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Changes
→Full timeline: Man Into Superman tags
==== Interests ====
The following graph shows the relative popularity of web searches on the topic of cryonics on Google. For the latest version, check out [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=cryonics Google Trends].
[[File:Cryonics_worldwide_popularity_per_month_(Google_Trends).png]]
The following graph shows the number of views the Wikipedia page "[[wikipedia:Cryonics|Cryonics]]" had every day since July 2015. Note that the y-axis is logarithmic, with 5 main peaks. For the latest version, check out [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&range=all-time&pages=Cryonics WMF Labs]. There were 433,734 views in 2019, 367,632 views in 2018, 352,831 views in 2017, and 544,065 views in 2016.
[[File:Cryonics_pageviews_wikipedia.png|600px]]
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| 1897-1961 || Early cryobiology research starts, and reaches one of the first important success by cryopreserving human sperms by 1961.
During that time, the idea of cryonics is conceived by various people; presumably independently from each other. In 1901, Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev suggests using the phenomenon of anabiosis to prolong human life, to “travel to the future”. In 1931, Neil R. Jones writes a story about someone preserved in orbit because of due to the cold temperature. In 1948, Robert Ettinger publishes a story explaining the idea of on suspended animation, which addresses various cryonicsissues. In 1962, Evan Cooper publishes "Immortality: Physically, Scientifically, Now" and coins the slogan "freeze, wait, reanimate". In the same year, Ettinger privately publishes "The Prospect of Immortality" which would be pivotal for the growth of cryonics.
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| 1960-1966 || The first cryonics activists start grouping and developing the capabilities to perform cryopreservations. They have difficulty finding a first person interested in receiving the procedure.
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| 1966-1975 || Early cryonics organizations struggle to maintain their patients in liquid nitrogen. Out of 22 cryopreservations done during that period, only 3 would remain preserved to this day [20192020].
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| 19761974-1990 || The two cryonics organizations that have provided continuous service for the longest time and have the most members , Alcor and the Cryonics Institute, are created in 1976. They would slowly grow during the following years. The American Cryonics Society would have patients under its responsibility from 1974 up to this day [2020].
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| 1991-2000 || The Cryonics Institute preserves their third patient in 1991{{snd}}the first two being relatives from the founder, {{W|Robert Ettinger}}. Alcor and the Cryonics Institute start getting more members and patients.
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| 2001-2018 || Alcor starts using a vitrification solution in 2001, and the Cryonics Institute follows in 2004. Some In 2018, Mike Darwin reports, from CT scans he analyzed in 2018 by Mike Darwin would reveal , that Alcor member Fred Chamberlain III, cryopreserved in 2012, was the first patient that was demonstrated to demonstratively have their brain cryopreserved essentially ice-free. In 2015, {{W|21st Century Medicine}} wins a prize from the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} for having demonstrably preserved the connectome of a pig with a technique combining vitrification and fixation.
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| 1948 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || || Polge, Smith, and Parkes discover the cryoprotective effects of glycerol and publish a paper documenting the successful hatching of chicks from fowl sperm cryopreserved with glycerol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=POLGE|first=C.|date=June 1951|title=Functional Survival of Fowl Spermatozoa after Freezing at −79° C.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/167949b0|journal=Nature|volume=167|issue=4258|pages=949–950|doi=10.1038/167949b0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
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| 1948-03 || cryonics || social || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} publishes the story [http://translatedby.com/you/the-penultimate-trump/original/ The Penultimate Trump], in which the explicit idea March 1948 issue of cryopreservation of legally dead people for future repair is promulgatedthe magazine Startling Stories. This story was written in 1947. This is a suspended animation story where many of the questions and problems also common to cryonics are discussed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?80014|title=Title: The Penultimate Trump|website=www.isfdb.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>
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| 1950-05 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || Luyet, Gonzales || Luyet and Gonzales achieve successful vitrification of chicken embryo hearts using ethylene glycol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzales|first=F.|last2=Luyet|first2=B.|date=May 1950|title=Resumption of heart-beat in chick embryo frozen in liquid nitrogen|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15426631|journal=Biodynamica|volume=7|issue=126-128|pages=1–5|issn=0006-3010|pmid=15426631}}</ref>
| 1968-02 || reanimatology || science || || Ames, et al. || Ames, et al., discover the cerebral no-re-flow phenomenon which prevents adequate reperfusion of the brain after ~10 minutes of global cerebral ischemia and identifies this as the likely cause of failure to achieve brain resuscitation after 6-10 minutes of normothermic ischemia rather than the acute death of brain cells as the supposed cause.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ames|first=A.|last2=Wright|first2=R. L.|last3=Kowada|first3=M.|last4=Thurston|first4=J. M.|last5=Majno|first5=G.|date=Feb 1968|title=Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2013326/|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=437–453|issn=0002-9440|pmc=2013326|pmid=5635861}}</ref>
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| 1969 || cryonics || social || magazine || Immortalist Soceity || The Cryonics Society of Michigan publishes the first issue of the Long Life magazine, which is still published to this day [2020].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/resources/long-life-magazine|title=Resources {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>|-| 1969 || cryonics || organization || founding || {{W|American Cryonics Society}} || The Bay Area Cryonics Society is founded by two physicians, the prominent allergist and editor of [[wikipedia:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|Annals of Allergy]], Dr. M. Coleman Harris, and Dr. Grace Talbot, alongside with 5 other founders, including Jerry White and Edgar Swank, both of which are now cryopreserved under the ACS program. It <ref>Private conversation between Mati Roy and Jim Yount</ref> The organization would be renamed to the {{W|American Cryonics Society}} in 1985.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0587199|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americancryonics.org/|title=American Cryonics Society - Human Cryopreservation Services for the 21st Century|website=www.americancryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 1969 || cryonics || social || || Evan Cooper || Cooper ends his involvement in cryonics. He feels overloaded and burned-out, and thinks cryonics is not going to be a viable option for himself for practical (political, social, economic) reasons and that he is not going to spend the time he had left trying to obtain the impossible. He is also concerned with the commercial and political aspects within cryonics.<ref name="cryonet23124"/>
| 1972 || cryonics || technological adoption || || Trans Time || A collaborative working group led by Trans Time President Art Quaife and consisting of Gregory Fahy, Peter Gouras, M.D., Fred, and Linda Chamberlain and Mike Darwin begin working on a standardized protocol for the cryoprotection of cryonics patients. Quaife publishes the first results of this effort, a modification of Collins’ organ preservation solution for use as the carrier solution for Me2SO during cryoprotective perfusion. This marks the first attempt at creating a standardized, science-based human cryopreservation protocol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quaife|first=A.|date=1972|title=Recommended modification to Collins’ solution for use as the base perfusate for inducing SSH|url=|journal=Manrise Technical Review|volume=2|pages=3-9|via=}}</ref>
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| 1972 || cryonics || organization || founding || Trans Time || Trans Time, Inc., (TT) a cryonics service provider, is founded by Art Quaife, along with John Day, Paul Segall and other cryonicists. It is a for-profit organization. It's initially a perfusion service-provider for the Bay Area Cryonics Society. They buy the perfusion equipment from Manrise Corporation.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would be the first to undertake the effort of clarifying legal issues around cryonics, and to actively market cryonics.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> The name "Trans Time" is inspired by Trans World Airlines, a prominent airline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpluspedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryonics#Chatsworth_Scandal|title=History of cryonics - H+Pedia|website=hpluspedia.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0647293|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 1972 || cryonics || social || book || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Robert Ettinger publishes [https://www.cryonics.org/resources/man-into-superman Man Into Superman]. The book expands on the implications and possibilities of cryonics from his previous book, "The Prospect of Immortality".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/resources/man-into-superman|title=Resources {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>
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| 1972 || cryonics || || || {{W|Mike Darwin}} || {{W|Mike Darwin}} is the first full-time cryonics researcher. He would work at Alcor for a year.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonics.org/immortalist/november08/History.pdf|title=A History of Cryonics|last=Best|first=Ben|date=2008-11-08|website=Cryonics Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628112826/http://www.cryonics.org/immortalist/november08/History.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-28|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
| 1973-03 || cryonics || science || || Cryonics Society of New York || Fahy and Darwin publish the first technical case report documenting the procedures, problems, and responses of a human patient (Clara Dostal) to cryoprotective perfusion and freezing. The report is severely critical of the way cryonics patients are being treated and suggests many reform and improvements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MD|date=1973|title=Perfusion and freezing of a 60-year-old woman|url=http://www.lifepact.com/images/MTRV3N1.pdf|journal=Manrise Technical Review|volume=3(1)|pages=9-32|access-date=2010-08-31|via=}}</ref>
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| 1974 || cryonics || organization || status || Trans Time || Due to the closure of the storage facility in New York, the Bay Area Cryonics Society and the {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} change their plan to preserve their patients to the Trans Time facility instead of the New York one, and would do so until the 1980s.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>In February 1974, 2 patients are accepted by the Bay Area Cryonics Society as anatomical donations and kept by Trans Time.
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| 1974 || cryonics || science || || Suda, et al. || Partial recovery of brain electrical activity after 7 years of frozen storage is demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suda|first=Isamu|last2=Kito|first2=Kyoko|last3=Adachi|first3=Chizuko|date=1974-04-26|title=Bioelectric discharges of isolated cat brain after revival from years of frozen storage|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899374902637|journal=Brain Research|volume=70|issue=3|pages=527–531|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(74)90263-7|issn=0006-8993}}</ref>
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| 1974 || cryonics || organization || status || Cryonics Society of New York || {{W|Curtis Henderson}}, who has been maintaining three cryonics patients for the Cryonics Society of New York, is told by the New York Department of Public Health that he must close down his cryonics facility. The three cryonics patients are returned to their families, and would later be thawed.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
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| 1974<ref group=note>Jim Yount thinks it was in September from memory</ref> || cryonics || organization || milestone || American Cryonics Society || John Day, Jerry White, Art Quaife and Jim Yount freeze and place into liquid nitrogen a dog from a member of the Bay Area Cryonics Society. This is the first companion animal to be cryopreserved.<ref>Private conversation between Mati Roy and Jim Yount</ref>
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| 1975-07 || suspended animation || technological development || || Gerald Klebanoff || Gerald Klebanoff demonstrates the recovery of dogs from total blood washout and profound hypothermia with no neurological deficit using a defined asanguineous solution. Klebanoff documents the critical importance of adequate amounts of colloid in the perfusate to prevent death from pulmonary edema.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haff|first=R. C.|last2=Klebanoff|first2=G.|last3=Brown|first3=B. G.|last4=Koreski|first4=W. R.|date=July 1975|title=Asanguineous hypothermic perfusion as a means of total organism preservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1142760|journal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=13–19|issn=0022-4804|pmid=1142760}}</ref>
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| 1976 || cryonics || Technological technological development || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Manrise Corporation provides initial funding to Alcor for cryonics research.
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| 1976-04-28 || cryonics || organization || founding || {{W|Cryonics Institute}} || Cryonics Institute is foundedby the directors of the Cryonics Association<ref>Private conversation between Mati Roy and Jim Yount</ref>, and starts offering cryonics services: preparation, cooling, and long term storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800830993&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 1976-07-16 || cryonics || technological adoption || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor carries out the first human cryopreservation where cardiopulmonary support is initiated immediately post pronouncement and is continued until the patient is cooled to 15°C (~400 minutes) and where a scientifically designed custom perfusion machine with heat exchanger was used to carry out cryoprotective perfusion (as opposed to an embalming pump) with control over flow, pressure and temperature and incorporating a bubble trap was used. This is also the first neurocryopreservation (head only) patient. The patient was the father of Fred Chamberlain, the co-founder of the organization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamberlain|first=FRC|last2=Chamberlain|first2=LLC|date=July 16-17, 1976|title=Alcor patient A-1001 Case Notes|url=|journal=Alcor Foundation|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/>
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| 1978-07 || cryonics || technological adoption || || Cryovita Laboratories || Jerry Leaf of Cryovita Laboratories introduces the principles and equipment of extracorporeal medicine into cryonics with the cryopreservation of Samuel Berkowitz. This included the use of the heart-lung machine, closed-circuit perfusion, 40µ arterial filtration, and sterile technique and Universal Precautions to protect the staff caring for the patient:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=JD|date=March-April 1979|title=Cryonic Suspension of Sam Berkowitz,|url=|journal=Long Life Magazine|volume=|pages=30-35|via=}}</ref>
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| 1979 || cryonics || || milestone || Institute for Advanced Biological Studies || The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies (IABS) puts Mitzi into cryopreservation, the first companion animal to receive the procedure. Alcor would later store the animal starting in 1982.
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| 1990-06 || cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor patient A-1239 receives a field cryoprotection with glycerol in Australia before being transported on dry ice to Alcor.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection"/>
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| 1990-06 || cryonics || || VSED || Alcor || Arlene Fried does voluntary stopping of eating and drinking (VSED) for approximately 12 days<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/Have-cryonicists-considered-preemptively-getting-cryopreserved|title=Have cryonicists considered preemptively getting cryopreserved? - Quora|website=www.quora.com|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>, until clinical death would occur, in order to hasten her cryopreservation, hence reducing damages caused by her cancer which had metastasized to the brain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/ElectiveCryopreservation.html|title=Options for Elective Cryopreservation|website=alcor.org|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref group=note>This is the earliest example of VSED used for identity preservation purposes that could be found online.</ref>
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| 1990-06-09 || cryonics || quality assessment || || Alcor || First evaluation of viability in a cryonics patient using Na+/K+ ratio in the renal cortex demonstrating good tissue viability following application of the Alcor Transport Protocol, including rapid post-arrest in-field washout and rapid air transport of the patient to the cryoprotective perfusion facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/fried.html|title=Cryopreservation case report: Arlene Francis Fried, A-1049|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
| 1993 || cryonics || organization || founding || CryoCare || The CryoCare Foundation is founded. It would provide human cryopreservation with assistance from two separate businesses: BioPreservation, which would provide remote standby, stabilization, and transport, and CryoSpan, which would provide the long-term storage of patients in liquid-nitrogen. About 50 former Alcor members join in the founding of the organization.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/><ref name="CryoCare>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi|title=CryoCare Foundation - Cryonics Services|website=www.cryocare.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 1993-03 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || CryoNet || Through the CryoNet email list, collaborative effort is put into designing a room to preserve up to 100 people at −130 ºC.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 1994 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor observes fractures in the brain of a patient following removal from cryopreservation. Alcor thinks of intermediate temperature storage systems, and the development of a new acoustic fracturing monitoring device, the "crackphone."<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hixon|first=H.|date=1995|title=Exploring Cracking Phenomena|url=https://alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics1995-1.pdf|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=27-32|via=}}</ref>
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| 1994 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || Timeship || Architect Stephen Valentine begins studying Cold Room intermediate temperature storage design concepts as part of a large cryonics facility design that would eventually be called Timeship.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 1994-02 || cryonics || risk management || natural catastrophes, legal environment || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor moves to Scottsdale, Arizona, with all its patients.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/researchhistory.html|title=A Brief History of Alcor Research|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
| 2002 || cryonics || science || || || For the first time, a paper shows a rigorous demonstration of memory retention after cooling to +10°C (59°F): "Learning and memory is preserved after induced asanguineous hyperkalemic hypothermic arrest in a swine model of traumatic exsanguination".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surgjournal.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2FS0039-6060%2802%2900085-5%2Ffulltext|title=Surgery|website=www.surgjournal.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2002 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || Timeship Project || Physicist {{W|Brian Wowk}} and Brookhaven National Laboratory cryogenic engineer Mike Iarocci start collaborating with architect Stephen Valentine to design intermediate temperature storage systems suitable for cryonics in connection with the Timeship Project.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2002 || cryonics || organization || founding || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}, a for-profit organization that provides cryonics standby, stabilization, and transport services, is founded.<ref name="Alcor2018-2">{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C2276225|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
| 2003-06 || cryonics || technological adoption || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || {{W|Brian Wowk}}, Mike Iarocci, and Stephen Valentine present new designs for intermediate temperature storage systems to the Alcor board of directors. Alcor acquires an experimental single-patient "neuropod" intermediate temperature storage system developed by {{W|Brian Wowk}} at 21CM.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2003-08 || cryobiology || Technological tTechnological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Carnegie Mellon University}} || {{W|Carnegie Mellon University}} receives a $1.3 million grant from the U.S. government to study fracturing during {{W|vitrification}} of tissue for medical applications, which would considerably advance the field.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2003-10 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, Inc., constructs a prototype dewar for storage at intermediate temperature in which most of the volume of the dewar is converted into a uniform-temperature storage space kept cold by liquid nitrogen.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2004 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || Fahy, et al., make a major advance in understanding the nature of vitrification cryoprotectant toxicity, and significant advances in moderating it. Fahy, et al., develop several highly stable vitrification solutions using synthetic ice blockers which also have extremely low toxicity. It is possible to perfuse kidneys with 9+ molar vitrification solution (~60%) without loss of viability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=GM|last2=Wowk|first2=B|last3=Wu|first3=J|last4=Paynter|first4=S|date=2004|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22-35|via=}}</ref>
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| 2015 || cryonics || science || || Vita-More, et al. || Memory retention in a cryopreserved and revived animal is demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vita-More|first=Natasha|last2=Barranco|first2=Daniel|date=October 2015|title=Persistence of Long-Term Memory in Vitrified and Revived Caenorhabditis elegans|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2014.1636|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=458–463|doi=10.1089/rej.2014.1636|issn=1549-1684|pmc=4620520|pmid=25867710}}</ref>
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| 2015-03-13 || brain preservation || technological adoption || fixation || Oregon Cryonics || For the first time, a brain is preserved using fixation technology, by having her brain immersed in a fixative solution. The patient was Deborah Cheek, and she was preserved by OregonCryo.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/caseReports.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - Cases|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
Immersion fixation is well established to be ineffective in halting autolysis (decomposition).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanawaku|first=Yoshimasa|last2=Someya|first2=Satoka|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Tomoya|last4=Hirakawa|first4=Keiko|last5=Shiotani|first5=Seiji|last6=Fukunaga|first6=Tatsushige|last7=Ohno|first7=Youkichi|last8=Kawakami|first8=Saki|last9=Kanetake|first9=Jun|date=July 2014|title=High-resolution 3D-MRI of postmortem brain specimens fixed by formalin and gadoteridol|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|journal=Legal Medicine|volume=16|issue=4|pages=218–221|doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|issn=1344-6223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shatil|first=Anwar S.|last2=Uddin|first2=Md Nasir|last3=Matsuda|first3=Kant M.|last4=Figley|first4=Chase R.|date=20 February 2018|title=Quantitative Ex Vivo MRI Changes due to Progressive Formalin Fixation in Whole Human Brain Specimens: Longitudinal Characterization of Diffusion, Relaxometry, and Myelin Water Fraction Measurements at 3T|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826187/|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00031|issn=2296-858X|pmc=5826187|pmid=29515998}}</ref> This is documented in the peer-reviewed literature with the time to fixation of the immersed brain being on the order of 5-15 weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yong-Hing|first=Charlotte J.|last2=Obenaus|first2=Andre|last3=Stryker|first3=Rodrick|last4=Tong|first4=Karen|last5=Sarty|first5=Gordon E.|date=August 2005|title=Magnetic resonance imaging and mathematical modeling of progressive formalin fixation of the human brain|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16032673|journal=Magnetic Resonance in Medicine|volume=54|issue=2|pages=324–332|doi=10.1002/mrm.20578|issn=0740-3194|pmid=16032673}}</ref> However, this procedure is very inexpensive{{snd}}Oregon Cryonics charges 1000 USD{{snd}}so this option is sometimes chosen with the hope that very advance technology might be able to recover some part of the brain.
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| 2015-10-03 || cryonics || organization || milestone || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || James Bedford, if properly preserved, becomes the longest-surviving human being ever, after 122 years and 165 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/blog/james-bedford-first-cryonaut-is-now-the-longest-surviving-human-being-ever/|title=First cryonaut, is now the longest-surviving human being ever|last=admin|date=2015-10-06|website=Alcor News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2015-12 || brain preservation || technological development || vitrifixation || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Perfect histological and ultrastructural preservation of an entire porcine brain in a nonviable state using aldehyde fixation combined with vitrification.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=1 December 2015|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001122401500245X|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=0011-2240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=December 2015|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26408851|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=1090-2392|pmid=26408851}}</ref>
In 2016, Robert McIntyre, {{W|Greg Fahy}}, and {{W|21st Century Medicine}} would win the Large Mammal Prize from the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} with this vitrifixation technique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brainpreservation.org/large-mammal-announcement/|title=Large Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2016 || cryonics || organization || founding || Osiris || Osiris Back to Life is founded by Dvir Derhy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osiriscryonics.com/|title=Cryogenics Human & Pet Freezing for Preservation and Revival|website=Osiris {{!}} Back to Life|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2016 || brain preservation || technological development || || Nectome || Nectome wins 413,765 USD in research grants from the National Institutes of Health “to enable whole-brain nanoscale preservation and imaging, a vital step towards a deep understanding of the mind and of the brain’s diseases.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_details.cfm?aid=9255571&icde=38525280|title=Project Information - NIH RePORTER - NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results|website=projectreporter.nih.gov|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref>
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| 2016 || cryonics || organization || milestone || Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute || The Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute in Jinan, Shandong, China starts their operations. They are a branch of Yinfeng Biological which was started in 1999.
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| 2016-03-24 || cryonics || social || blog || Wait But Why || Tim Urban publishes "[https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/03/cryonics.html Why Cryonics Makes Sense]" on his blog "[https://waitbutwhy.com Wait But Why]". At the moment the article was published, 331,824 people were subscribed to receive new posts by email.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325000246/https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/03/cryonics.html|title=Why Cryonics Makes Sense - Wait But Why|date=2016-03-25|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> Cryonicists almost unanimously acclaimed this post as the best introduction to cryonics.
Fixative perfusion and brain removal for this patient is carried out by the individual's sons in cooperation with a local mortuary and a mobile pathology service. Oregon Cryonics (OC) is storing the brain.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>
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| 2017-01-12 || cryonics || || || The Church of Perpetual Life || The city of Hollywood, FL officially proclaims January 12th as Dr. James Bedford Day in remembrance of the first person to be cryopreserved with the hope of being revived in the future. Here you can see the [https://drive.google.com/open?id=0By3LNRGk0wixbWZrNW14Q24xOFM3bGI4cl9COFdLTmdkNGJJ official proclamation].|-| 2017-01 to 2017-08 || cryonics || Technological technological development || || Oregon Cryonics || OregonCryo trains and does research and development with 38 {{W|body donations}}.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>
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| 2017-03-01 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Bischoff, et al. || Bischoff, et al., develop a novel technique of inductive heat re-warming using magnetic nanoparticles in the vasculature allowing for uniform re-warming of organs the size of rabbit kidneys at rates high enough to prevent devitrification of M-22 vitrification solution at a concentration compatible with kidney viability. The system is potentially applicable to larger organs, such as the human brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manuchehrabadi|first=Navid|last2=Gao|first2=Zhe|last3=Zhang|first3=Jinjin|last4=Ring|first4=Hattie L.|last5=Shao|first5=Qi|last6=Liu|first6=Feng|last7=McDermott|first7=Michael|last8=Fok|first8=Alex|last9=Rabin|first9=Yoed|date=1 March 2017|title=Improved tissue cryopreservation using inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251904|journal=Science Translational Medicine|volume=9|issue=379|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4586|issn=1946-6242|pmc=5470364|pmid=28251904}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/organ-cryopreservation-becoming-reality-bringing-whole-bodies-back-still-100-years-away-1609149|title=Organ cryopreservation is becoming a reality – but bringing whole bodies back still 100 years away|date=2017-03-01|website=International Business Times UK|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>
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| 2017-05-08 || cryonics || organization || milestone || Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute || The Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute in Jinan, Shandong, China cryopreserves their first patient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/26/WS5b319590a3103349141dec01.html|title=Chinese woman's body frozen in advanced procedure - Chinadaily.com.cn|last=李松|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/woman-cryogenically-frozen-after-dying-10985205|title=Woman cryogenically frozen after death in hope of being resurrected in future|last=Feng|first=Scott|date=2017-08-14|website=mirror|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref> A documentary documents the procedure: [https://vimeo.com/243966672 China Whole Body Cryopreservation].
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| 2018 || cryonics || quality assessment || scan || {{W|Mike Darwin}} || M. Darwin publishes “Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans” analyzing three of the four available Alcor neuropatient CT scans. Darwin concludes that it is highly likely that Alcor patient A-1002 was possibly the first human cryonics patient to achieve essentially ice-free brain cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaces.hightail.com/receive/qqSYgDnnI1|title=Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans|last=Darwin|first=Michael|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
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| 2018-05-16 || cryonics || risk management || economic stability || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor announces the creation of a sibling organization called the Alcor Endowment Trust Supporting Organization. Its goal is to maintain funds that are invested, and which support Alcor's general operation and research through giving a fraction of the interests made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/blog/the-alcor-endowment-trust-supporting-organization/|title=The Alcor Endowment Trust Supporting Organization|last=admin|date=2018-05-16|website=Alcor News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2018-10-30 || cryonics || legal || right-to-die || Norman Hardy || For the first time, a cryonics patient uses the Death With Dignity legislation. The patient's name is Norman Hardy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/casesummary1990.html|title=Alcor Case Summary: A-1990|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2018-11 || cryonics || social || bylaws || {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} || The {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} releases a position statement clarifying their stance in regards to cryonics, saying they respect people's freedom in choosing this option, but that the procedure is speculative, and that the scientific knowledge necessary to successfully cryopreserve someone doesn't currently exist.<ref group=note>"The Society recognizes and respects the freedom of individuals to hold and express their own opinions and to act, within lawful limits, according to their beliefs. Preferences regarding disposition of postmortem human bodies or brains are clearly a matter of personal choice and, therefore, inappropriate subjects of Society policy. The Society does, however, take the position that the knowledge necessary for the revival of live or dead whole mammals following cryopreservation does not currently exist and can come only from conscientious and patient research in cryobiology and medicine. In short, the act of preserving a body, head or brain after clinical death and storing it indefinitely on the chance that some future generation may restore it to life is an act of speculation or hope, not science, and as such is outside the purview of the Society for Cryobiology."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyforcryobiology.org/assets/documents/Position_Statement_Cryonics_Nov_18.pdf|title=Society for Cryobiology Position Statement - Cryonics|last=|first=|date=November 2018|website=Society for Cryobiology|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>
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| 2019-04 || cryonics || organization || milestone || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || The {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} launches the Aspirational Neuroscience Prize with the commitment to give 4 prizes of 25,000 USD every year for the next 10 years for breakthroughs in the neuroscience of memory, brain preservation, and connectomics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brainpreservation.org/aspirational-neuroscience-prize/|title=Aspirational Neuroscience Prize – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
|}
=== Timeline update strategy ===
As of 20192020, [[User:Mati Roy|Mati Roy]] is currently roughly staying up-to-date with new major cryonics events, and should, therefore, update the timeline roughly continuously, at least in the near future. The If you're interested in helping in any way, feel free to take the initiative. If you have any questions, want guidance or feedback, want to discuss ways to improve this timeline , or have a suggestion for an addition to this timeline, let [[User:Mati Roy|Mati]] know on this wiki is manually synced with the Google Sheet [https://docswww.googlereddit.com/spreadsheets/dr/1uEvT8oHOQJOOYzYglkFgrEgKbhbkz1A0jdO5OYZPwEkTimelinesWiki/ Timeline of brain preservationTimelinesWiki Subreddit] as the main author, or [[Userhttps:Mati Roy|Mati Roy//www.facebook.com/groups/TimelinesWiki/ TimelinesWiki Facebook Group]], finds it easier to maintain it there(and link me the post) or contact me directly at contact@matiroy. So feel free to edit either, and it will then get manually syncedcom.
=== To do ===
* Make a graph of historical money spent on cryonics by members, philanthropists and other interest groups.
* Read [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743919115012790?via%3Dihub Emergency preservation and resuscitation for cardiac arrest from trauma] to add the major milestones of the used of hypothermia.
* Read [https://www.createursdemondes.fr/veille-techno/bio-informatique-genetique/vivre-eternellement/cryogenisation-des-corps-ou-cryonie/ CRYOGÉNISATION DES CORPS OU “CRYONIE”] and add missing relevant events
=== Terminology ===
=== Acknowledgement ===
[[User:Mati Roy|Mati Roy]] created the first version of the timeline of brain preservation published here with [https://contractwork.vipulnaik.com/tasks.php?receptacle=Timeline+of+brain+preservation&matching=exact payment from Vipul]. [[User:Mati Roy|Mati Roy]] also created and is maintaining, with the help of other volunteers, all of the Google Sheets mentioned in the section [[#More information]]. Most of the membership statistics were entered by Marta Sandberg. {{W|Mike Darwin}} contributed a lot of information on notable technological progresson [https://www.reddit.com/r/longevity/comments/ajanjs/timeline_of_cryonics/ Reddit]. {{W|Mike Darwin}} and [[User:Issa|Issa Rice]] provided a lot of useful feedback. Alexey Potapov, Marta Sandberg, as well as others contributed ideas for events to add. The graph and table tracking [https://github.com/RomanPlusPlus/scientific-progress-towards-cryonics Scientific progress towards cryonics] was created by Roman. In January 2020, [[User:Mati Roy|Mati Roy]] updated the timeline, and Jim Yount, CEO of the American Cryonics Society, provided a lot of useful feedback.
==Notes and references==
