Changes

| 1363 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Wound infection || Alcohol as an {{w|antiseptic}} is recommended for wound treatment by French physician {{w|Guy de Chauliac}}.<ref name="Block">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=1363+++Alcohol+is+already+used+as+an+antiseptic.&source=bl&ots=KnIjEt4ON0&sig=ACfU3U19gDSSAKOZfh3tqGXdv6oIFH6fBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF25rkucbpAhXwHrkGHSxCCB0Q6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1363%20%20%20Alcohol%20is%20already%20used%20as%20an%20antiseptic.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

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| 1523 || Infection prevention || {{w|Anthrax}} || English scholar {{w|Anthony Fitzherbert}} recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' ({{w|anthrax}}), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1659 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Potassium permanganate}} is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist {{w|Johann Rudolf Glauber}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Khalid Abdelazez Mohamed |title=Exploitation of KMnO4 material as precursors for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanomaterials |doi=10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365515001132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the ... Annual Proceedings of the Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |publisher=Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qd3qAAAAMAAJ&q=1659+Potassium+permanganate&dq=1659+Potassium+permanganate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifpMeZ6sfpAhUDJrkGHbxtB50Q6AEIKDAA}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}

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| 1675 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} discovers microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants">{{cite web |title=History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants |url=http://blog.pdihc.com/blog/april-2018 |website=pdihc.com |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||

| 1676 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || Dutch scientist {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} first sees bacteria.<ref name="Seymour"/> In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> Van Leuwenhoek provides the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he discovered using the microscope of his own invention.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}

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| 1715 || Disinfectant introduction || {{w|Cattle plague}} || Italian physician {{w|Giovanni Maria Lancisi}} recommends using {{w|vinegar}} (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of {{w|cattle plague}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spinage |first1=Clive |title=Cattle Plague: A History |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uk3MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT641&lpg=PT641&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=bl&ots=xJkEP_KOfe&sig=ACfU3U0cgTPcyeMGkp9oB9dZF4GndknZEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiToOnzlsjpAhVFD7kGHUUOAzYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Lancisi%201715%20vinegar&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William P. |title=Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q70ffyHl2YAC&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Italy}}

| 1745 || Infection prevention || {{w|Plague}} || A decree in {{w|Oldenburg}} prescribes the cleaning with {{w|caustic soda}} of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Germany}}

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| 1771 || Infection prevention || Epizootic infection || Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}

| 1789 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || French chemist {{w|Claude Louis Berthollet}} produces {{w|potassium hypochlorite}} for the first time in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bleach |url=http://hydro-land.com/e/ligne-en/doc/Eaux-Javel.html |website=hydro-land.com |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stéphane |first1=Bernard |last2=Giesbert |first2=Franz-Olivier |title=Petite et grande histoire des rues de Paris, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GOYQAQAAMAAJ&q=Potassium+hypochlorite++1789++Claude+Louis+Berthollet&dq=Potassium+hypochlorite++1789++Claude+Louis+Berthollet&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZv-OY_rnqAhXKD7kGHQJHDHMQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

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| 1794 || Infection prevention || {{w|Plague}} || English physician {{w|Erasmus Darwin}} recommends that if cattle plague are introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1811 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Chlorine dioxide}} is discovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=OVERVIEW OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CLO2) |url=http://www.afinitica.com/arnews/?q=node/92 |website=afinitica.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Charles L. |last2=Droby |first2=Samir |title=Microbial Food Contamination |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2vN64QtjI2UC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=I7jW8ehJRe&sig=ACfU3U06z_UEtmrnhJ3Lo_KI_aw1KU5OKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ronald H. |last2=Rodrick |first2=Gary E. |title=Food Safety Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=87Eimlt7dMMC&pg=PA396&lpg=PA396&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=p035rVGjJY&sig=ACfU3U2qE0ue-H03gu9_h-qWuMZN2hlkCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwDHoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref> ||

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| 1818 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Louis Jacques Thénard}} first produces {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} by reacting {{w|barium peroxide}} with {{w|nitric acid}}.<ref>{{Cite journal

| 1867 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by {{w|Joseph Lister}} in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

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| 1871 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Soap is used with {{w|coal tar}} to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

| 1881 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Diphtheria}} || Evidence is found about the use of {{w|ozone}} as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on {{w|diphtheria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

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| 1883 || Medical equipment introduction || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || Sterile gowns and caps are invented by German surgeon {{w|Gustav Adolf Neuber}} using a form of autoclave.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1987 || Publication || Body substances infection || A document entitled ''{{w|Body substance isolation}}'' emphasizes avoiding contact with all moist and potentially infectious body substances except sweat even if blood not present. The document shares some features with universal precautions.<ref>Lynch P, Jackson MM, Cummings MJ, Stamm WE. Rethinking the role of isolation practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 1987;107(2):243-6.</ref> ||

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| 1888 || Publication || Wound infection || Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

| 1898 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || H. Rieder describes the bactericidal activity of {{w|X-rays}}, achieving almost complete sterilization of agar and gelatin plates of {{w|cholera}}, {{w|diphtheria}}, {{w|typhoid}}, and colon organisms, with exposure for about 1 hour.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite web |title=BACTERICIDAL FLUORESCENCE EXCITED BY X-RAYS. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7827129.pdf |website=core.ac.uk |accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 1900 || Disinfection method research || || Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances ({{w|radium}}).<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1900+Strebel+demonstrates+the+inhibitory+action+of+radioactive+substances+(radium)&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx2QJ4&sig=ACfU3U3f3OdZ0aeBW7LRTX8K7FSjqoTKXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7xtiBsc3pAhU2ILkGHfIfCmYQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=1900%20Strebel%20demonstrates%20the%20inhibitory%20action%20of%20radioactive%20substances%20(radium)&f=false}}</ref> ||

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| 1901 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of {{w|phenol}}s. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

| 1903 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Salmonella typhi || English chemists Samuel Rideal and J. T. Ainslie Walker propose the phenol coefficient test.<ref name="Rogers"/> The Rideal-Walker test is introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

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| 1910 || Disinfection method introduction || Microbial infection || Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=LEPESCHKIN. |first1=W. W. |doi= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1259127/pdf/biochemj01170-0139.pdf |publisher=From the Botanical Laboratory, the University of Kasan |pmc=1259127|title= THE HEAT-COAGULATION OF PROTEINS}}</ref> ||

| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || An antimicrobial molecule is introduced. These are organic derivatives of the positively charged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

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| 1918 || Crisis || {{w|Influenza}} || In late year, {{w|Spain}} attempts unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of the {{w|Spanish flu}} by imposing border controls, roadblocks, restricting rail travel, and a maritime ''cordon sanitaire'' prohibiting ships with sick passengers from landing, but by then the epidemic is already in progress in the country.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&pg R. Davis, ''The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918'', Springer, 2013.]</ref> || {{w|Spain}}

| 1971 || Disinfection method introduction || || D.A. Gunther patents a balance pressure process for use with {{w|ethylene oxide}} sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

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| 1972 || Disinfection method introduction || || Leland Ashman and Wilson Menashi use low temperature gas plasma for sterilization of contaminated surfaces.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

| 1993 || Surveillance || {{w|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease}} || The European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD) is established by seven countries to conduct epidemiological surveillance for {{w|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-uspartnerships-and-networksdisease-and-laboratory-networks/european-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}

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| 1995 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of {{w|hospital-acquired infection}} occurred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/hospital-acquired-infections-faq.aspx |website=ncsl.org |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 2002 || {{w|Hand washing}} || || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} publishes guidelines for hand hygiene.<ref name="Taplitz">{{cite journal |last1=Torriani |first1=Francesca |last2=Taplitz |first2=Randy |title=History of infection prevention and control |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00006-X |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

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| 2003 || Surveillance || Influenza || {{w|Influenzanet}} launches in the Netherlands and Belgium as a participatory surveillance system with the purpose to monitor the incidence of influenza-like illness in {{w|Europe}}. It is based on data provided by volunteers who self-report their symptoms via the Internet throughout the influenza season.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geneviève |first1=LD |last2=Wangmo |first2=T |last3=Dietrich |first3=D |last4=Woolley-Meza |first4=O |last5=Flahault |first5=A |last6=Elger |first6=BS |title=Research Ethics in the European Influenzanet Consortium: Scoping Review|url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/30305258}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koppeschaar |first1=CE |last2=Colizza |first2=V |last3=Guerrisi |first3=C |last4=Turbelin |first4=C |last5=Duggan |first5=J |last6=Edmunds |first6=WJ |last7=Kjelsø |first7=C |last8=Mexia |first8=R |last9=Moreno |first9=Y |last10=Meloni |first10=S |last11=Paolotti |first11=D |last12=Perrotta |first12=D |last13=van Straten |first13=E |last14=Franco |first14=AO |title=Influenzanet: Citizens Among 10 Countries Collaborating to Monitor Influenza in Europe. |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7429 |pmid=28928112 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928112 |pmc=5627046}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}, {{w|Belgium}}

| 2004 || Publication || Microbial infection || Ferric Fang publishes a paper on antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Ferric C. |title=Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1004?proof=true}}</ref> ||

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| 2004 || Surveillance || Gonococcal Infection || The European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP) is initiated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Michelle J. |last2=Quinten |first2=Chantal |last3=Jacobsson |first3=Susanne |last4=Day |first4=Michaela |last5=Amato-Gauci |first5=Andrew J. |last6=Woodford |first6=Neil |last7=Spiteri |first7=Gianfranco |last8=Unemo |first8=Magnus |title=The European gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance programme (Euro-GASP) appropriately reflects the antimicrobial resistance situation for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the European Union/European Economic Area |url=https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4631-x#:~:text=The%20antimicrobial%20susceptibility%20of%20the,by%20the%20European%20Centre%20for |issn=1471-2334}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}

| 2019 || Surveillance || || The European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net) launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/who-we-work/disease-and-laboratory-networks/EURGen-net |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}

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| 2020 (February 19) || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || {{w|Covid Watch}} is created as an open source nonprofit with the mission to build mobile technology to fight the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}} while defending digital privacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://covid-watch.org/about|title=Covid Watch About Page|date=2020-06-02|website=Covid Watch|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Risk Assessment App Idea for Vetting and Discussion |url=https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/8chk6DHZXctGHtNoz/covid-19-risk-assessment-app-idea-for-vetting-and-discussion |website=forum.effectivealtruism.org |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> ||