Timeline of infection control

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This is a timeline of infection control.

Sample questions

  • What events describe the introduction of chemical agents designed to inactivate or destroy microorganisms?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfectant introduction".
  • What are events desctibing the discovery and/or introduction of disinfection methods other chemical agents?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method".

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
1990s Cubicle curtain design undergoes a period of rapid growth in the decade.[1]

Visual data

Google Trends

The image shows Google Trends data for "infection" and "quarantine" search terms from January 2004 to June 2020.[2] The latter peaks in March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the month when the United States becomes the country with the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 infections.

Infection Google Trends.png

Wikipedia views

The image shows Wikipedia views desktop data for the articles Infection, Quarantine, and Infection control. Three local maximums in 2008, 2015, and 2020 closely match the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the Western African Ebola virus epidemic, and the COVID-19 pandemic.[3]

Infection Control Wikipedia Views.png

The image shows desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider, and mobile-app Wikipedia views data for the article Infection control.[4]

Infection Wikipedia Views.png

Full timeline

Year Event type Infection type Details Present time country/region
c.3000 BC Disinfectant introduction Ancient Egyptians use palm wine and vinegar to rinse the abdominal cavities of human and animal cadavers prior to embalming.[5] Egypt
800 BC Disinfectant introduction The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described by Homer in book xii of the Odyssey, where the hero, having killed his rivals, demands that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied.[5]
1363 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens Alcohol as an antiseptic is recommended for wound treatment by French physician Guy de Chauliac.[6] France
1523 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Plague During a plague outbreak in Birgu, Malta, the town is cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of the island.[7] Malta
1523 Protection method English scholar Anthony Fitzherbert recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' (anthrax), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')[5] United Kingdom
1598 Concept development The word disinfectant is first recorded in writing, with the meaning "to cure, to heale".[8]
1605 Concept development The word septic is first recorded, which means "putrefying".[8]
1658 Concept development The word disinfectant is used in a more modern sense, to remove infection.[8]
1659 Disinfectant introduction Potassium permanganate is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist Johann Rudolf Glauber.[9][10] Netherlands
1666 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Plague The English village of Eyam famously imposes a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the community.[11][12] United Kingdom
1675 Scientific development Microbial pathogens Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms.[13]
1676 Microbial pathogens Dutch scientist Antonie Van Leuwenhoek first sees bacteria.[8] In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.[13] Van Leuwenhoek provides the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he discovered using the microscope of his own invention.[5] Netherlands
1708–1712 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Plague A broad cordon sanitaire is extended around the border of the former Duchy of Prussia during a plague outbreak. Those crossing into the exclave are quarantined.[14] Russia
1715 Disinfection method Cattle plague Italian physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi recommends using vinegar (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of cattle plague.[15][16][5] Italy
1716 Policy Cattle plague Frederick the Great in Prussia introduces policy mandating that the clothing of persons who have attended animals affected by cattle plague should be aired and 'exposed to flame'.[5] Germany, ex-Prussian territories
1718 Disinfection method introduction French naturalist Louis Joblot sterilizes a hay infusion by boiling it for 15 minutes and then sealing the container.[17][18][5] France
1719 Disinfectant introduction Thymol is first isolated by the German chemist Caspar Neumann.[19] Germany
1730 Disinfectant introduction Glanders infection Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor decrees that stables which have housed glanderous horses should be plastered with quicklime. Such arrangements figure in numerous texts published in Europe around the time.[5] Europe
1745 Policy Plague A decree in Oldenburg prescribes the cleaning with caustic soda of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.[5] Germany
1770 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Plague Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa sets up a cordon sanitaire between Austria and the Ottoman Empire to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool are held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they show signs of disease.[20] Austrian Empire region
1771 Policy Epizootic infection Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.[5] France
1774 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine.[21]
1776 Scientific development Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrates that it is impossible for 'spontaneous generation' of microorganisms to occur once the fluid they lived in has been boiled for an hour.[5][17] Italy
1784 Policy Non-human animal contagious diseases A decree issued by the Council of the King of France obliges the owners of animals affected by contagious diseases to burn or scald all harnesses, wagons and any other objects which has been in contact with these animals.[5] France
1789 Disinfectant introduction French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet produces potassium hypochlorite for the first time in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris.[22][23] France
1789 Disinfectant introduction Scottish chemist Charles Tennant prepares a bleaching powder, as distinct from a liquid, by passing chlorine gas into a slurry of slaked lime.[24][25][21] United Kingdom
1793 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Yellow fever During a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, roads and bridges leading to the city are blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading.[26] United States
1794 Protection Plague English physician Erasmus Darwin recommends that if cattle plague are introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'.[5] United Kingdom
1800 Infrastructure Hospital-acquired infection, communicable infection A Hospital for Sick Children is established in Paris, initially admitting infectious cases, with consequent high mortality from cross-infection.[27] France
1801 Infrastructure General The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in London.[28] United Kingdom
1803 Concept development Smallpox The word 'germ', in relation to a smallpox infection, is printed.[8]
1811 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens Chlorine dioxide is discovered.[29][30][31]
1813–1814 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Plague During the 1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, cordon sanitaires are implemented in the main urban settlements and rural settlements with a high mortality rate. People are prevented from entering or leaving.[32][33] Malta
1818 Disinfectant introduction Louis Jacques Thénard first produces hydrogen peroxide by reacting barium peroxide with nitric acid.[34] France
1821 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Concept development The term cordon sanitaire dates to this year.[35][36][37] France
1823 Disinfectant introduction French chemist Antoine Germain Labarraque uses hypochlorite as a deodorant and disinfectant in a cat-gut factory.[21] France
1827 Disinfectant introduction English surgeon Thomas Alcock shows the possibility to use hypochlorite for disinfection.[17] United Kingdom
1829 Disinfectant introduction Lugol's iodine is first made by French physician Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol.[38][39] France
1831 Disinfection method introduction English chemist William Henry investigates the disinfection of infected clothing using heat rendered them harmless. Henry devises a jacketed dry heat (hot air) steriliser.[17] United Kingdom
1832 Disinfectant introduction Cholera English surgeon Joseph Lister introduces the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air during a cholera epidemic.[21][40] United Kingdom
1834 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovers a phenol, now known as carbolic acid, which he derives in an impure form from coal tar.
1834 Disinfectant introduction Hypochlorous acid is discovered by French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water.[41]
1839 Disinfectant introduction Davies uses iodine for treating infected wounds. This is the first reference to using tincture of iodine in wounds.[17]
1844 Disinfectant introduction Bayard in France prepares an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay.[42] France
1847 Medical development Childbed fever Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis presents evidence that childbed fever is spread from person to person on the unclean hands of health-care workers.[43] Austria
1847 Disinfectant introduction Childbed fever Motivated by Ignaz Semmelweis discovery, a bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.[13] Austria
1850 Disinfectant introduction French pharmacist Ferdinand Le Beuf makes a useful disinfectant based on the bark of quillaia, a South American tree.[42] France
1850 Disinfection method introduction French physician Casimir Davaine finds the bacillus of anthrax in the blood of dying sheep. Davaine works on animal infections. Later, he works on a porcelain filter, to remove bacteria.[17] France
1852 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens Eucalyptus oil is introduced in Australia.[44] Australia
1852 Disinfection method introduction Victor Burq discovers that those working with copper have far fewer deaths to cholera than anyone else, and concludes that putting copper on the skin is effective at preventing someone from getting cholera.[45]
1852 Infrastructure Hospital-acquired infection, communicable infection Great Ormond Street Hospital is founded in London. In this hospital, cross-infection is avoided in the children's wards by admission of such cases as perhaps smallpox, scarlet fever, and diphtheria to fever hospitals.[27] United Kingdom
1854 Disinfection method introduction German scientist Heinrich G. F. Schröder and German physician Theodor von Dusch show that bacteria can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool by boiling infusion.[17] Germany
1854 Disinfectant introduction Chlorinated lime is applied in the tratment of sewage in London.[17] United Kingdom
1856 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Yellow fever A cordon sanitaire is implemented in several cities during the yellow fever epidemic.
1858 Disinfectant introduction British physician Benjamin Ward Richardson takes note of the capacity of hydrogen peroxide to remove foul odours and subsequently proposes its use as disinfectant.[17] United Kingdom
1858 Disinfectant introduction Bacteria Fuchsine is first prepared by August Wilhelm von Hofmann from aniline and carbon tetrachloride.[46][47]
1859 Disinfectant introduction Russian chemist Alexander Butlerov discovers formaldehyde.[48][49][21] Russia
1859 Disinfection method introduction Heinrich G. F. Schröder shows that boiling infusion at temperatures above 100°C (e.g., egg yolks, milk and meat) for prolonged time destroys growth but boiling for a short period at 100 °C does not stop growth.[17] Germany
1860 Publication Hospital-acquired infection English social reformer Florence Nightingale publishes Notes on Nursing, a series of guidelines with recommendations on sanitation and hospital environment. These publications prompt new policies of control of cross-infection in most hospitals.[27] United Kingdom
1863 Disinfection method introduction Casimir Devaine demonstrates that porcelain filters retained anthrax bacteria.[17] France
1865 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens Joseph Lister applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.[50][51] United Kingdom
1866 Disinfectant introduction Methyl violet is manufactured in France by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It was a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanilines.[52] France
1867 Disinfectant introduction The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by Joseph Lister in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.[21] United Kingdom
1869 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Cholera French epidemiologist Achille Adrien Proust (father of novelist Marcel Proust) proposes the use of an international cordon sanitaire to control the spread of cholera, which emerged from India and, and threatening Europe and Africa at the time. Proust proposes that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at Suez, however his ideas would not be generally embraced.[53][54][55] France
1871 Disinfectant introduction Soap is used with coal tar to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.[21]
1871 Disinfection method introduction German botanist Ernst Tiegel filters anthrax fluids through porous cell of unburnt clay with the aid of a Bunsen air pump.[17] Germany
1872 Disinfectant research Early work by Ritthausen shows that phenol is a solvent for proteins.[21]
1873–1875 Disinfectant research Anthrax Casimir Davaine reports bactericidal efficiency of iodine solutions against the anthrax bacillus.[17] France
1874 Concept development The word 'sterilization' is first used as in: sterilization by heat of organic liquids.[17]
1875 Disinfectant introduction Bucholtz publishes his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, phenol, creosote and salicylic and benzoic acid required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms.[21]
1876 Scientific development Anthrax Robert Koch publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.[28]
1877 Scientific development English physicist John Tyndale discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates tyndallization, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.[17] United Kingdom
1877 Concept development The word 'sterile' is first used.[8]
1877 Disinfection research Bacterial infection Downes and Blunt demonstrate sterilization of a bacterial culture after nine hours of exposure to sunlight. This is the precursor of ultraviolet light (UV).[17]
1877 Disinfectant introduction British chemical manufacturer John Jeyes patents his Jeyes fluid.[56] United Kingdom
1877 Concept development The word sterile first appears.[8]
1878 Disinfection method introduction Joseph Lister recommends heating of glassware at 150°C for 2 hours to produce sterilization.[17]
1878 Disinfection research Pathogenic bacteria American physician George Miller Sternberg shows that pathogenic bacteria (vegetative or non-spores) are killed in 10 minutes at a relatively benigntemperature of 62°C to 72°C.[17] United States
1878 Concept development Bacterial infection Irish physicist John Tyndall uses the adjective bactericidal.[8] United Kingdom
1881 Disinfectant research Anthrax Robert Koch concludes that ethanol is innefective as an antiseptic based on his work with anthrax spores.[6] Germany
1881 Disinfection research Bacterial infection Koch and coworkers determine the exact value of dry heat and the limitations of steam at 100°C. They additionally create the silk thread technique for testing bactericidal agents, impregnated with anthrax spores.[17]
1881 Disinfectant research Diphtheria There is evidence of the use of ozone as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on diphtheria.[17]
1882 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Yellow fever In response to a virulent outbreak of yellow fever in Brownsville, Texas, and in northern Mexico, a cordon sanitaire is established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.[57][58] United States
1882 Disinfectant introduction Hydrogen peroxide is first used for bleaching.[59]
1883 Protection Sterile gowns and caps are invented by German surgeon Gustav Adolf Neuber using a form of autoclave.[17] Germany
1884 Disinfection method introduction French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invents the first autoclave.[17]
1884 Disinfection method introduction Bacterial infection Louis Pasteur and Charles Chamberland design the first candle-shaped porcelain depth filter for the removal of bacteria.[17] France
1885 Disinfection method introduction Germ infection German surgeon Curt Schimmelbusch develops and evaluates details of aseptic technique. He is the first to sterilize surgical dressing by steam. Schimmelbusch also advocates adding sodium carbonate to boiling water to enhance its germicidal value and prevent corrosion of instruments.[17] Germany
1885 Disinfection method introduction Gaston Poupinel in France introduces the first device of dry heat sterilization, which begins to be used in many hospitals.[17] France
1886 Rabies Louis Pasteur successfully immunizes a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog with spinal cord suspensions of inactivated rabies virus.[28] France
1886 Disinfectant introduction Formaldehyde is examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher.[21]
1887 Disinfectant introduction Rosahegyi notes that dyes are inhibitory to bacteria.[21]
1888 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) During a yellow fever epidemic, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, is surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry.[60][61] United States
1888 Publication Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.[17]
1888 Disinfection method introduction German surgeon Ervis Von Esmarch investigates the sterilizing efficiency of unsaturated and superheated steam and recommends the use of bacteriological tests as a proof of sterilization.[17] Germany
1888 Disinfection method introduction American bacteriologist Joseph J. Kinyoun makes important contributions to the design of the steam sterilization chamber and recommends a vacuum process to augment steam penetration of objects.[17] United States
1889 Concept development parasitic fungi The word fungicide appears for the first time.[8]
1880s Disinfectant introduction Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.[13]
1891 Disinfection method introduction Information about the steam sterilizer appears in print.[17]
1891 Disinfection method introduction Heat sterilization of instruments is introduced by German surgeon Ernst Von Bergmann.[17]
1892 Disinfectant introduction The name ethanol is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in Geneva, Switzerland.[62] Switzerland
1893 Disinfection method introduction British botanist Harry Marshall Ward experiments on the bactericidal effects of different coloured lights.[63][64] Ward demonstrates that it is primarily the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum that has the bactericidal action.[65] United Kingdom
1894 Disinfectant introduction English industrialist William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme introduces the first mass-produced carbolic soap to the market, Lifebuoy.[66] United Kingdom
1896 Disinfection method introduction German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays, which soon become known for their ability to destroy microbes.[17]
1897 Disinfectant introduction Defries develops an ingenious test which seeks to eliminate the continuing action of a disinfectant and to establish a time for a true endpoint to the disinfection process.[21]
1897 Disinfection method introduction Kronig and Paul in Germany publish paper examining the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process.[21][67][68] Germany
1897 Protection Kilmer publishes a classical paper entitled Modern Surgical Dressings.[17]
1897 Concept development Microbes The adjective microbiocidal appears.[8]
1898 Disinfection method introduction A. Schmidt reports on disinfection using formaldehyde as a wet vapour to fumigate sick rooms.[17]
1898 Disinfection method introduction Bacterial infection H. Rieder describes the bactericidal activity of X-rays, achieving almost complete sterilization of agar and gelatin plates of cholera, diphtheria, typhoid, and colon organisms, with exposure for about 1 hour.[17][69]
1899 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Plague An outbreak of plague in Honolulu is managed by a cordon sanitaire around the Chinatown district. In an attempt to control the infection, a barbed wire perimeter is created and people's belongings and homes are burned.[70][71] United States
1900 Disinfection research Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances (radium).[17][72]
1900–1904 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Plague "During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 San Francisco's Chinatown was subjected to a cordon sanitaire"
1901 Disinfectant introduction Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of phenols. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.[21]
1903 Disinfectant introduction "The Rideal-Walker test was introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi. It was published in 1903"[21] Rideal Walker proposes the phenol coefficient test.[17]
1903–1914 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Trypanosomiasis The Belgian colonial government imposes a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the Belgian Congo to control outbreaks of trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).[73] Congo D.R
1909 Disinfectant introduction Airborne bacteria "A modification of this method was adopted by the American Public Health Association in 1909 as a standard for determining airborne bacteria."[21]
1910 Disinfection method introduction Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.[17][74]
1910 Disinfectant introduction Using UV light for disinfection of drinking water dates back to this year in Marseille, France.[75] France
1912 Disinfectant research E.A. Cooper, working with bacteria and phenols, concludes that phenols destroy intracellular protein by coagulation.[21]
1913 Disinfectant introduction Bacteria Cooper states that adsorption of phenol onto bacterial cells is the first reaction of the disinfection process.[21]
1916 Disinfectant introduction Bacteria A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the Rockefeller Institute as having bactericidal properties.[13] United States
1916 Disinfectant introduction An antimicrobial molecule is introduced. These are organic derivatives of the positively charged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups.[21]
1916 Publication The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) publishes its first chapteron sterilization in USP Volume 9.[17] United States
1918 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Influenza "The 1918 flu pandemic spread so rapidly that, in general, there was no time to implement cordons sanitaires. However, to prevent an introduction of the infection, residents of Gunnison, Colorado isolated themselves from the surrounding area for two months at the end of 1918. All highways were barricaded near the county lines"
1918 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Influenza In the South Pacific, the Governor of American Samoa, John Martin Poyer, imposed a reverse cordon sanitaire of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully achieving zero deaths within the territory during the influenza epidemic.[76] In contrast, the neighboring New Zealand-controlled Western Samoa is among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease.[77] American Samoa, Western Samoa
1918 Crisis Influenza In late year, Spain attempts unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of the Spanish flu by imposing border controls, roadblocks, restricting rail travel, and a maritime cordon sanitaire prohibiting ships with sick passengers from landing, but by then the epidemic is already in progress in the country.[78] Spain
1918 Disinfectant introduction Germ infection Hydrogen peroxide is used in World War I as a germicide.[17]
1920 Disinfectant introduction Standard Oil first produces isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene.[79][80]
1921 Scientific development Bigelow describes the logarithmic nature of thermal death time (TDT) curves.[17]
1921 Publication Samuel Rideal and Eric Rideal publish Chemical Disinfection and Sterilization.[17]
1922 Scientific development Bigelow and Esty, utilizing spores, determine the thermal death time (TDT), as a means of evaluating sterilization of thermophilic microbes.[81]
1922 Disinfection method introduction Zsigmondy and Buchmann introduce a membrane filter composed of cellulose esters for the removal of bacteria from solution.[17]
1925 Concept development Viruses The adjective virucidal is first noted.[8]
1928 Disinfection method introduction Germ infection Gates discovers the germicidal wavelength of ultraviolet light.[17][82][83]
1929 Disinfectant research Bacterial infection Schrader and Bossert find that ethylene oxide (EO) has bactericidal properties.[17]
1929 Scientific development Bacterial infection Otto Rahn discovers that the size of bacteria is the cause of the logarithmic order of death.[17]
Late 1920s Disinfectant research Bacterial infection American chemist Lloyd Hall exploits bactericidal activity of ethylene oxide to lower the microbiological content of spices.[17] United States
1933 Disinfectant introduction Dettol [84][85][86] India
1933 Disinfectant introduction Gross and Dixon patent use of ethylene oxide as a sterilizing agent.[17]
1933 Disinfectant introduction Soap-solubilized formulation containing chloroxylenol and terpineol is introduced by Colebrook and Maxted.[21]
1933 Disinfection method introduction American Engineer Weeden Underwood makes notable advances in design of, and application of pressure steam sterilizers. This is considered the beginning of the era of scientific sterilization.[17] United States
1933 Disinfectant research Schauffler documents the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide solutions.[17]
1934 Literature Weeden Underwood writes an early textbook on sterilization called Textbook on Sterilization.[17] United States
1935 Disinfectant introduction Germ infection The use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as a germicide/disinfectant is formally recognized.[13]
1936 Literature Ernest Carr McCulloch publishes Disinfection and Sterilization.[17]
1938 Disinfection method introduction Carl Walter describes the first rapid, safe mechanical process for routine cleaning and terminal sterilization, called the washer-sterilizer.[17]
1938 Disinfection research Corona discharge is found to be a sterilizing agent.[17]
1939 Disinfectant research Nordgren reports on early work in regard to formaldehyde efficacy, poarticularly under deep vacuum.[17][87]
1941 UK Control of Infection Officer[88] United Kingdom
1941 Disinfectant research Robertson, Bigg, Miller and Baker report on the aerosol disinfection of glycols.[17]
1942 Disinfectant research Bacterial infection Amidines are studied as antitrypanocidal drugs are shown to be antibacterial by Fuller.[21][89][90]
1942 Disinfection method introduction Underwood defines the first "flash sterilization" at 30 min at 121°C.[17]
1943 First isolation ward in USA[91] United States
1943 Disinfectant research Bacterial infection Theodore Puck, Robertson and Henry Lemon report on the bactericidal activity of propylene glycol (hydrolysis by-product of propylene oxide) vapour.[17]
1944 USA Infection Control Officer.[92] United States
1943–1945 Disinfection research Microbial infection Otto Rahn describes the logarithmic kinetics and temperature coefficient values of sterilants and antimicrobial agents.[17]
1946 Organization General The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is founded.[28] United States
1946 Disinfection research Microbial infection Ewell demonstrates that microbes are more readily killed by ozone in high humidity than at low humidity.[17]
1947 Disinfection research Microbial infection English experimental physicist Douglas Lea reports on the actions of radiation on living cells. In the main, ionizing radiation destroys microbes by direct hits of the radiations on or near the organism.[17] United Kingdom
1947 Disinfectant introduction Fungus, HIV-1 (AIDS), Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C infection The barbicide is invented by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.[93] United States
1947 Program launch Gastroenteritis A widespread outbreak of gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom, causing the death of 4,500 children under the age of one, motivates a national objective of sterilising all baby's milk bottles. Milton sterilizing fluid becomes the antiseptic advocated by hospitals and government agencies. This cold water method is generally available and simple for all to use, and virtually all mothers adopted this method.[94] United Kingdom
1947 Disinfectant introduction Escherichia coli infection Jordan et al. write 12 papers on the dynamics of the disinfection of Escherichia coli by phenol and heat.[21]
1949 Disinfectant research Anthrax Kolb and Schneiter show methyl bromide to be bactericidal for anthrax spores and its use is recommended for sterilization of improved wool.[17]
1949 Disinfectant research Bacillus thermoacidurans Hutchins and Xezones report peracetic acid to be highly germicide against spores of bacillus thermoacidurans.[17]
1950 Disinfectant introduction Bacterial infection "11 papers by Berry & Michaels (1950) on the bactericidal activity of ethylene glycol and its mono alkyl ethers on the same organism. These papers recorded in meticulous detail the time course of the disinfection process, the effect of temperature and other factors upon it and how loss of activity with dilution-the concentration exponent-is a variant property of antibacterial substances."[21]
1950 Concept development The term sanitizer appears first in the Journal of Milk and Food Technology.[8]
1954 Disinfectant introduction Microbial infection Davies et al. describe the new antimicrobial compound chlorhexidine.[21]
1955 Disinfectant introduction Peracetic acid is introduced.[21]
1955 Disinfectant introduction Povidone-iodine comes into commercial use.[95]
Mid-1950s Disinfection method Baby wipes emerge around this time as more people travel and need a way to clean up on the go.[96]
1956 Disinfectant introduction Chlorine dioxide is introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale, when Brussels, Belgium, changes from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.[97] Belgium
1956 Disinfectant introduction Glyoxal and related compounds are first used as potential blood sterilizing agents.[17][98]
1957 Disinfectant introduction Glutaraldehyde is introduced.[21]
1957 Publication John Perkins publishes the first edition of Principals and Methods of Sterilization.[17]
1957 Disinfection method American Arthur Julius invents the wet wipes.[99] United States
1958 Publication G. Sykes publishes Disinfection and Sterilization.[17]
1950s Disinfectant introduction Chlorhexidine comes into medical use.[100]
1959 Exeter microbiologist Brendan Moore becomes the first appointed Infection Control Nurse.[101][102][103] United Kingdom
1960 Disinfection method It is found that conveyor ovens can provide continuous sterilization of syringes.[17]
1960 Disinfectant research Alkalinized glutaraldehyde is found to be effective as a sterilant.[17]
1961 Disinfection method High vacuum infrared ovens become available for batch sterilization.[17]
1961 Disinfectant research Microbial infection Propylene oxide is demonstrated to have microbicidal activity within powered or flaked food.[17]
1961 Disinfection research Hospital-acquired infection Robert Ernst shows that the use of iodophores at elevated temperature (e.g., 50-60°C) in combination with ultrasonics could be an effective sterilizing agent for surgical and dental instruments.[17]
1962 Disinfection research Bacterial infection It is found that the rate of bacterial spore destruction improves with simultaneous applied ionizing and thermal processing.[17]
1962 Robert McDonald invents the prehumidification step for effective ethylene oxide sterilization.[17]
1962 The first antimicrobial indications of dialdehydes, e.g., glutaldehyde, are described by Pepper and Liebermann.[17]
1963 The first gamma irradiator is used in the United States for sterilization of medical devices.[17]
1963 Gaseous propylene oxide is used to sterilize and de-infest food products.[17]
1963 Guerin shows that desiccated microbes are more resistant to ozone than hydrated cells.[17]
1964 Johnson and Johnson provides commercial gamma irradiation.[17]
1964 Armstrong discovers a gaseous ozone sterilization process.[17]
1965 Sydney Rubbo and Joan Gardner show that glutaraldehyde is not only more effective than formaldehyde but also less irritating.[17]
1966 Disinfectant introduction Hand sanitizers are first introduced.[104]
1966 Alder and co-workers develop a low temperature steam and formaldehyde system similar to high vacuum steam sterilization but operating at 65-80°C.[17]
1967 Saul Kaye demonstrates that formic acid is microcidal synergistic with ethylene oxide and other epoxides.[17]
1968 Paul Borick describes and defines chemosterilizers.[105][106]
1968 Disinfection method introduction Earle H. Spaulding devises a rational approach of disinfection and classification for patient care items and equipment – non-critical items, semi-critical items, and critical items.[17]
1969 Disinfection research Marcel Reynolds discovers the feasibility of using thermo-irradiation as sterilization of spacecraft.[17]
1960s Disinfectant introduction Glutaraldehyde comes into medical use.[107]
1970 Disinfectant introduction Trimethylene oxide (oxetane) is patented for its disinfecting capabilities, and possible use in sterilization processes.[17]
1970 Disinfection method introduction Russian scientists pubish a method detailing using a gas mixture of methyl bromide and ethylene oxide for sterilization of a space lander in a plastic bag.[17] Russia
1970 Disinfection method introduction Continuous ethylene oxide sterilization process is developed.[17]
1971 Disinfection method introduction D.A. Gunther patents a balance pressure process for use with ethylene oxide sterilization.[17]
1972 Cordon sanitaire Smallpox During the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, over 10,000 people are sequestered in cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods using roadblocks, and a general prohibition of public meetings, a closure of all borders and a prohibition of all non-essential travel is implemented.[108][109] Serbia, Kosovo
1972 Disinfection method introduction Leland Ashman and Wilson Menashi use low temperature gas plasma for sterilization of contaminated surfaces.[17]
1973 Disinfection research Researchers at Battelle Columbus Laboratories conduct a comprehensive literature, technology, and patent search tracing the history of understanding the "bacteriostatic and sanitizing properties of copper and copper alloy surfaces", which demonstrates that copper, in very small quantities, has the power to control a wide range of molds, fungi, algae, and harmful microbes.[110] United States
1976 Disinfection method introduction A method of cold sterilization using frozen dimethyl dicarbonate is developed.[111]
1976 Disinfection method introduction Lowell Tensmeyer devises a method of killing micro-organisms in the inside of a container utilizing a plasma initiated by a focused laser beam and sustained by an electromagnetic field.[17]
1979 Disinfection method introduction Francis C. Moore and Leon R. Perkinson devise a hydrogen peroxide vapour sterilization method.[17]
1980 Disinfection method introduction A seeded (dialdehyde) gas plasma sterilization method is patented by G. Boucher.[17]
1984 Statistics Hospital-acquired infection A survey in Australia documents that 6.3% of 28,643 hospitalized patients in the country have a hospital-acquired infection, with the highest rates in larger hospitals.[112] Australia
1985 Disinfectant research A.A. Rosenblatt, D.H. Rosenblatt and J.E. Knapp find chlorine to be a sterilant in a gaseous phase.[113][114]
1986 Disinfection method introduction Pulsed laser sterilization is described.[17]
1988 Disinfection method introduction Joslyn introduces a post-steam sterilization process for removing ethylene oxide residuals more effectively, than mere heated aeration.[17]
1989 Disinfection method introduction The use of the vapor phase of hydrogen peroxide as a surface decontaminant and sterilant is discovered.[17]
1980s Disinfectant introduction Alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe.[115]
1991 Disinfection method introduction Karlson patents a gaseous ozone sterilization process.[17]
1995 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Ebola A cordon sanitaire is used to control an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kikwit, Zaire.[116][117] Congo D.R.
1995 Statistics Hospital-acquired infection The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of hospital-acquired infection occurred in the United States.[118] United States
1998 Statistics Hospital-acquired infection According to CDC, approximately one third of healthcare acquired infections are preventable.[119]
1999 Disinfection method introduction A new plasma sterilizer is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[120] United States
1990s Disinfectant introduction Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems (NAV-CO2 System) are developed in Japan in the 1990s to sanitize hospitals and ambulances. Japan
2001 Disinfectant research General Disinfection with performic acid is noted.[17]
2002 Publication The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners publishes a revised standard for office-based infection control which covers the sections of managing immunization, sterilization and disease surveillance.[121][122] Australia
2003 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Severe acute respiratory syndrome During the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada, "community quarantine" is used to successfully reduce transmission of the disease.[123] Canada
2003 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Severe acute respiratory syndrome During the 2003 SARS outbreak in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, large-scale quarantine is imposed on travelers arriving from other SARS areas, work and school contacts of suspected cases, and, in a few instances, entire apartment complexes where high attack rates of SARS were occurring.[124] China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore
2004 Publication Microbial infection Ferric Fang publishes a paper on antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.[125]
2004 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Ebola A cordon sanitaire is established around some of the most affected areas of the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak.[126][127] On 19 August, the Liberian government quarantines the entirety of West Point, Monrovia and issued a curfew statewide.[128] Liberia
2005 Publication Hospital-acquired infection The American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for hospital-acquired pneumonia.[129] United States
2008 (February) Disinfection method introduction The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approves the registrations of five different groups of copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials" with public health benefits.[130] United States
2008 (April) Publication Respiratory infection The World Health Organization publishes Early recognition, reporting and infection control management of acute respiratory diseases of potential international concern, an aide-mémoire on emergencies preparedness and response.[131]
2008 (June) Publication The World Health Organization publishes Core components for infection prevention and control programmes, a report of the Second Meeting of the Informal Network on Infection Prevention and Control in Health Care.[132] Switzerland (Geneva)
2008 (November) Bacterial infection A non-peer-reviewed[133] study is presented to the European Tissue Symposium by the University of Westminster, London, comparing the bacteria levels present after the use of paper towels, warm air hand dryers, and modern jet-air hand dryers.[134] Of those three methods, only paper towels reduced the total number of bacteria on hands, with "through-air dried" towels the most effective.
2009 Publication The World Health Organization publishes Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings.[135]
2009 Publication The World Health Organization publishes Infection-control measures for health care of patients with acute respiratory diseases in community settings.[136]
2011 (April) Publication The World Health Organization publishes Core components for infection prevention and control programmes.[137]
2011 Statistics Hospital-acquired infection Researchers estimate that by this time, 648,000 hospitalized patients in then United States have to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections is estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the country each year.[138] United States
2012 Scientific development General A published study claims that "new mathematical modelling, diagnostic, communications, and informatics technologies can identify and report hitherto unknown microbes in other species, and thus new risk assessment approaches are needed to identify microbes most likely to cause human disease". The study investigates challenges in moving the global pandemic strategy from response to pre-emption.[139]
2014 Organization General The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is launched as global partnership devoted to the purpose of strengthening the world’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. As of 2020 it has 67 member countries.[140]
2014 Protection (hand washing) A study shows that Saudi Arabia has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.[141]
2015 Protection (hand washing) A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap.
2019 Disinfection research A number of studies find that copper surfaces may help prevent infection in the healthcare environment.[142]
2020 Protection (‘‘cordon sanitaire’’) Coronavirus disease 2019 A multiple number of lockdowns are imposed worldwide in response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. Worldwide
2020 (April 22) Publication The World Health Organization publishes How To Pun On And Take Off Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), a series of posters on emergencies preparedness and response.[143]

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References

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