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Timeline of brain preservation

39 bytes added, 20:32, 25 January 2019
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== Trends ==
In 1964, after two years of promoting cryonics, Evan Cooper fumed in exasperation, "Are we shouting in the abyss? How could 110 million go to their deaths without one, at least trying for a life in the future via freezing? Where is the individualism, scientific curiosity, and even eccentricity we hear so much about?"<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/> From 1966 until 1973, of the 17 attempts at freezing, only one person remained cryopreserved<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/> (hence the bumps at the beginning of the curve in the graph below). Consequently, the "pay-as-you-go" funding model was abandoned by the cryonics community as relatives had shown to generally eventually lose interest in paying maintenance fees. From then onward, the number of cryopreservations would grow exponentially, but to this day still represent a trivial amount in comparison to the number of burials and cremations. Since cryonics was first publicized, an estimated 2.9 billion people have died,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ortiz-Ospina|first=Esteban|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2019-01-23|title=World Population Growth|url=https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> which could represent about 2.7% of humans to have ever lived.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prb.org/howmanypeoplehaveeverlivedonearth/|title=How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth? – Population Reference Bureau|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> As of January 2019, 416 people are known to be cryopreserved.
The following graph shows an history of the number of bodies preserved (complete or neuro-only). Given that the quality of preservations varies a lot, and it can often take many hours or even days before someone gets preserved from the time of their clinical death,<ref name="AlcorCase"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/case-reports/|title=Case Reports {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> the graph below represents an upper bound of the number of people that are preserved: some have probably been irreversibly lost, and some might only have been partially preserved. Given that we don't currently know how effective current preservation methods are, the lower bound for the number of people that have been preserved remains 0.
[[File:Number_of_Alcor_members.png]]
While ways to quantify the quality of preservations have been proposed, notably by [http://www.oregoncryo.com/qualityScores.html OregonCryo], there are currently no systematic analyses done about the quality of current preservations. The following graph is an attempt to track progress of cryopreservation techniques by tracking the biggest mass that was successfully cryopreserved.<ref>{{Citation|last=RomanPlusPlus|title=SPTCR: curated repository of scientific papers on cryonics: RomanPlusPlus/scientific-progress-towards-cryonics|date=2019-01-11|url=https://github.com/RomanPlusPlus/scientific-progress-towards-cryonics|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> It doesn't directly track what cryonicists care about, but can be used as a proxy while better metrics are developed.
[[File:biggest_mass_cryopreserve.png|600px]]
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| 1773-04 || writing || letter || {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} || In a letter to [[wikipedia:Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg|Jacques Dubourg]], {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} says: "I wish it were possible...&nbsp;… to invent a method of embalming drowned persons, in such a manner that they might be recalled to life at any period, however distant; for having a very ardent desire to see and observe the state of America a hundred years hence, I should prefer to an ordinary death, being immersed with a few friends in a cask of Madeira, until that time, then to be recalled to life by the solar warmth of my dear country! But... &nbsp;… in all probability, we live in a century too little advanced, and too near the infancy of science, to see such an art brought in our time to its perfection...&nbsp;…".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Works_of_the_Late_Doctor_Benjamin_Franklin_(1793).djvu/233|title=Page:Works of the Late Doctor Benjamin Franklin (1793).djvu/233 - Wikisource, the free online library|website=en.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>
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| 1948-03 || writing || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Ettinger publishes the story [https://archive.is/20120801065253/http://www.cryonics.org/Trump.html "The Penultimate Trump"], in which the explicit idea of cryopreservation of legally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?80014|title=Title: The Penultimate Trump|website=www.isfdb.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>
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| 1773-04 || writing || letter || {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} || In a letter to Jacques Dubourg, {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} says: "I wish it were possible...&nbsp;… to invent a method of embalming drowned persons, in such a manner that they might be recalled to life at any period, however distant; for having a very ardent desire to see and observe the state of America a hundred years hence, I should prefer to an ordinary death, being immersed with a few friends in a cask of Madeira, until that time, then to be recalled to life by the solar warmth of my dear country! But... &nbsp;… in all probability, we live in a century too little advanced, and too near the infancy of science, to see such an art brought in our time to its perfection...&nbsp;…".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Works_of_the_Late_Doctor_Benjamin_Franklin_(1793).djvu/233|title=Page:Works of the Late Doctor Benjamin Franklin (1793).djvu/233 - Wikisource, the free online library|website=en.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>
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| 1883-04-15 || technological development || cold || || Nitrogen is liquefied by {{W|Zygmunt Wróblewski}} and {{W|Karol Olszewski}} at the {{W|Jagiellonian University}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SKrWdFLEd4C&pg=PA249|page=249|title=A Short History of the Progress of Scientific Chemistry in Our Own Times|author=Tilden, William Augustus |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2009|isbn=1-103-35842-1}}</ref>
| 1948-03 || writing || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Ettinger publishes the story [https://archive.is/20120801065253/http://www.cryonics.org/Trump.html "The Penultimate Trump"], in which the explicit idea of cryopreservation of legally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?80014|title=Title: The Penultimate Trump|website=www.isfdb.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>
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| 1960 || writing || communication || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Ettinger expected other scientists to advcate advocate for cryonics. Given that this still hasn't happened, Ettinger finally makes the scientific case for cryonics. He sends this to approximately 200 people whom he selected from ''Who's Who in America'', but got little response.<ref name="regis87"/>
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| 1960s || || || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation in Phoenix, Arizona is founded by Ed Hope (not the same as the California organization with similar name). Unlike the others, it would build its own capsules, horizontal units on wheels for easy transport.
| 1976-04-28 || organisation || founding || Cryonics Institute || Cryonics Institute is founded, and starts offering cryonics services: preparation, cooling, and long term storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800830993&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 1976-07-16 || organisation || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor performes performs its first human cryopreservation.
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| 1977 || organisation || || Institute for Advanced Biological Studies || The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies (IABS) is incorporated by Steve Bridge. IABS is a nonprofit research startup.<ref name="IABS">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1981-03-08|title=The Newsletter of The Institute For Advanced Biological Studies, Inc.|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8103.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
| 1977 || organisation || || Cryonics Institute || The Cryonics Institute preserves its first patient, Rhea Ettinger. She would be preserved in dry ice for 10 years, and then switch to liquid nitrogen.
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| 1977(?) - 1986 || social || || Life Extension Festival || The Life Extension Festival is runned run by {{W|Fred and Linda Chamberlain}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=36|pages=7-13|via=}}</ref>
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| 1978 || organisation || || Cryovita Laboratories || Cryovita Laboratories is founded by {{W|Jerry Leaf}}, who had been teaching surgery at {{W|University of California, Los Angeles}}. Cryovita is a for-profit organization which would provide cryopreservation services for Alcor and Trans Time in the 1980s.
| 1980s (mid) || legal || || Jackson National || Jackson National is the first life insurance company to definitively state that it acknowledges cryonics arrangements constitute a legitimate insurable interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/|title=Yahoo! Groups|website=groups.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 1980s (mid) || technological adoptoin adoption || vitrification || {{W|Greg Fahy}} and William F. Rall || Researchers {{W|Greg Fahy}} and William F. Rall help introduce {{W|vitrification}} to reproductive cryopreservation.
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| 1981 || science || paper || || The first paper suggesting that nanotechnology could reverse freezing injury is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drexler|first=K. Eric|date=1981-09-01|title=Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/78/9/5275|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=78|issue=9|pages=5275–5278|doi=10.1073/pnas.78.9.5275|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16593078}}</ref>
| 1987-12 || legal || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || {{W|Saul Kent}} brings his terminally ill mother ({{W|Dora Kent}}) into the Alcor facility where she deanimates. Her head would be cryopreserved.
The rest of the body would be given to a coroner. The coroner's office wouldn't understand that circulation would be artificially restarted after legal death, and that barbiturate would be given to slow down the brain metabolism. Seeing the distributed barbiturate throught throughout the body, they would change the cause of death from natural causes to homicide.
In January 1988, Alcor would be raided by coroner's deputies, a SWAT team, and UCLA police. The Alcor staff would be taken to the police station in handcuffs and the Alcor facility would be ransacked, with computers and records being seized. The coroner's office would want to seize {{W|Dora Kent}}'s head for autopsy, but the head would be removed from the Alcor facility and taken to a location that would never be disclosed. Alcor would later sue for false arrest and for illegal seizures, and would win both cases.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
| 1997 || risk management || economic stability || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || After a substantial effort led by then-president Steve Bridge, Alcor forms the Patient Care Trust as an entirely separate entity to manage and protect the funding for cryopatients.
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| 1999 || organisation || closing || CryoCare || BioPreservation doesn't renew its contract with CryoCare, and stops offering cryonics services altogether.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> CryoCare doesn't find a new provider.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would tansfer transfer their 10 patients from the {{W|American Cryonics Society}} to the Cryonics Institute on 2004-04-06, and their 2 other patients to Alcor on 2001-01-24.<ref name="AlcorCase"/><ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/><ref name="CryoCare/>
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| 2000 || science || paper || || The application of {{W|vitrification}} to a relatively large tissue of medical interest is successful for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Michael J.|last2=Brockbank|first2=Kelvin G. M.|last3=Lightfoot|first3=Fred|last4=Khirabadi|first4=Bijan S.|last5=Song|first5=Ying C.|date=2000-03|title=Vitreous cryopreservation maintains the function of vascular grafts|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0300_296|journal=Nature Biotechnology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=296–299|doi=10.1038/73737|issn=1546-1696}}</ref>
| 2001 || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor begins {{W|vitrification}} perfusion of cryonics patients with a cryoprotectant mixture called B2C.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
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| 2002 summer || technological adoption || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || An Alcor neuropatient receives an excellent uniform perfusion, allowing them to reach the lowest temperature without fracturing ever recorded to date, −128°C. Cryobiologist consultants would evaluate that this may be the best cryopreservation to date. The patient is transferred to the CryoStar freezer for continued slow cooling and annealing for fracture avoidance. However, the patient would be moved to liquid nitrogen in July 2003 as the maneuver wouldn't be succesfulsuccessful. In December, another patient, A-1034, would be also placed into the CryoStar to accommodate the family's preference for this type of storage, and later transferred in a new validated neuroped in April 2006.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2002 || science || paper || || For the first time, a paper shows rigorous demonstration of memory retention after cooling to +10°C (59°F): "Learning and memory is preserved after induced asanguineous hyperkalemic hypothermic arrest in a swine model of traumatic exsanguination".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surgjournal.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2FS0039-6060%2802%2900085-5%2Ffulltext|title=Surgery|website=www.surgjournal.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
Following more media turmoil, Arizona state representative Bob Stump would attempt to put Alcor under the control of the Funeral Board. The Arizona Funeral Board Director would tell the ''{{W|New York Times}}'' "These companies need to be regulated or deregulated out of business". After a hard fight by Alcor, the legislation would finally be withdrawn in 2004. Alcor would hire a full-time lobbyist to watch after their interests in the Arizona legislature.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
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| 2002 || social || || Frozen Dead Guy Days festival || After media turmoil from Trygve Bauge having brought his cryopreserved grandfather to the the town of {{W|Nederland, Colorado}}, some people take this opportunity to create an annual Frozen Dead Guy Days festival which would feature coffin races, snow sculptures, and many other activities.
Many cryonicists insist that dry ice is not cold enough for long-term cryopreservation and that the Nederland festival is negative publicity for cryonics.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
| 2003-08 || R&D || intermediate storage temperature || Carnegie Mellon University || Carnegie Mellon University receives a $1.3 million grant from the U.S. government to study fracturing during {{W|vitrification}} of tissue for medical applications, which would considerably advance the field.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2003-10 || R&D || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, Inc., constructs a prototype dewar for storage at intermediate temperatre temperature in which most of the volume of the dewar is converted into a uniform-temperature storage space kept cold by liquid nitrogen.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2004 || science || paper || || For the first time, a paper shows good ultrastructure of vitrified/re-warmed mammalian brains and the reversibility of prolonged warm ischemic injury in dogs without subsequent neurological deficits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lemler|first=Jerry|last2=Harris|first2=Steven B.|last3=Platt|first3=Charles|last4=Huffman|first4=Todd M.|date=2004|title=The Arrest of Biological Time as a Bridge to Engineered Negligible Senescence|url=https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1196/annals.1297.104|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1019|issue=1|pages=559–563|doi=10.1196/annals.1297.104|issn=1749-6632}}</ref>
| 2004 || science || paper || || The first report of the consistent survival of transplanted kidneys after cooling to and rewarming from −45°C is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M|last2=Wowk|first2=Brian|last3=Wu|first3=Jun|last4=Phan|first4=John|last5=Rasch|first5=Chris|last6=Chang|first6=Alice|last7=Zendejas|first7=Eric|date=2004-04-01|title=Cryopreservation of organs by vitrification: perspectives and recent advances|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011224004000264|journal=Cryobiology|series=Special issue: Keynote papers from CRYOBIOMOL- 2003|volume=48|issue=2|pages=157–178|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.02.002|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>
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| 2004 || legal || || Cryonics Institute || As a result of media coverage of {{W|Ted Williams}}'s cryopreservation, even though the Cryonics Institute was not involved in that case, the State of Michigan places the organization under a "Cease and Desist" order for six months, ultimately classifying and regulating the Cryonics Institute as a cemetery in 2004. In the spirit of de-regulation, the new Republican Michigan government would remove the cemetary cemetery designation for CI in 2012.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
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| 2004-08 || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || CI uses a cryoprotectant, CI-VM-1, for the first time. The dog of a CI member is the patient of the experimental perfusion. The mixture was developed by CI Staff Cryobiologist Yuri Pichugin.
| 2005-02 || organisation || pre-founding || Sociedad Crionica || The website crionica.org is created.<ref name="CI2017-4">{{Cite journal|last=Tripplett|first=Donald|date=2017|title=Sociedad Crionica|url=https://www.cryonics.org/images/uploads/magazines/CI-NEWS-04-2017.pdf|journal=Cryonics Institute Newsletter|volume=|issue=4|pages=27|via=}}</ref>
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| 2005-02 || technological adoptoin adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || The use of {{W|vitrification}} mixture is published for the first time; the subject being the dog Thor.
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| 2005-08 || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || CI starts using a {{W|vitrification}} solution for the first time, named CI-VM-1.<ref name="CITimeline"/>
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| 2005-08 || technological adoptoin adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || CI's 69th patient is CI's first patient to be vitrified.
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| 2005-10 || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor starts using a {{W|vitrification}} solution called M22, a cryoprotectant licensed from {{W|21st Century Medicine}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html|title=New Cryopreservation Technology|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=M22 Implementation|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcornews044.html|journal=Alcor News Bulletin|volume=|issue=44|pages=|via=}}</ref>
| 2012 || organisation || || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || {{W|Greg Fahy}} at {{W|21st Century Medicine}} (21CM) uses cryobiological techniques to preserve mouse brains, and submits his results for the Small Mammal Brain Preservation Prize. But the preservation quality is not complete.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/>
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| 2012 || technolocial technological research || field cryoprotection || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Advanced Neural Biosciences collaborates with Alcor to validate Alcor’s proposed field cryoprotection protocol in the rat model. No ice formation is found after up to 48 hours of storing the brains at dry ice temperature prior to further cooling.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection"/>
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| 2013 || organisation || founding || Church of Perpetual Life || The Church of Perpetual Life is founded. Their first service happens at the end of 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchofperpetuallife.org/|title=Church of Perpetual Life|website=Church of Perpetual Life|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Perpetual Life|title=COPL Grand Opening - part 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_5QmppTsZo|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
| 2016-07-30 || organisation || founding || Sociedad Crionica || Sociedad Crionica is founded.<ref name="CI2017-4"/>
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| 2016-12-24 || technological adoption || fixation || OregonCryo || For the first time, someone is preserved by being perfused with a fixation solution insead instead of simply being immersed in it. OregonCryo was the organisation that did the preservation.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>
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| 2017-01 to 2017-08 || R&D || || OregonCryo || OregonCryo trains and does R&D with 38 {{W|body donations}}.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>
== More information ==
Some events that weren't important enough to make it into this timeline are noted in the Google Sheet [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1uEvT8oHOQJOOYzYglkFgrEgKbhbkz1A0jdO5OYZPwEk/ Timeline of cryonics - not significant enough].
An exhaustive list of publicly known preserved patients (including a yet incomplete evaluation of the quality of their preservation) can be found in the Google Sheet [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vBrlNvPkPQbLKxtSUlTF_ZpUS4lwW2W7lENRj9Gdk3I List of cryonics patients].
A detailed account of membership statistics of cryonics organisations has been compiled in the Google Sheet [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CW5tyCLp-jGT4ta4k1esDaw-I2eKd7rcI7jhcQEk4NE/ Cryonic members statistics] (although not all organisations share all, or any of their membership statistics). A detailed account of patient statistics has been compiled in the Google Sheet [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/15Ix7iocvo5WdNgtC3MSkYlyysV95_TrJjK87Z371FrY/ Cryonic patients statistics]. The membership and patient statistics should be updated at the beginning of every year, after the publication of the statistics from last year.
All those external lists are editable, and everyone is encouraged to contribute to them. They are all available in the Google Folder [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zRQIIVmh8Io-Ao5HZV1UtzkWTY61wbFI Cryonics Statistics]. [[User:Mati Roy|Mati Roy]] created and is maintaining all of those Google Sheets. Most of the membership statistics were entered by someone anonymous.

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