Changes

Jump to: navigation, search

Timeline of face masks

109 bytes removed, 16:16, 19 September 2020
no edit summary
| 1897 || || || German hygienist {{w|Carl Flügge}} publishes his works on the development of droplet infections as part of his research on tuberculosis.<ref name="Fangerau"/> Flügge, along with {{w|Jan Mikulicz-Radecki}}, suggest the idea of a facemask after having demonstrated the presence of bacterial droplets from the nose and mouth.<ref name="Aschenbrenner">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Lu Wang |last2=Aschenbrenner |first2=Carol A. |last3=Houle |first3=Timothy T. |last4=Roy |first4=Raymond C. |title=Uncovering the History of Operating Room Attire through Photographs |doi=10.1097/ALN.0000000000000932 |url=https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/124/1/19/14254/Uncovering-the-History-of-Operating-Room-Attire}}</ref><ref name="Fangerau"/> || {{w|Germany}} || [[File:Carl Flügge c1906.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Carl Flügge]]
|-
| 1897 || || Medical use || Doctors start wearing early surgical masks.<ref name="fastcompany.comsssa">{{cite web |last1= |title=The untold origin story of the N95 mask |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90479846/the-untold-origin-story-of-the-n95-mask#:~:text=By%20the%201970s%2C%20the%20Bureau,approved%20on%20May%2025%2C%201972. |website=fastcompany.com |accessdate=12 September 2020}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1898 || || Medical use || Huebner recommends masks made of two layers of gauze, worn at a distance from the nose, to be used during operations.<ref name="History of Surgical Face Masks"/> ||
|-
| 1899 || || Mask development || A French doctor develops a mask made of six layers of gauze and sews it on the collar of a surgical gown. The user only needs to flip the collar up when using it. It would gradually evolve into a form that could be freely tied and hung on the ears with a looped strap, thus giving birth to the modern mask.<ref name="globaltimes.cn"/> || {{w|France}}
|-
| 1905 || || || "Hamilton proposes that scarlet fever is transmitted through droplet infection. She recommends that masks be worn by nurses handling sterile dressings and by doctors during surgery because of the danger of droplet infection from the mouth and nose."<ref name="History of Surgical Face Masks"/> "In 1905, Chicago physician Alice Hamilton publishes an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, reporting on experiments measuring the amount of streptococci bacteria expelled when scarlet fever patients cough or cry. She also measures the strep bacteria from healthy doctors and nurses when they talk or cough, leading her to recommend masks during surgery."<ref name="bloomberg.comss">{{cite web |title=Pandemics Come and Go But Medical Masks Are Eternal |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-04-10/medical-face-masks-an-illustrated-history |website=bloomberg.com |accessdate=11 September 2020}}</ref> " Hamilton,10 in 1905, found heavy droplet contamination from surgeons’ mouths and noses during talking"<ref name="Aschenbrenner"/> || {{w|United States}} || [[File:Alice Hamilton1.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Alice Hamilton in 1893]]
|-
| 1910 || || Medical use || The application of face covers starts becoming common in surgery and the general hospitals.<ref name="Fangerau"/> ||
|-
| 1910 || {{w|Pneumonic plague}} || || "In 1910, an epidemic of pneumonic plague strikes Manchuria. Appointed by the Chinese court to head anti-plague efforts, the Penang-born, Cambridge-educated physician Wu Lien-Teh (Wu Liande) argues that the disease is transmitted through airborne contact. To prevent its spread, he develops masks to be worn by medical personnel and the general public."<ref name="bloomberg.comss"/> "The practice of wearing face-masks to prevent disease can be dated back to the 1910-11 Manchurian epidemic in China. It was Wu Lien-teh, a Cambridge educated Chinese doctor who described the mask as a ​‘prophylactic apparatus’ that could be worn by all to protect themselves from the plague. "<ref name="indiabioscience.orges">{{cite web |title=The history and science of mask-wearing |url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/general-science/the-history-and-science-of-mask-wearing |website=indiabioscience.org |accessdate=12 September 2020}}</ref> ". China has had an ethic of wearing masks during public-health emergencies since the outbreak of the pneumonic plague in 1910"<ref name="theatlantic.comdsa">{{cite web |title=Face Masks Are In |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/04/america-asia-face-mask-coronavirus/609283/ |website=theatlantic.com |accessdate=13 September 2020}}</ref> "Those masks widely adopted by public health officials in Manchuria in 1910 left no special impression on the region afterwards"<ref name="We share what we exhale">{{cite web |title=We share what we exhale |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/a-short-cultural-history-of-mask-wearing-essay-jordan-sand/ |website=the-tls.co.uk |accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> || {{w|China}} || [[File:Plague Workers Mukden, Manchuria, 1882-ca. 1936 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS8-045).jpg|thumb|center|200px|Plague workers in {{w|personal protective equipment}}]]
|-
| 1915 || Infantile paralysis || Hospital use || Meltzer recommends fine mesh gauze masks to cover the faces of patients with infantile paralysis and the faces of personnel attending them.<ref name="History of Surgical Face Masks"/> ||
|-
| 1915 || || || An article in ''{{w|Le Temps}}'' describes:<blockquote>“A respiratory mask. — It was designed in 1868 by Dr Henrot to ward off the danger of contagion from certain infectious diseases via the airways – diphtheria, for example. It is comprised of a framework sealing in the nose and mouth, which is closed on the outside by two metal cloths between which cotton discs are placed. All the infectious germs remain attached to these discs and the air is thus rigorously filtered. A small, very simple and highly sensitive valve lets out the inhaled air. The whole of this small device is made of aluminium, so it is very light, and is easy to wear like spectacles.”</blockquote><ref name="newseye.euv"/> || {{w|Switzerland}}
| 1917 || || || The first commercial dust respirator is invented.<ref name="Mitsutoshi">{{cite web |last1=Horii |first1=Mitsutoshi |title=Why Do the Japanese Wear Masks? |url=https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjs/vol14/iss2/horii.html |website=japanesestudies.org.uk |accessdate=13 September 2020}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1918 || {{w|Diphtheria}} | | Hospital use || Weaver reports that over a two-year period the incidence of diphtheria contracted by attendants of infected patients was reduced to zero after wearing masks of double thickness gauze.<ref name="History of Surgical Face Masks"/> "In 1918, Weaver11 reported a decreased incidence of diphtheria contracted by healthcare providers from infected patients when masks were worn. "<ref name="Aschenbrenner"/> ||
|-
| 1918 || {{w|Influenza}} | || ""The recent conclusion, adopted by | During the Academy of Medicine at Dr Bezançon’s proposal{{w|1918 flu pandemic}}, recommending that people again starts to wear face masks be worn . However, while the practice whould endure in China due to avoid the spread of flu among health staffcontinued outbreaks, is not new. The face mask first emerged many years ago […] Would it would be too complicated to wear over largely forgotten in the mouth United States and nose a few layers other countries.<ref name="autodesk.comss">{{cite web |title=99% Invisible Podcast: History of Face Masks and the Power of PPE in Pandemics |url=https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/history-of gauze-like fabric held by a wire framework, just like we wear spectacles – or even more simply, to wear a thick hat veil?” (Le Petit Parisien, 27 October face-masks/ |website=autodesk.com |accessdate=11 September 2020}}</ref> " photographs taken during the influenza pandemic of 1918)show ordinary people as well as public health officials around the world wearing gauze masks."<ref name="newseye.euvWe share what we exhale"/> |||| [[File:1918 at Spanish Flu Ward Walter Reed (cropped).jpg|thumb|center|200px|A nurse wears a cloth mask while treating a patient in Washington, DC]]
|-
| 1918 || {{w|Influenza}} || || During the The U.S. {{w|1918 flu pandemicAcademy of Medicine}}, people again starts to wear face recommends that masks. However, while the practice whould endure in China due be worn to continued outbreaks, it would be largely forgotten in avoid the United States and other countriesspread of flu among health staff.<ref name="autodesknewseye.comsseuv"/>|| {{cite web w|title=99% Invisible Podcast: History of Face Masks and the Power of PPE in Pandemics |url=https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/history-of-face-masks/ |website=autodesk.com |accessdate=11 September 2020United States}}</ref> " photographs taken during the influenza pandemic of 1918 show ordinary people as well as public health officials around the world wearing gauze masks."<ref name="We share what we exhale"/> || || [[File:1918 at Spanish Flu Ward Walter Reed (cropped).jpg|thumb|center|200px|A nurse wears a cloth mask while treating a patient in Washington, DC]]
|-
| 1918 || {{w|Influenza}} || || During the {{w|1918 flu pandemic}}, the {{w|Red Cross}} encourages women to sew masks.<ref name="sideeffectspublicmedia.orgu">{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Mask Makers Are Part Of A Larger History |url=https://www.sideeffectspublicmedia.org/post/covid-19-mask-makers-are-part-larger-history |website=sideeffectspublicmedia.org |accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> || || [[File:Spanish flu in 1918, Police officers in masks, Seattle Police Department detail, from- 165-WW-269B-25-police-l (cropped).jpg|thumb|center|200px|Seattle police wearing masks in December 1918]]
|-
| 1918 || {{w|Influenza}} || Anti-mask movement || {{w|Anti-Mask League of San Francisco}} || {{w|United States}} || [[File:Detail, Co-op Cafeteria detail, Colleges and Universities - University of California - University of California, Berkeley, California. Open air barber shop during influenza epidemic - NARA - 26428662 (cropped).jpg|thumb|center|150px|Barbers wearing masks during the epidemic]]
|-
| 1919 || || || The {{w|United States Bureau of Mines}} initiates the first respirator certification program, and certifies the first respirator.<ref name="cdc.govi">{{cite web |title=100 Years of Respiratory Protection History |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/Respiratory-Protection-history.html |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
| 1919 || || || By the end of the {{w|1918 flu pandemic}}, most scientists and health commissions come to a consensus about the benefits of wearing masks.<ref name="fastcompany.comss">{{cite web |title=A brief history of people refusing to wear masks |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90500617/a-brief-history-of-people-refusing-to-wear-masks |website=fastcompany.com |accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> || || [[File:1919FluVictimsTokyo.jpg|thumb|center|200px|1919 Tokyo, Japan]]
|-
| 1920 || || Hospital use || The use of masks becomes routine practice in the operating room.<ref name="Aschenbrenner"/> ||
|-
| 1926 || || Hospital use || A clinical study first demonstrates a potential link between wearing masks and reduced surgical site infection.<ref name="Aschenbrenner"/> ||
|-
| 1927 || || Hospital use || German surgeon {{w|Martin Kirschner}} describes the necessity of wearing a facemask in his multi-volume operational theory in the chapter ''Measures to combat infections''.<ref name="Fangerau"/> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1927 || || || American bacteriologist {{w|Edwin O. Jordan}} publishes his definitive study, which determines that masks are effective when worn by patients already sick or by those directly exposed to victims, including nurses and physicians. Jordan also acknowledges, however, that “masks are uncomfortable and inconvenient, as anyone who has worn them can testify” and require a great deal of “discipline, self-imposed or other.”<ref name="healthaffairs.orgrr">{{cite web |title=Flu Masks Failed In 1918, But We Need Them Now |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200508.769108/full/ |website=healthaffairs.org |accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
| 1929 || || || ""At the Academy of Medicine’s session yesterday, the knowledgeable Professor Marchoux made an announcement of the greatest interest and relevance today; he recommends, particularly for doctors and hospital staff, wearing a light structure, hat veil or mask, in addition to spectacles, on the face, so as to protect against the projection of septic droplets when flu patients under treatment sneeze, cough or speak.” (Le Journal, 13 February 1929)"<ref name="newseye.euv"/> ||
|-
| 1929 || {{w|Meningitis}} || || During a meningitis outbreak in China, the government encourages citizens to use masks and avoid public gatherings.<ref name="sixthtone.comt"/> || {{w|China}}
|-
| 1930 || || || Walker publishes data confirming the value of face masks in preventing infection of surgical wounds.<ref name="Spooner"/> ||
62,430
edits

Navigation menu