Changes

== Sample questions ==

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| 1753 || || {{w|Anthropomorphism}} is first attested, originally in reference to the {{w|heresy}} of applying a human form to the [[w:Christianity|Christian]] [[w:God the Father|God]].<ref>{{citation |date=1753 |title=Chambers's Cyclopædia, Supplement }}</ref>}}<ref name=oed>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "anthropomorphism, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1885.</ref>

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| 1848 || || {{w|Bandwagon effect}} "The phrase "jump on the bandwagon" first appeared in American politics in 1848 when [[Dan Rice]], a famous and popular circus clown of the time, used his bandwagon and its music to gain attention for his political campaign appearances. As his campaign became more successful, other politicians strove for a seat on the bandwagon, hoping to be associated with his success. Later, during the time of [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s 1900 presidential campaign, bandwagons had become standard in campaigns,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wordwizard.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=6642 |title=Bandwagon Effect |accessdate=2007-03-09}}</ref> and the phrase "jump on the bandwagon" was used as a derogatory term, implying that people were associating themselves with success without considering that with which they associated themselves."

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| 1906 || || "The first known use of {{w|bandwagon effect}} was in 1906"<ref>{{cite web |title=bandwagon effect |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bandwagon%20effect |website=merriam-webster.com |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref>

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| 1920 || || "First coined back in 1920, the halo effect describes how our impression of a person forms a halo around our conception of their character." "The term was coined by psychologist Edwin Thorndike in 1920."<ref>{{cite web |title=This Cognitive Bias Explains Why Pretty People Make 12% More Money Than Everybody Else |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/halo-effect-money-beauty-bias-2014-11 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What Is the Halo Effect? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/the-halo-effect |website=psychologytoday.com |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref>

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| 1930 || || The ''[[w:wiktionary:specious|specious]] present'' is further developed by {{w|William James}}.<ref name=andersen /> "James defined the specious present to be "the prototype of all conceived times... the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible". In "Scientific Thought" (1930), [[C. D. Broad]] further elaborated on the concept of the specious present and considered that the specious present may be considered as the temporal equivalent of a sensory datum.<ref name=andersen /> ||

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| 1946 || || " In 1946, Berkson first illustrated the presence of a false correlation due to this last reason, which is known as Berkson's paradox and is one of the most famous paradox in probability and statistics."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batsidis |first1=Apostolos |last2=Tzavelas |first2=George |last3=Alexopoulos |first3=Panagiotis |title=Berkson's paradox and weighted distributions: An application to Alzheimer's disease |doi=10.1002/bimj.201900046 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bimj.201900046}}</ref>

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| 1961 || || {{w|Ambiguity effect}} is first described by {{w|Daniel Ellsberg}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Borcherding|first1=Katrin|last2=Laričev|first2=Oleg Ivanovič|last3=Messick|first3=David M.|title=Contemporary Issues in Decision Making|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3l9AAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=North-Holland|isbn=978-0-444-88618-7|page=50}}</ref>

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| 1969 || || Researchers confirm the {{w|Ben Franklin effect}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=To Become Super-Likable, Practice “The Ben Franklin Effect” |url=https://medium.com/swlh/practice-the-ben-franklin-effect-to-become-super-likable-23f98bf1ecdb |website=medium.com |accessdate=13 March 2020}}</ref>

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| 1974 || || " One of the common heuristics used when making judgements is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, first described in 1974 (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974). In this heuristic, when people estimate an unknown quantity (say, the length of the average American commute) they begin with an ‘anchor’ of information they do know (say, their own commute) and adjust until an acceptable value is reached. This anchor could be based on information given to a person (such as the advertised price of new car before bargaining) or it could be drawn from personal experience (the price a friend paid for a new car)."<ref name="One of the common">{{cite journal |last1=Ralph |first1=Kelcie |last2=Delbosc |first2=Alexa |title=I’m multimodal, aren’t you? How ego-centric anchoring biases experts’ perceptions of travel patterns |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.027 |url=One of the common heuristics used when making judgements is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, first described in 1974 (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974). In this heuristic, when people estimate an unknown quantity (say, the length of the average American commute) they begin with an ‘anchor’ of information they do know (say, their own commute) and adjust until an acceptable value is reached. This anchor could be based on information given to a person (such as the advertised price of new car before bargaining) or it could be drawn from personal experience (the price a friend paid for a new car).}}</ref>

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| 1975 || || "In 1975, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] proposed that the strength of a stimulus (e.g., the brightness of a light, the severity of a crime) is encoded neurally in a way that is independent of [[stimulus modality|modality]]. Kahneman and Frederick built on this idea, arguing that the target attribute and heuristic attribute could be unrelated."<ref name="revisited"/>

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| 1979 || || "In 1979, professor of psychology and author Charles G. Lord sought answers[1] as to whether we might overcome the {{w|Bacon principle}}, or whether humans are always held hostage to their initial beliefs even in the face of compelling and contradictory evidence."

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| 1995 || || "Implicit bias was first described in a 1995 publication by Tony Greenwald and Mahzarin Banaji"<ref>{{cite web |title=PROJECT IMPLICIT LECTURES AND WORKSHOPS |url=https://www.projectimplicit.net/lectures.html |website=projectimplicit.net |accessdate=12 March 2020}}</ref>

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| 1996 || || {{w|Daniel Kahneman}} and {{w|Amos Tversky}} argue that cognitive biases have efficient practical implications for areas including clinical judgment, entrepreneurship, finance, and management.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kahneman, D. |author2=Tversky, A. |last-author-amp=yes |title=On the reality of cognitive illusions|journal=Psychological Review|year=1996|volume=103|issue=3|pages=582–591|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.582|pmid=8759048|url=http://psy.ucsd.edu/%7Emckenzie/KahnemanTversky1996PsychRev.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.174.5117 }}</ref><ref name="S.X. Zhang and J. Cueto 2015">{{cite journal |author1=S.X. Zhang |author2=J. Cueto |title=The Study of Bias in Entrepreneurship |journal= Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=419–454 |doi= 10.1111/etap.12212 |year=2015 }}</ref>

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| 2002 || || "In a 2002 revision of the theory, Kahneman and {{w|Shane Frederick}} proposed {{w|attribute substitution}} as a process underlying these and other effects."<ref name="revisited">{{cite book |last= Kahneman |first=Daniel |first2=Shane |last2=Frederick |title=Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment |editor=Thomas Gilovich |editor2=Dale Griffin |editor3=Daniel Kahneman |publisher =Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2002 |pages=49–81 |chapter=Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment |isbn=978-0-521-79679-8 |oclc=47364085}}</ref>

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| 2004 || || "One of the most common anchors is personal experience, which is the basis of ego-centric decision-making. Estimating the behaviors, attitudes and thoughts of other people is complex and effortful; anchoring and adjustment makes this process simpler by substituting one’s own perspective and adjusting until a reasonable estimate has been achieved (Epley et al., 2004). "<ref name="One of the common"/>

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| 2006 || || "Overcoming Bias began in November ’06 as a group blog on the general theme of how to move our beliefs closer to reality, in the face of our natural biases such as overconfidence and wishful thinking, and our bias to believe we have corrected for such biases, when we have done no such thing."<ref>{{cite web |title=Overcoming Bias |url=http://www.overcomingbias.com/about |website=overcomingbias.com |accessdate=13 March 2020}}</ref>

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| 2011 || || "Cognitive Bias: The Google Effect. Also known as “digital amnesia”, the aptly named Google Effect describes our tendency to forget information that can be easily accessed online. First described in 2011 by Betsy Sparrow (Columbia University) and her colleagues, their paper described the results of several memory experiments involving technology."<ref name="thecustomer.net">{{cite web |title=Marketers Need To Be Aware Of Cognitive Bias |url=https://thecustomer.net/marketers-need-to-be-aware-of-cognitive-bias/?cn-reloaded=1 |website=thecustomer.net |accessdate=12 March 2020}}</ref>

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