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Timeline of infection control

1,251 bytes added, 08:08, 11 July 2020
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| 1523 || Protection (‘‘{{w|cordon sanitaire}}’’) || {{w|Plague}} || During a plague outbreak in {{w|Birgu}}, {{w|Malta}}, the town is cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of the island.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Luttrell |first1=Anthony |title=The Making of Christian Malta: From the Early Middle Ages to 1530 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=c3BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=Birgu+1523+plague+cordon&source=bl&ots=9sNART0OXM&sig=ACfU3U0_1gDnIW6jrnPXQFSGqOenvf6O6A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8gPTa6MfpAhWcGbkGHfUkAQsQ6AEwAHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Birgu%201523%20plague%20cordon&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Malta}}
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| 1523 || Protection method || {{w|Anthrax}} || English scholar {{w|Anthony Fitzherbert}} recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' ({{w|anthrax}}), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1598 || Concept development || || The word ''disinfectant'' is first recorded in writing, with the meaning "to cure, to heale".<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
| 1860 || Publication || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || English social reformer {{w|Florence Nightingale}} publishes ''Notes on Nursing'', a series of guidelines with recommendations on sanitation and hospital environment. These publications prompt new policies of control of cross-infection in most hospitals.<ref name="Wright"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1863 || Disinfection method introduction || {{w|Anthrax}} || {{w|Casimir Devaine}} demonstrates that porcelain filters retained {{w|anthrax}} bacteria.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1865 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Joseph Lister}} applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at {{w|Glasgow Royal Infirmary}}, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery|journal=The Lancet|date=21 September 1867|volume=90|issue=2299|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)51827-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment Upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital|journal=The Lancet|date=1 January 1870|volume=95|issue=2418|pages=2–4|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)31273-X}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
| 1871 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Soap is used with {{w|coal tar}} to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
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| 1871 || Disinfection method introduction || {{w|Anthrax}} || German botanist {{w|Ernst Tiegel}} filters anthrax fluids through porous cell of unburnt clay with the aid of a Bunsen air pump.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1872 || Disinfectant research || || Early work by Ritthausen shows that {{w|phenol}} is a solvent for {{w|protein}}s.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
| 1876 || Scientific development || {{w|Anthrax}} || {{w|Robert Koch}} publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.<ref name="Hewlett"/> ||
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| 1877 || Scientific development || Bacterial infection || English physicist {{w|John Tyndale}} discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates {{w|tyndallization}}, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1877 || Concept development || || The word 'sterile' is first used.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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| 1877 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || British chemical manufacturer {{w|John Jeyes}} patents his {{w|Jeyes fluid}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stark |first1=James F |title=The Making of Modern Anthrax, 1875–1920: Uniting Local, National and Global Histories of Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qnlECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&dq=1877+++John+Jeyes+patents+his+Jeyes+fluid.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXx9yQjsjpAhU0IrkGHQPqBh8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1877%20%20%20John%20Jeyes%20patents%20his%20Jeyes%20fluid.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1877 || Concept development || || The word ''sterile'' first appears.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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| 1878 || Disinfection method introduction || || {{w|Joseph Lister}} recommends heating of glassware at 150°C for 2 hours to produce sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
| 1881 || Disinfection research || Bacterial infection || Koch and coworkers determine the exact value of dry heat and the limitations of steam at 100°C. They additionally create the silk thread technique for testing bactericidal agents, impregnated with anthrax spores.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
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| 1881 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Diphtheria}} || There Evidence is evidence of found about the use of {{w|ozone}} as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on {{w|diphtheria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
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| 1882 || Protection (‘‘{{w|cordon sanitaire}}’’) || {{w|Yellow fever}} || In response to a virulent outbreak of {{w|yellow fever}} in {{w|Brownsville, Texas}}, and in northern Mexico, a {{w|cordon sanitaire}} is established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.<ref>{{cite web |title=Part II: Yellow Fever Comes to the Valley |url=https://www.valleymorningstar.com/2016/08/07/part-ii-yellow-fever-comes-to-the-valley/ |website=valleymorningstar.com |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues |url=https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf |website=academia.dk |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
| 1888 || Publication || || Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
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| 1888 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || German surgeon {{w|Ervis Von Esmarch}} investigates the sterilizing efficiency of unsaturated and superheated steam and recommends the use of bacteriological tests as a proof of sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1888 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || American bacteriologist {{w|Joseph J. Kinyoun}} makes important contributions to the design of the steam sterilization chamber and recommends a vacuum process to augment steam penetration of objects.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1889 || Concept development || [[w:parasitism#Parasitic fungi|parasitic fungi]] infection || The word ''{{w|fungicide}}'' appears for the first time.<ref name="Seymour">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=1877+The+word+%27sterile%27+is+first+used&source=bl&ots=KnIjHw6ON_&sig=ACfU3U1Pv7YUh0V7l0me7n0ZRHFRvEThpg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipzqPJjtDpAhWSA9QKHTfhBQcQ6AEwCXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1877%20The%20word%20'sterile'%20is%20first%20used&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1880s || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> ||
* Armstrong's report is reprinted with the resolutions in English in: {{cite journal| last = Armstrong | first = Henry | name-list-format = vanc |year=1892|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RogMAQAAIAAJ|page=398}}|title=The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature|journal=The Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry|volume=6|issue=1177|pages= 390–400 (398)|quote= The alcohols and the phenols will be called after the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, terminated with the suffix ''ol'' (ex. pentanol, pentynol, etc.)| doi = 10.1038/046056c0 }}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
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| 1893 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || British botanist {{w|Harry Marshall Ward}} experiments on the bactericidal effects of different coloured lights.<ref>{{cite book |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |publisher=Seymour Stanton Block |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1893+Ward+experiments+on+the+bactericidal+effects+of+different+coloured+lights&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx0NI-&sig=ACfU3U1k4NP-7Aqal_F1gi5veBhfs_h1Zw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8l8qxqM3pAhUlHLkGHcKpDLsQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1893%20Ward%20experiments%20on%20the%20bactericidal%20effects%20of%20different%20coloured%20lights&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Janet H. |title=THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF LIGHT |doi=10.1152/physrev.1922.2.2.277 |url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physrev.1922.2.2.277?journalCode=physrev}}</ref> Ward demonstrates that it is primarily the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum that has the bactericidal action.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ultraviolet (UV) Light |url=http://www.spectralinnovations.com/reference/ultraviolet_light.htm |website=spectralinnovations.com |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1894 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || English industrialist {{w|William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme}} introduces the first mass-produced {{w|carbolic soap}} to the market, [[w:Lifebuoy (soap)|Lifebuoy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Selector|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155150/http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/}} A History of Health, lifebuoy.com</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
| 1900 || Disinfection research || || Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances (radium).<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1900+Strebel+demonstrates+the+inhibitory+action+of+radioactive+substances+(radium)&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx2QJ4&sig=ACfU3U3f3OdZ0aeBW7LRTX8K7FSjqoTKXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7xtiBsc3pAhU2ILkGHfIfCmYQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=1900%20Strebel%20demonstrates%20the%20inhibitory%20action%20of%20radioactive%20substances%20(radium)&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1900–1904 || Protection (‘‘{{w|cordon sanitaire}}’’) || {{w|Plague}} || "During the {{w|San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 }.} The [[w:Chinatown, San Francisco's |Chinatown was ]] is subjected to a cordon sanitaire" .<ref>{{cite web |title=Plague in San Francisco: 1900, the Year of the Rat |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/joseph-kinyoun-indispensable-man-plague-san-francisco |website=niaid.nih.gov |accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> ||{{w|United States}}
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| 1901 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of {{w|phenol}}s. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
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| 1903 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Salmonella typhi infection || English chemists Samuel Rideal and J. T. Ainslie Walker propose the phenol coefficient test.<ref name="Rogers"/> The Rideal-Walker test was is introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi. It was published in 1903"<ref name="Hugo"/> Rideal Walker proposes the phenol coefficient test.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1903–1914 || Protection (‘‘{{w|cordon sanitaire}}’’) || {{w|Trypanosomiasis}} || The Belgian colonial government imposes a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the {{w|Belgian Congo}} to control outbreaks of {{w|trypanosomiasis}} (sleeping sickness).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lyons |first1=Maryinez |title=From ‘Death Camps’ to Cordon Sanitaire: The Development of Sleeping Sickness Policy in the Uele District of the Belgian Congo, 1903–19141 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700023094 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/from-death-camps-to-cordon-sanitaire-the-development-of-sleeping-sickness-policy-in-the-uele-district-of-the-belgian-congo-190319141/5219FA5E652897DD974E3B86E546C8A5}}</ref> || {{w|Congo D.R}}
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| 1909 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Airborne bacteria infection || "A modification of this method was adopted by the American Public Health Association in 1909 as a standard for determining airborne bacteria."<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
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| 1910 || Disinfection method introduction || Microbial infection || Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=LEPESCHKIN. |first1=W. W. |doi= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1259127/pdf/biochemj01170-0139.pdf |publisher=From the Botanical Laboratory, the University of Kasan |pmc=1259127|title= THE HEAT-COAGULATION OF PROTEINS}}</ref> ||
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| 1910 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Using UV light for disinfection of drinking water dates back to this year in {{w|Marseille, France}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/Ultraviolet%20Light%20Disinfection%20in%20the%20Use%20of%20Individual%20Water%20Purification%20Devices.pdf |title=Ultraviolet light disinfection in the use of individual water purification devices |publisher=U.S. Army Public Health Command |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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| 1912 || Disinfectant research || Bacterial infection || E.A. Cooper, working with bacteria and {{w|phenol}}s, concludes that phenols destroy intracellular protein by coagulation.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
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| 1913 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || {{w|Bacteria}} Bacterial infection || Cooper states that adsorption of phenol onto bacterial cells is the first reaction of the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
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| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || {{w|Bacteria}} Bacterial infection || A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the {{w|Rockefeller Institute}} as having bactericidal properties.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || An antimicrobial molecule is introduced. These are organic derivatives of the positively charged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
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| 1916 || Publication || || The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) publishes its first chapteron sterilization in USP Volume 9.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
| 1933 || Disinfection method introduction || || American Engineer Weeden Underwood makes notable advances in design of, and application of pressure steam sterilizers. This is considered the beginning of the era of scientific sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1933 || Disinfectant research || Microbial infection || Schauffler documents the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide solutions.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
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| 1934 || Publication || || Weeden Underwood writes an early textbook on sterilization called Textbook on Sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
| 1938 || Disinfection research || || {{w|Corona discharge}} is found to be a sterilizing agent.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
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| 1939 || Disinfectant research || || Nordgren reports on early work in regard to {{w|formaldehyde}} efficacy, poarticularly particularly under deep vacuum.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=COMMITTEE ON FORMALDEHYDE DISINFECTION |title=DISINFECTION OF FABRICS WITH GASEOUS FORMALDEHYDE |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2218087/pdf/jhyg00142-0065.pdf}}</ref> ||
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| 1941 || || || UK Control of Infection Officer<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weston |first1=Debbie |title=Infection Prevention and Control: Theory and Clinical Practice for Healthcare Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wHOkV16Xk8QC&pg=PA3&dq=1941+UK+Control+of+Infection+Officer&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn653aw8bpAhXxILkGHRSLDvAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1941%20UK%20Control%20of%20Infection%20Officer&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
| 1942 || Disinfection method introduction || || Underwood defines the first "flash sterilization" at 30 min at 121°C.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
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| 1943 || Protection || || First An early {{w|isolation ward }} in USAthe United States is established.<ref>{{cite book |title=Navy Medicine, Volume 95, Issue 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WtC6VUZ8XGgC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=1943+First+isolation+ward+in+USA&source=bl&ots=jOy4TdbghP&sig=ACfU3U05uJpuL3bjg3fImCTZPdQE3g54yg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit-PiyxMbpAhXoIbkGHT-uCEUQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1943%20First%20isolation%20ward%20in%20USA&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1943 || Disinfectant research || Bacterial infection || Theodore Puck, Robertson and Henry Lemon report on the bactericidal activity of {{w|propylene glycol}} (hydrolysis by-product of propylene oxide) vapour.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
| 2005 || Publication || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The {{w|American Thoracic Society}} and {{w|Infectious Diseases Society of America}} publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for {{w|hospital-acquired pneumonia}}.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite journal |author=American Thoracic Society |author2=Infectious Diseases Society of America |title=Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=388–416 |year=2005 |pmid=15699079 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c1e3c150b88a50d40302f15a5533bdd6b0da5885 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || Organization || || The {{w|International Rectal Microbicide Advocates}} is founded. Based in {{w|Chicago}}, it is a global network of advocates, policymakers and scientists working to advance a robust rectal microbicide research and development agenda.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRMA |url=https://rectalmicrobicides.org/#:~:text=Get%20in%20Touch-| 2006 || ,IRMA,microbicide%20research%20and%20development%20agenda. |website=rectalmicrobicides.org | accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Microbicide Trials NetworkUnited States}} ||
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| 2006 || Organization || HIV infection || The {{w|Microbicide Trials Network}} is established by the U.S. {{w|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}} as an HIV/AIDS clinical trials network. It focuses on research into {{w|Microbicides Development Programmemicrobicide}}s aimed at preventing HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTN |url=https://mtnstopshiv.org/about-us |website=mtnstopshiv.org |accessdate=11 July 2020}} </ref> || {{w|United KingdomStates}}
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| 2008 (February) || Disinfection method introduction || || The {{w|United States Environmental Protection Agency}} (EPA) approves the registrations of five different groups of copper alloys as "{{w|antimicrobial}} materials" with public health benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces for the Reduction of Health Care–Associated Infections in Intensive Care Settings |url=https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/EH0021_Copper_Surfaces_e.pdf |website=cadth.ca |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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