Changes

| 1363 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial pathogens || Alcohol as an {{w|antiseptic}} is recommended for wound treatment by French physician {{w|Guy de Chauliac}}.<ref name="Block">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=1363+++Alcohol+is+already+used+as+an+antiseptic.&source=bl&ots=KnIjEt4ON0&sig=ACfU3U19gDSSAKOZfh3tqGXdv6oIFH6fBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF25rkucbpAhXwHrkGHSxCCB0Q6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1363%20%20%20Alcohol%20is%20already%20used%20as%20an%20antiseptic.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

|-

|-

| 1523 || Protection method || || English scholar {{w|Anthony Fitzherbert}} recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' ({{w|anthrax}}), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1659 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Potassium permanganate}} is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist {{w|Johann Rudolf Glauber}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Khalid Abdelazez Mohamed |title=Exploitation of KMnO4 material as precursors for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanomaterials |doi=10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365515001132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the ... Annual Proceedings of the Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |publisher=Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qd3qAAAAMAAJ&q=1659+Potassium+permanganate&dq=1659+Potassium+permanganate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifpMeZ6sfpAhUDJrkGHbxtB50Q6AEIKDAA}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}

|-

|-

| 1675 || Scientific development || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} discovers microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants">{{cite web |title=History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants |url=http://blog.pdihc.com/blog/april-2018 |website=pdihc.com |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||

| 1676 || || Microbial pathogens || Dutch scientist {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} first sees bacteria.<ref name="Seymour"/> In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> Van Leuwenhoek provides the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he discovered using the microscope of his own invention.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}

|-

|-

| 1715 || Disinfection method || {{w|Cattle plague}} || Italian physician {{w|Giovanni Maria Lancisi}} recommends using {{w|vinegar}} (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of {{w|cattle plague}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spinage |first1=Clive |title=Cattle Plague: A History |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uk3MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT641&lpg=PT641&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=bl&ots=xJkEP_KOfe&sig=ACfU3U0cgTPcyeMGkp9oB9dZF4GndknZEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiToOnzlsjpAhVFD7kGHUUOAzYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Lancisi%201715%20vinegar&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William P. |title=Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q70ffyHl2YAC&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Italy}}

| 1745 || Policy || {{w|Plague}} || A decree in {{w|Oldenburg}} prescribes the cleaning with {{w|caustic soda}} of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Germany}}

|-

|-

| 1771 || Policy || Epizootic infection || Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}

| 1789 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Scottish chemist {{w|Charles Tennant}} prepares a bleaching powder, as distinct from a liquid, by passing chlorine gas into a slurry of slaked lime.<ref>{{cite book |title=Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia |edition=Gerald Newman, Leslie Ellen Brown, A. J. Graham Cummings, Jack Fruchtman (Jr.).), Peter A. Tasch |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZhaBz_5OZiUC&pg=RA4-PA693-IA5&lpg=RA4-PA693-IA5&dq=Tennant+1789+bleach&source=bl&ots=z0UgHGAXHI&sig=ACfU3U0YGLnvzILTx-8Apg0x7m3g9WXZBw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXu7_MwLvqAhUSIrkGHZJ0DkQQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Tennant%201789%20bleach&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe: Between Market and Laboratory |edition=Ursula Klein, E. C. Spary |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0TBhqoUJjo8C&pg=PA340&lpg=PA340&dq=Tennant+1789+bleach&source=bl&ots=q5OIcMsy41&sig=ACfU3U1I_YkLy0rZznvOtScBUpzOy9_HNQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXu7_MwLvqAhUSIrkGHZJ0DkQQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

|-

|-

|-

| 1800 || Infrastructure || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}}, communicable infection || A Hospital for Sick Children is established in {{w|Paris}}, initially admitting infectious cases, with consequent high mortality from cross-infection.<ref name="Wright">{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=David |title=Infection control throughout history |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70726-1 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(14)70726-1/fulltext}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

| 1811 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Chlorine dioxide}} is discovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=OVERVIEW OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CLO2) |url=http://www.afinitica.com/arnews/?q=node/92 |website=afinitica.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Charles L. |last2=Droby |first2=Samir |title=Microbial Food Contamination |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2vN64QtjI2UC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=I7jW8ehJRe&sig=ACfU3U06z_UEtmrnhJ3Lo_KI_aw1KU5OKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ronald H. |last2=Rodrick |first2=Gary E. |title=Food Safety Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=87Eimlt7dMMC&pg=PA396&lpg=PA396&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=p035rVGjJY&sig=ACfU3U2qE0ue-H03gu9_h-qWuMZN2hlkCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwDHoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref> ||

|-

|-

| 1818 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Louis Jacques Thénard}} first produces {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} by reacting {{w|barium peroxide}} with {{w|nitric acid}}.<ref>{{Cite journal

| url = https://books.google.com/?id=-N43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306#v=onepage}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

|-

|-

| 1823 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || French chemist {{w|Antoine Germain Labarraque}} uses {{w|hypochlorite}} as a deodorant and disinfectant in a cat-gut factory.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|France}}

| 1854 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Chlorinated lime}} is applied in the tratment of sewage in {{w|London}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

|-

|-

| 1858 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || British physician {{w|Benjamin Ward Richardson}} takes note of the capacity of {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} to remove foul odours and subsequently proposes its use as disinfectant.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1867 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by {{w|Joseph Lister}} in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

|-

|-

| 1871 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Soap is used with {{w|coal tar}} to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

| 1881 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Diphtheria}} || There is evidence of the use of {{w|ozone}} as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on {{w|diphtheria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

|-

|-

| 1882 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Hydrogen peroxide}} is first used for bleaching.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/90597292/9/History-of-bleaching-with-hydrogen-peroxide|title=Catalytic Bleaching of Cotton: Molecular and Macroscopic Aspects p 16|author=Tatjana Topalović|publisher=Thesis, University of Twente, the Netherlands |accessdate=8 May 2012|year=2007}}</ref> ||

|-

|-

| 1884 || Disinfection method introduction || || French microbiologist {{w|Charles Chamberland}} invents the first {{w|autoclave}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

| 1887 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Rosahegyi notes that dyes are inhibitory to {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

|-

|-

| 1888 || Publication || || Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

| 1897 || Disinfection method introduction || || Kronig and Paul in Germany publish paper examining the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=FALK |first1=S. |last2=WINSLOW |first2=E. A. |title=A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DYNAMICS OF TOXICITY AND THE THEORY OF DISINFECTION |url=https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/11/1/1.full.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Handbook of water and wastewater microbiology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230887820_Handbook_of_water_and_wastewater_microbiology}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

|-

|-

| 1897 || Concept development || {{w|Microbes}} || The adjective ''microbiocidal'' appears.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||

| 1898 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || H. Rieder describes the bactericidal activity of {{w|X-rays}}, achieving almost complete sterilization of agar and gelatin plates of {{w|cholera}}, {{w|diphtheria}}, {{w|typhoid}}, and colon organisms, with exposure for about 1 hour.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite web |title=BACTERICIDAL FLUORESCENCE EXCITED BY X-RAYS. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7827129.pdf |website=core.ac.uk |accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> ||

|-

|-

| 1900 || Disinfection research || || Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances (radium).<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1900+Strebel+demonstrates+the+inhibitory+action+of+radioactive+substances+(radium)&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx2QJ4&sig=ACfU3U3f3OdZ0aeBW7LRTX8K7FSjqoTKXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7xtiBsc3pAhU2ILkGHfIfCmYQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=1900%20Strebel%20demonstrates%20the%20inhibitory%20action%20of%20radioactive%20substances%20(radium)&f=false}}</ref> ||

|-

|-

| 1901 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of {{w|phenol}}s. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

| 1903 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || "The Rideal-Walker test was introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi. It was published in 1903"<ref name="Hugo"/> Rideal Walker proposes the phenol coefficient test.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

|-

|-

| 1909 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Airborne bacteria || "A modification of this method was adopted by the American Public Health Association in 1909 as a standard for determining airborne bacteria."<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

| 1916 || Publication || || The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) publishes its first chapteron sterilization in USP Volume 9.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}

|-

|-

|-

| 1918 || Crisis || {{w|Influenza}} || In late year, {{w|Spain}} attempts unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of the {{w|Spanish flu}} by imposing border controls, roadblocks, restricting rail travel, and a maritime ''cordon sanitaire'' prohibiting ships with sick passengers from landing, but by then the epidemic is already in progress in the country.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&pg R. Davis, ''The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918'', Springer, 2013.] {{ISBN|1137339217}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}

| 1991 || Disinfection method introduction || || Karlson patents a gaseous ozone sterilization process.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

|-

|-

| 1995 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of {{w|hospital-acquired infection}} occurred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/hospital-acquired-infections-faq.aspx |website=ncsl.org |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 2002 || Publication || || The {{w|Royal Australian College of General Practitioners}} publishes a revised standard for office-based infection control which covers the sections of managing immunization, sterilization and disease surveillance.<ref name=racgp>{{cite web| last =The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners| title =RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office-based Practices (4th Edition)| url =http://www.racgp.org.au/infectioncontrol| access-date =8 November 2008| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081220163900/http://www.racgp.org.au/infectioncontrol| archive-date =20 December 2008| df =dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=sracgp>{{cite web| last =The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners| title =Slides - RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office-based Practices (4th Edition)| url =http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/PracticeSupport/StandardsforGeneralPractices/200708RACGP_Infection_Control_Standards.pdf| access-date =8 November 2008| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081217113407/http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/PracticeSupport/StandardsforGeneralPractices/200708RACGP_Infection_Control_Standards.pdf| archive-date =17 December 2008| df =dmy-all}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}

|-

|-

|-

| 2004 || Publication || Microbial infection || Ferric Fang publishes a paper on antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Ferric C. |title=Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1004?proof=true}}</ref> ||

|-

|-

| 2005 || Publication || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The {{w|American Thoracic Society}} and {{w|Infectious Diseases Society of America}} publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for {{w|hospital-acquired pneumonia}}.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite journal |author=American Thoracic Society |author2=Infectious Diseases Society of America |title=Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=388–416 |year=2005 |pmid=15699079 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c1e3c150b88a50d40302f15a5533bdd6b0da5885 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 2014 || Organization || General || The {{w|Global Health Security Agenda}} (GHSA) is launched as global partnership devoted to the purpose of strengthening the world’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. As of 2020 it has 67 member countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=FACT SHEET: Global Health Security Agenda: Getting Ahead of the Curve on Epidemic Threats |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/26/fact-sheet-global-health-security-agenda-getting-ahead-curve-epidemic-th |website=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> ||

|-

|-

|-

| 2019 || Disinfection research || || A number of studies find that {{w|copper}} surfaces may help prevent infection in the healthcare environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arendsen |first1=LP |last2=Thakar |first2=R |last3=Sultan |first3=AH |title=The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=18 September 2019 |volume=32 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00125-18 |pmid=31413046|pmc=6730497 }}</ref> ||

|-

|-

| 2020 (April 22) || Publication || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''How To Pun On And Take Off Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)'', a series of posters on emergencies preparedness and response.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOW TO PUT ON AND TAKE OFF Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/putontakeoffPPE/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||