907 MICROBIOLOGY FOR HUMAN WELFARE] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/16804414019/permalink/10158483488024020 Sandle's Pharmaceutical Microbiology] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/160814831881567/permalink/249125929717123 Microbiology Research Group] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/344636219031906/permalink/1589600344535481/ Basic Research in Bacteriology] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/126994007394292/permalink/3353305274763133/ •Micro::Molecular•biology- biotechnology] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/129541257712234/permalink/605281856804836 Microbiology] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/444433399700524/permalink/835221020621758 NIGERIAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (NIDS)] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/VIRGO.InfectionControlToday/posts/10157365125171160 Infection Control Today] Facebook group
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2012590005641569/permalink/2777863002447595/ IFCAI - INFECTION CONTROL ACADEMY OF INDIA] Facebook group
===What the timeline is still missing===
[https://www.britannica.com/science/bacteriology]
==See also==
* [[Timeline of infection control]]
* [[Timeline of virology]]
==External links==
