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| 1930 || || The ''[[w:wiktionary:specious|specious]] present'' is further developed by {{w|William James}}.<ref name=andersen /> "James defined the specious present to be "the prototype of all conceived times... the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible". In "Scientific Thought" (1930), [[C. D. Broad]] further elaborated on the concept of the specious present and considered that the specious present may be considered as the temporal equivalent of a sensory datum.<ref name=andersen /> ||
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| 1945 || || {{w|Karl Duncker}} defines functional fixedness as being a "mental block against using an object in a new way that is required to solve a problem".<ref name=Duncker1945>Duncker, K. (1945). "On problem solving". ''[[Psychological Monographs]]'', 58:5 (Whole No. 270).</ref>
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| 1946 || || " In 1946, Berkson first illustrated the presence of a false correlation due to this last reason, which is known as Berkson's paradox and is one of the most famous paradox in probability and statistics."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batsidis |first1=Apostolos |last2=Tzavelas |first2=George |last3=Alexopoulos |first3=Panagiotis |title=Berkson's paradox and weighted distributions: An application to Alzheimer's disease |doi=10.1002/bimj.201900046 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bimj.201900046}}</ref>
