Changes

** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method research".

* What are some historically significant applications of public measures aimed at preventing and controlling infection outbreaks?

* What are some events describing the introduction of new terms and concepts related to infection control?

** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Concept development".

| 19th century || Hospital reform || Early hospital for infectious diseases are established in Europe. In the 1840s, {{w|Ignaz Semmelweis}} in {{w|Austria}} proposes the practice of washing hands with [[w:chlorinated lime solutions|chlorinated lime solutions]], considerably reducing mortality at hospitals. In the 1860s, the work by {{w|Florence Nightingale}} in {{w|England}} motivates new policies of control of cross-infection in many hospitals. The 19th century is one of prolific scientific achievements. A considerable number of disinfectants and disinfection methods are introduced.

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| 800 BC || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described by [[w:Homer (Homero)|Homer]] in book xii of the ''{{w|Odyssey}}'', where the hero, having killed his rivals, demands that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied.<ref name="oie.int"/> ||

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| 1363 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Wound infection || Alcohol as an {{w|antiseptic}} is recommended for wound treatment by French physician {{w|Guy de Chauliac}}.<ref name="Block">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=1363+++Alcohol+is+already+used+as+an+antiseptic.&source=bl&ots=KnIjEt4ON0&sig=ACfU3U19gDSSAKOZfh3tqGXdv6oIFH6fBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF25rkucbpAhXwHrkGHSxCCB0Q6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1363%20%20%20Alcohol%20is%20already%20used%20as%20an%20antiseptic.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

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| 1523 || Infection prevention || {{w|Anthrax}} || English scholar {{w|Anthony Fitzherbert}} recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' ({{w|anthrax}}), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

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| 1658 || Concept development || || The word ''disinfectant'' is used in a more modern sense, to remove infection.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||

| 1659 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Potassium permanganate}} is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist {{w|Johann Rudolf Glauber}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Khalid Abdelazez Mohamed |title=Exploitation of KMnO4 material as precursors for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanomaterials |doi=10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365515001132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the ... Annual Proceedings of the Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |publisher=Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qd3qAAAAMAAJ&q=1659+Potassium+permanganate&dq=1659+Potassium+permanganate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifpMeZ6sfpAhUDJrkGHbxtB50Q6AEIKDAA}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}

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| 1675 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} discovers microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants">{{cite web |title=History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants |url=http://blog.pdihc.com/blog/april-2018 |website=pdihc.com |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||

| 1676 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || Dutch scientist {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} first sees bacteria.<ref name="Seymour"/> In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> Van Leuwenhoek provides the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he discovered using the microscope of his own invention.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}

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| 1715 || Disinfectant introduction || {{w|Cattle plague}} || Italian physician {{w|Giovanni Maria Lancisi}} recommends using {{w|vinegar}} (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of {{w|cattle plague}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spinage |first1=Clive |title=Cattle Plague: A History |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uk3MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT641&lpg=PT641&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=bl&ots=xJkEP_KOfe&sig=ACfU3U0cgTPcyeMGkp9oB9dZF4GndknZEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiToOnzlsjpAhVFD7kGHUUOAzYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Lancisi%201715%20vinegar&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William P. |title=Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q70ffyHl2YAC&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Italy}}

| 1719 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Thymol}} is first isolated by the German chemist [[w:Caspar Neumann (chemist)|Caspar Neumann]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Carolo |last=Neuman |date=1724 |title=De Camphora |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=33 |issue=389 |pages=321–332 |url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/33/381-391/321.full.pdf+html |doi=10.1098/rstl.1724.0061|doi-access=free }} On page 324, Neumann mentions that in 1719 (MDCCXIX) he distilled some essential oils from various herbs. On page 326, he mentions that during the course of these experiments, he obtained a crystalline substance from thyme oil, which he called "''Camphora Thymi''" ({{w|camphor}} of thyme). (Neumann gave the name "camphor" not only to the specific substance that today is called camphor, but to any crystalline substance that precipitated from a volatile, fragrant oil from some plant.)</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

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| 1730 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || {{w|Glanders}} infection || {{w|Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor}} decrees that stables which have housed glanderous horses should be plastered with {{w|quicklime}}. Such arrangements figure in numerous texts published in Europe around the time.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Europe}}

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| 1745 || Infection prevention || {{w|Plague}} || A decree in {{w|Oldenburg}} prescribes the cleaning with {{w|caustic soda}} of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Germany}}

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| 1771 || Infection prevention || Epizootic infection || Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}

| 1789 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || French chemist {{w|Claude Louis Berthollet}} produces {{w|potassium hypochlorite}} for the first time in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bleach |url=http://hydro-land.com/e/ligne-en/doc/Eaux-Javel.html |website=hydro-land.com |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stéphane |first1=Bernard |last2=Giesbert |first2=Franz-Olivier |title=Petite et grande histoire des rues de Paris, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GOYQAQAAMAAJ&q=Potassium+hypochlorite++1789++Claude+Louis+Berthollet&dq=Potassium+hypochlorite++1789++Claude+Louis+Berthollet&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZv-OY_rnqAhXKD7kGHQJHDHMQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

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| 1794 || Infection prevention || {{w|Plague}} || English physician {{w|Erasmus Darwin}} recommends that if cattle plague are introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1811 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Chlorine dioxide}} is discovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=OVERVIEW OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CLO2) |url=http://www.afinitica.com/arnews/?q=node/92 |website=afinitica.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Charles L. |last2=Droby |first2=Samir |title=Microbial Food Contamination |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2vN64QtjI2UC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=I7jW8ehJRe&sig=ACfU3U06z_UEtmrnhJ3Lo_KI_aw1KU5OKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ronald H. |last2=Rodrick |first2=Gary E. |title=Food Safety Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=87Eimlt7dMMC&pg=PA396&lpg=PA396&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=p035rVGjJY&sig=ACfU3U2qE0ue-H03gu9_h-qWuMZN2hlkCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwDHoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref> ||

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| 1818 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Louis Jacques Thénard}} first produces {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} by reacting {{w|barium peroxide}} with {{w|nitric acid}}.<ref>{{Cite journal

| 1867 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by {{w|Joseph Lister}} in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

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| 1871 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Soap is used with {{w|coal tar}} to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

| 1875 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || Bucholtz publishes his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, {{w|phenol}}, {{w|creosote}} and [[w:Salicylic acid|salicylic]] and {{w|benzoic acid}} required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

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| 1877 || Scientific development || Bacterial infection || English physicist {{w|John Tyndale}} discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates {{w|tyndallization}}, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1881 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Anthrax}} || {{w|Robert Koch}} concludes that {{w|ethanol}} is innefective as an antiseptic based on his work with {{w|anthrax}} spores.<ref name="Block"/> || {{w|Germany}}

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| 1881 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Diphtheria}} || Evidence is found about the use of {{w|ozone}} as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on {{w|diphtheria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

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| 1883 || Medical equipment introduction || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || Sterile gowns and caps are invented by German surgeon {{w|Gustav Adolf Neuber}} using a form of autoclave.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1987 || Publication || Body substances infection || A document entitled ''{{w|Body substance isolation}}'' emphasizes avoiding contact with all moist and potentially infectious body substances except sweat even if blood not present. The document shares some features with universal precautions.<ref>Lynch P, Jackson MM, Cummings MJ, Stamm WE. Rethinking the role of isolation practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 1987;107(2):243-6.</ref> ||

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| 1888 || Publication || Wound infection || Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

| 1898 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || H. Rieder describes the bactericidal activity of {{w|X-rays}}, achieving almost complete sterilization of agar and gelatin plates of {{w|cholera}}, {{w|diphtheria}}, {{w|typhoid}}, and colon organisms, with exposure for about 1 hour.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite web |title=BACTERICIDAL FLUORESCENCE EXCITED BY X-RAYS. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7827129.pdf |website=core.ac.uk |accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 1900 || Disinfection method research || || Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances ({{w|radium}}).<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1900+Strebel+demonstrates+the+inhibitory+action+of+radioactive+substances+(radium)&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx2QJ4&sig=ACfU3U3f3OdZ0aeBW7LRTX8K7FSjqoTKXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7xtiBsc3pAhU2ILkGHfIfCmYQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=1900%20Strebel%20demonstrates%20the%20inhibitory%20action%20of%20radioactive%20substances%20(radium)&f=false}}</ref> ||

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| 1901 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of {{w|phenol}}s. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

| 1903 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Salmonella typhi || English chemists Samuel Rideal and J. T. Ainslie Walker propose the phenol coefficient test.<ref name="Rogers"/> The Rideal-Walker test is introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

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| 1910 || Disinfection method introduction || Microbial infection || Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=LEPESCHKIN. |first1=W. W. |doi= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1259127/pdf/biochemj01170-0139.pdf |publisher=From the Botanical Laboratory, the University of Kasan |pmc=1259127|title= THE HEAT-COAGULATION OF PROTEINS}}</ref> ||

| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || An antimicrobial molecule is introduced. These are organic derivatives of the positively charged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||

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| 1918 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Germ infection || {{w|Hydrogen peroxide}} is used in {{w|World War I}} as a {{w|germicide}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

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| 1963 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || Guerin shows that desiccated microbes are more resistant to ozone than hydrated cells.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

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| 1964 || Disinfection method introduction || || {{w|Johnson and Johnson}} starts providing commercial {{w|gamma irradiation}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

| 1971 || Disinfection method introduction || || D.A. Gunther patents a balance pressure process for use with {{w|ethylene oxide}} sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

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| 1972 || Disinfection method introduction || || Leland Ashman and Wilson Menashi use low temperature gas plasma for sterilization of contaminated surfaces.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||

| 1993 || Surveillance || {{w|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease}} || The European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD) is established by seven countries to conduct epidemiological surveillance for {{w|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-uspartnerships-and-networksdisease-and-laboratory-networks/european-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}

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| 1995 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of {{w|hospital-acquired infection}} occurred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/hospital-acquired-infections-faq.aspx |website=ncsl.org |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 1998 || Infection control (Organization) || Microbial infection || The {{w|Global Campaign for Microbicides}} is established as a non-profit organization which promotes the development and use of microbicides to improve health.<ref>{{cite web |title=1987-97 : Building a Movement |url=http://www.global-campaign.org/mission.htm |website=global-campaign.org |accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

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| 1998 || Surveillance || General || The {{w|Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology}} (APIC) first publishes its Recommended Practices for Surveillance. This publication introduces new technology and methodologies, like online resources to the practice of surveillance.<ref name="apic.orge">{{cite web |title=Recommended practices for surveillance: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), Inc. |url=https://www.apic.org/Resource_/TinyMceFileManager/Practice_Guidance/AJIC-Surveillance-2007.pdf |website=apic.org |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 2002 || {{w|Hand washing}} || || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} publishes guidelines for hand hygiene.<ref name="Taplitz">{{cite journal |last1=Torriani |first1=Francesca |last2=Taplitz |first2=Randy |title=History of infection prevention and control |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00006-X |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

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| 2003 || Surveillance || Influenza || {{w|Influenzanet}} launches in the Netherlands and Belgium as a participatory surveillance system with the purpose to monitor the incidence of influenza-like illness in {{w|Europe}}. It is based on data provided by volunteers who self-report their symptoms via the Internet throughout the influenza season.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geneviève |first1=LD |last2=Wangmo |first2=T |last3=Dietrich |first3=D |last4=Woolley-Meza |first4=O |last5=Flahault |first5=A |last6=Elger |first6=BS |title=Research Ethics in the European Influenzanet Consortium: Scoping Review|url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/30305258}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koppeschaar |first1=CE |last2=Colizza |first2=V |last3=Guerrisi |first3=C |last4=Turbelin |first4=C |last5=Duggan |first5=J |last6=Edmunds |first6=WJ |last7=Kjelsø |first7=C |last8=Mexia |first8=R |last9=Moreno |first9=Y |last10=Meloni |first10=S |last11=Paolotti |first11=D |last12=Perrotta |first12=D |last13=van Straten |first13=E |last14=Franco |first14=AO |title=Influenzanet: Citizens Among 10 Countries Collaborating to Monitor Influenza in Europe. |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7429 |pmid=28928112 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928112 |pmc=5627046}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}, {{w|Belgium}}

| 2004 || Publication || Microbial infection || Ferric Fang publishes a paper on antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Ferric C. |title=Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1004?proof=true}}</ref> ||

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| 2004 || Surveillance || Gonococcal Infection || The European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP) is initiated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Michelle J. |last2=Quinten |first2=Chantal |last3=Jacobsson |first3=Susanne |last4=Day |first4=Michaela |last5=Amato-Gauci |first5=Andrew J. |last6=Woodford |first6=Neil |last7=Spiteri |first7=Gianfranco |last8=Unemo |first8=Magnus |title=The European gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance programme (Euro-GASP) appropriately reflects the antimicrobial resistance situation for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the European Union/European Economic Area |url=https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4631-x#:~:text=The%20antimicrobial%20susceptibility%20of%20the,by%20the%20European%20Centre%20for |issn=1471-2334}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}

| 2007 || Program launch || Respiratory infection || A campaign named {{w|Catch It, Bin It, Kill It}} is launched by the British {{w|National Health Service}} to encourage the public to practise correct respiratory and hand hygiene when coughing and sneezing in order to prevent the spread of viruses particularly during the colds and flu season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catch It, Bin It, Kill It |url=https://www.prescriber.org.uk/2007/11/catch-it-bin-it-kill-it/ |website=prescriber.org.uk |accessdate=15 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

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| 2008 (February) || Disinfection method introduction || || The {{w|United States Environmental Protection Agency}} (EPA) approves the registrations of five different groups of copper alloys as "{{w|antimicrobial}} materials" with public health benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces for the Reduction of Health Care–Associated Infections in Intensive Care Settings |url=https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/EH0021_Copper_Surfaces_e.pdf |website=cadth.ca |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

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| 2008 (November) || Surveillance || {{w|Influenza}} || {{w|Google Flu Trends}} is launched as a {{w|web service}} operated by {{w|Google}}, with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity in over 25 countries. By aggregating Google Search queries, GFT attempts to make accurate predictions about flu activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Flu Trends" Found to Be Nearly on Par with CDC Surveillance Data |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/google-flu-trends-on-par-with-cdc-data/#:~:text=Google%20Flu%20Trends%20was%20launched,with%20results%20in%2038%20languages. |website=scientificamerican.com |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> DFT would be proposed as a method to estimate influenza-like illness (ILI) in the general population and to be used in conjunction with traditional surveillance systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kandula |first1=Sasikiran |title=Reappraising the utility of Google Flu Trends |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007258 |pmid=31374088 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693776/#:~:text=Google%20Flu%20Trends%20(GFT)%20was,were%20often%20overestimates%20of%20ILI. |pmc=6693776}}</ref> ||

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| 2009 || Publication || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/natural_ventilation/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 2014 || {{w|Hand washing}} || || A study shows that {{w|Saudi Arabia}} has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bva-group.com/sondages/les-francais-et-le-savonnage-des-mains-apres-etre-alle-aux-toilettes/|title=Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes|last=BreakingWeb|website=BVA Group|language=fr-FR|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 2015 || {{w|Hand washing}} || || A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance of Handwashing (Infographic) |url=https://globalhandwashing.org/resources/the-importance-of-handwashing-infographic/ |website=globalhandwashing.org |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 2018 || {{w|Contact tracing}} || || A patent application by {{w|Facebook}} discusses a {{w|Bluetooth}} proximity-based trust method of {{w|digital contact tracing}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proximity-based trust |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019139630A1/en |website=patents.google.com |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> ||

| 2019 || Surveillance || || The European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net) launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/who-we-work/disease-and-laboratory-networks/EURGen-net |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}

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| 2020 (February 19) || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || {{w|Covid Watch}} is created as an open source nonprofit with the mission to build mobile technology to fight the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}} while defending digital privacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://covid-watch.org/about|title=Covid Watch About Page|date=2020-06-02|website=Covid Watch|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Risk Assessment App Idea for Vetting and Discussion |url=https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/8chk6DHZXctGHtNoz/covid-19-risk-assessment-app-idea-for-vetting-and-discussion |website=forum.effectivealtruism.org |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> ||

| 2020 (March 17) || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || {{w|TCN Protocol}} is introduced as an {{w|open source}}, [[w:Decentralised system|decentralized]], anonymous [[w:Exposure Notification|exposure alert]] protocol developed by {{w|Covid Watch}}<ref name="Covid Watch">{{Cite web|url=https://www.covid-watch.org/|title=Covid Watch|date=2020-02-19|website=Covid Watch|language=en|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> in response to the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2020/04/09/stanford-researchers-help-develop-privacy-focused-coronavirus-alert-app/|title=Stanford researchers help develop privacy-focused coronavirus alert app|last=University|first=Stanford|date=2020-04-09|website=Stanford News|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First implementation of anonymous exposure alert protocol |url=https://github.com/covidwatchorg/covidwatch-ios-tcn/commit/b520d1486d9d898dadeb15dd94fbbb16c0e1d6a1 |website=github.com |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 2020 (March) || {{w|Protective sequestration}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || Several villages in {{w|Alaska}}, such as [[w:Arctic Village, AK|Arctic Village]] and {{w|Fort Yukon}}, severely restrict travel into these villages, to prevent the introduction of {{w|COVID-19}}. Volunteers patrol the villages to stop any outsiders attempting to enter the villages by snowmobile.<ref>[https://time.com/5813162/alaska-coronavirus/ Alejandro de la Garza, "Alaska's Remote Villages Are Cutting Themselves Off to Avoid Even 'One Single Case' of Coronavirus," ''Time,'' March 31, 2020]</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 2020 (April 4) || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || The {{w|Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing}} (DP-3T) is introduced as an {{w|open protocol}} developed in response to the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}} to facilitate {{w|digital contact tracing}} of infected participants.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/20/technology/20reuters-health-coronavirus-europe-tech.html|title=Rift Opens Over European Coronavirus Contact Tracing Apps|date=2020-04-20|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 July 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The protocol, like competing protocol [[w:Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing]] (PEPP-PT), uses {{w|Bluetooth Low Energy}} to track and log encounters with other users.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://bluetrace.io/static/bluetrace_whitepaper-938063656596c104632def383eb33b3c.pdf|title=BlueTrace: A privacy-preserving protocol for community-driven contact tracing across borders|last=Jason Bay, Joel Kek, Alvin Tan, Chai Sheng Hau, Lai Yongquan, Janice Tan, Tang Anh Quy|first=|date=|website=Government Technology Agency|access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/apple-google-contact-tracing-strengths-weaknesses/|title=Is Apple and Google's Covid-19 Contact Tracing a Privacy Risk?|work=Wired|access-date=30 July 2020|language=en|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Initial commit |url=https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/commit/3b6024918f8980d2be10eeeaf7a43d6d52b64a38 |website=github.com |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 2020 (April) || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || The {{w|Whisper Tracing Protocol}} is introduced as a protocol intended to be a privacy first {{w|Digital contact tracing}} tool developed for the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=78584e00-8fbf-11ea-b4cc-0574748ae675&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMC0wNC0zMC9hcHBsZS1nb29nbGUtdmlydXMtY29tYmF0LXBsYW4taGluZ2VzLW9uLXN0aWxsLXNjYXJjZS10ZXN0aW5n|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coalition, a Global Contact Tracing App, Open Sources its Code to Help Nations Fight COVID-19 While Preserving Privacy |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/coalition-a-global-contact-tracing-app-open-sources-its-code-to-help-nations-fight-covid-19-while-preserving-privacy-301049102.html |website=prnewswire.com |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Here’s how Apple and Google are working together for a phone-based COVID-19 track and trace solution |url=https://staceyoniot.com/heres-how-apple-and-google-are-working-together-for-a-phone-based-covid-19-track-and-trace-solution/ |website=staceyoniot.com |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> ||

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| 2020 (April 22) || Publication || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''How To Put On And Take Off Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)'', a series of posters on emergencies preparedness and response.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOW TO PUT ON AND TAKE OFF Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/putontakeoffPPE/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||

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* {{w|Category:Public health and biosurveillance software}}

* {{w|Public health surveillance}}

* [[Timeline of epidemiology]]

* [[Timeline of hygiene]]

* [[Timeline of global health]]

* [[Timeline of bacteriology]]