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Timeline of cognitive biases

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| 1796 || || {{w|Gambler's fallacy}}. {{w|Pierre-Simon Laplace}} describes in ''A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities'' the ways in which men calculate their probability of having sons: "I have seen men, ardently desirous of having a son, who could learn only with anxiety of the births of boys in the month when they expected to become fathers. Imagining that the ratio of these births to those of girls ought to be the same at the end of each month, they judged that the boys already born would render more probable the births next of girls." The expectant fathers feared that if more sons were born in the surrounding community, then they themselves would be more likely to have a daughter. This essay by Laplace is regarded as one of the earliest descriptions of the fallacy.<ref name="BarronLeider2010">{{cite journal|last1=Barron|first1=Greg|last2=Leider|first2=Stephen|title=The role of experience in the Gambler's Fallacy|journal=Journal of Behavioral Decision Making|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~leider/Papers/Gamblers_Fallacy.pdf|date=13 October 2009}}</ref>
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| 1798 || || The term {{w|stereotype}} is first used in the [[w:Printing industry|printing trade]] by {{w|Firmin Didot}}, to describe a printing plate that duplicated any {{w|typography}}. The duplicate printing plate, or the stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original.<ref name="Stereotypes Defined">{{cite web |title=Stereotypes Defined |url=https://stereotypeliberia.wordpress.com/about/stereeotypes-defined/ |website=stereotypeliberia.wordpress.com |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
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| 1847 || || The term {{w|Semmelweis effect}} derives from the name of a Hungarian physician, {{w|Ignaz Semmelweis}}, who discovered in 1847 that childbed fever mortality rates fell ten-fold when doctors disinfected their hands with a chlorine solution before moving from one patient to another, or, most particularly, after an autopsy. The Semmelweis effect is a metaphor for the {{w|reflex}}-like tendency to reject new evidence or new knowledge because it contradicts established norms, beliefs, or {{w|paradigm}}s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mortell|first1=Manfred|last2=Balkhy|first2=Hanan H.|last3=Tannous|first3=Elias B.|last4=Jong|first4=Mei Thiee|title=Physician ‘defiance’ towards hand hygiene compliance: Is there a theory–practice–ethics gap?|journal=Journal of the Saudi Heart Association|date=July 2013|volume=25|issue=3|pages=203–208|doi=10.1016/j.jsha.2013.04.003|pmc=3809478|pmid=24174860}}</ref>
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| 1848 || || {{w|Bandwagon effect}} "The phrase "jump on the bandwagon" first appeared in American politics in 1848 when [[Dan Rice]], a famous and popular circus clown of the time, used his bandwagon and its music to gain attention for his political campaign appearances. As his campaign became more successful, other politicians strove for a seat on the bandwagon, hoping to be associated with his success. Later, during the time of [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s 1900 presidential campaign, bandwagons had become standard in campaigns,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wordwizard.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=6642 |title=Bandwagon Effect |accessdate=2007-03-09}}</ref> and the phrase "jump on the bandwagon" was used as a derogatory term, implying that people were associating themselves with success without considering that with which they associated themselves."
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| 1850 || || The first reference to “stereotype” appears as a noun that means “image perpetuated without change.”<ref name="Stereotypes Defined"/>
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| 1860 || || Both [[w:Weber–Fechner law|Weber's law and Fechner's law]] are published by [[w:Gustav Fechner|Gustav Theodor Fechner]] in the work ''Elemente der Psychophysik'' (''Elements of Psychophysics''). This publication is the first work ever in this field, and where Fechner coins the term {{w|psychophysics}} to describe the interdisciplinary study of how humans perceive physical magnitudes.<ref name="Fechner1">{{cite book
| 1874 || Memory bias || The first documented instance of {{w|cryptomnesia}} occurs with the medium {{w|Stainton Moses}}.<ref>Brian Righi. (2008). ''Chapter 4: Talking Boards and Ghostly Goo''. In ''Ghosts, Apparitions and Poltergeists''. Llewellyn Publications. {{ISBN|978-0738713632}} "An early example of this occurred in 1874 with he medium William Stanton Moses, who communicated with the spirits of two brothers who had recently died in India. Upon investigation, it was discovered that one week prior to the séance, their obituary had appeared in the newspaper. This was of some importance because Moses's communications with the two spirits contained nothing that wasn't already printed in the newspaper. When the spirits were pressed for further information, they were unable to provide any. Researchers concluded that Moses had seen the obituary, forgotten it, and then resurfaced the memory during the séance."</ref><ref>[[Robert Todd Carroll]]. (2014). [http://skepdic.com/cryptomn.html "Cryptomnesia"]. ''{{w|The Skeptic's Dictionary}}''. Retrieved 2014-07-12.</ref>
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| 1876 || || {{w|Gustav Fechner}} conducts the earliest known research on the {{w|mere-exposure effect}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mere Exposure Effect |url=https://www.wiwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/fine/mikro/bilder_und_pdf-dateien/WS0910/VLBehEconomics/Ausarbeitungen/MereExposure.pdf |website=wiwi.europa-uni.de |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
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| 1882 || || "The ''[[w:wiktionary:specious|specious]] present'' is the time duration wherein a state of {{w|consciousness}} is experienced as being in the {{w|present}}.<ref name=james>{{cite book | vauthors = James W | date = 1893 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JLcAAAAAMAAJ | title = The principles of psychology | location = New York | publisher = H. Holt and Company. | page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JLcAAAAAMAAJ/page/n624 609] }}</ref> The term was first introduced by the philosopher E. R. Clay in 1882 (E. Robert Kelly),<ref name=kelly/><ref name=andersen>{{cite journal | last1 = Andersen | first1 = Holly | last2 = Grush | first2 = Rick | name-list-format = vanc | title = A brief history of time-consciousness: historical precursors to James and Husserl | journal = Journal of the History of Philosophy | date = 2009 | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–307 | url = http://mind.ucsd.edu/papers/bhtc/Andersen&Grush.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-02 | doi = 10.1353/hph.0.0118 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216100320/http://mind.ucsd.edu/papers/bhtc/Andersen%26Grush.pdf | archivedate = 2008-02-16 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.126.3276 }}</ref>
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| 1920 || || "First coined back in 1920, the halo effect describes how our impression of a person forms a halo around our conception of their character." "The term was coined by psychologist Edwin Thorndike in 1920."<ref>{{cite web |title=This Cognitive Bias Explains Why Pretty People Make 12% More Money Than Everybody Else |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/halo-effect-money-beauty-bias-2014-11 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What Is the Halo Effect? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/the-halo-effect |website=psychologytoday.com |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref>
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| 1922 || || The term “stereotype” is first used in the modern psychological sense by American journalist Walter Lippmann in his work ''Public Opinion''.<ref name="Stereotypes Defined"/>
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| 1927 || || Russian psychologist {{w|Bluma Zeigarnik}} publishes in the journal ''[[Psychological Research|Psychologische Forschung]]'' a report on a series of experiments uncovering the processes underlying the phenomenon later called {{w|Zeigarnik effect}}.<ref>Zeigarnik 1927: "Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen". ''[[Psychologische Forschung]]'' 9, 1-85.</ref>
| 1971 || || Lichtenstein and Slovic study and experiment on the {{w|preference reversal}} inconsistency.<ref name="Atladóttir"/>
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| 1971 || Social bias || The concept of {{w|actor–observer asymmetry}} (also actor–observer bias) is introduced by Jones and Nisbett. It explains the errors that one makes when forming attributions about the behavior of others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malle |first1=BF |title=The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: a (surprising) meta-analysis. |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.895 |pmid=17073526 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17073526}}</ref>
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| 1972 || || The {{w|Levels of Processing model}} is created by {{w|Fergus I. M. Craik}} and Robert S. Lockhart.<ref>Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671.</ref>
| 1973 || || {{w|Hindsight bias}}. {{w|Baruch Fischhoff}} attends a seminar where {{w|Paul E. Meehl}} states an observation that clinicians often overestimate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of a particular case, as they claim to have known it all along.<ref name="Fischhoff 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Fischhoff | first1 = B | year = 2007 | title = An early history of hindsight research | url = | journal = Social Cognition | volume = 25 | issue = | pages = 10–13 | doi = 10.1521/soco.2007.25.1.10 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.365.6826 }}</ref>
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| 1973 || || The {{w|illusion of validity}} bias is first described by {{w|Amos Tversky}} and {{w|Daniel Kahneman}} in their paper.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why are we overconfident in our predictions? |url=https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/illusion-of-validity/ |website=thedecisionlab.com |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
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| 1974 || Memory bias || {{w|Elizabeth Loftus}} and John Palmer conduct a study to investigate the effects of language on the development of {{w|false memory}}.<ref name="Loftus1">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/s0022-5371(74)80011-3 |title=Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory |journal=Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=585–589 |year=1974 |last1=Loftus |first1=Elizabeth F. |last2=Palmer |first2=John C. }}</ref> .
| 1977 || Social bias || A study conducted by {{w|Lee Ross}} and colleagues provides early evidence for a {{w|cognitive bias}} called the [[w:False-consensus effect|false consensus effect]], which is the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share the same views.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes|journal = Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|pages = 279–301|volume = 13|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-x|first = Lee|last = Ross|first2 = David|last2 = Greene|first3 = Pamela|last3 = House|year = 1977}}</ref>
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| 1978 || Memory bias || Loftus, Miller, and Burns conduct the original {{w|misinformation effect}} study.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zaragoza |first1=Maria S. |last2=Belli |first2=Robert F. |last3=Payment |first3=Kristie E. |title=Misinformation Effectsand the Suggestibility of Eyewitness Memory}}</ref>
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| 1979 || || "In 1979, professor of psychology and author Charles G. Lord sought answers[1] as to whether we might overcome the {{w|Bacon principle}}, or whether humans are always held hostage to their initial beliefs even in the face of compelling and contradictory evidence."
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| 1979 || Social bias || Thomas Nagel identifies four kinds of {{w|moral luck}} in his essay. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rudy Hiller |first1=Fernando |title=How to (dis)solve Nagel's paradox about moral luck and responsibility |doi=10.1590/0100-6045.2016.V39N1.FRH |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-60452016000100005}}</ref>
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| 1979 || Social bias || The {{w|ultimate attribution error}} is first established by Thomas F. Pettigrew in his publication ''The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice''.<ref name="Pettigrew (T.F)">{{cite journal|last=Pettigrew|first=T. F.|title=The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice|journal=[[Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin]]|year=1979|volume=5|issue=4|pages=461–476|doi=10.1177/014616727900500407}}</ref>
| 1991 || Social bias || The term illusory superiority is first used by the researchers Van Yperen and Buunk.
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| 1994 || || The {{w|Women are wonderful effect}} term is coined by researchers {{w|Alice Eagly}} and {{w|Antonio Mladinic}} in a paper, where they question the widely-held view that there was prejudice against women. <ref>{{cite web |title=“Women Are Wonderful” Effect |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/274926319/Women-Are-Wonderful-Effect |website=scribd.com |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
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| 1995 || || "Implicit bias was first described in a 1995 publication by Tony Greenwald and Mahzarin Banaji"<ref>{{cite web |title=PROJECT IMPLICIT LECTURES AND WORKSHOPS |url=https://www.projectimplicit.net/lectures.html |website=projectimplicit.net |accessdate=12 March 2020}}</ref>
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