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| 460–377 BC || Scientific development || {{w|Hippocrates}} is considered to be the first epidemiologist. In his three books entitled ''Epidemic I'', ''Epidemic III'' and ''On Airs, Waters and Places'', Hippocrates attempts to describe disease from a rational perspective, rather than a supernatural basis. Hippocrates observes that different diseases occur in different locations. He also notes that {{w|malaria}} and {{w|yellow fever}} most commonly occur in swampy areas. Hippocrates also introduces terms like ''epidemic'' and ''endemic''.<ref name="Historic Developments in Epidemiology">{{cite web|title=Historic Developments in Epidemiology|url=http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763766221/66221_CH02_5398.pdf|website=samples.jbpub.com|accessdate=26 December 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 1546 || Scientific development || Italian physician {{w|Girolamo Fracastoro }} publishes his writing on contagion and contagious diseases, proposing that diseases are each caused by a rapidly multiplying seed, and that the seeds are transmitted by direct contact, air, or contaminated garments. ||
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| 1662 || Scientific development || English amateur statistician {{w|John Graunt}} publishes his ''Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of Mortality''. In it, he analyzes the mortality rolls in London before the Great Plague, presenting one of the first life tables, and reporting time trends for many diseases, new and old. Graunt provideds statistical evidence for many theories on disease, and also refutes some widespread ideas on them. Graunt describes disease occurrence and death with the use of systematic methods and develops and calculates life tables and life expectancy.<ref name="Historic Developments in Epidemiology"/><ref name="Epidemiology’s 350th Anniversary, 1662–2012">{{cite journal|last1=Morabia|first1=Alfredo|title=Epidemiology’s 350th Anniversary: 1662–2012|doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e31827b5359|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640843/|accessdate=10 February 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
