Changes

! Year/period !! Species !! Type of event !! Event !! Geographical location

| 400 [[wikipedia:Before Common Era|BCE]]|| || Medical development ||The symptoms of human influenza are described by [[wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=June 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80 |doi=10.3201/eid1206.051263 |pmc=3373038}}</ref><ref name="The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide">{{cite book|last1=Lam|first1=Vincent|last2=Lee|first2=Colin|title=The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yVqHyFptZvQC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=%22400%22+%22influenza%22+%22hippocrates%22&source=bl&ots=DnWiSdSlL9&sig=7FRcTiN52qKNlw4DOh8-4g2Zr6I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHmI_Ly-XRAhUGf5AKHfVoB2MQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22400%22%20%22influenza%22%20%22hippocrates%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1173 || || Epidemic || First epidemic, where symptoms are probably influenza, is reported.<ref name="A history of influenza">{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=C. W.|title=A history of influenza|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x/full|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1357 || || || The term ''influenza'' is first used to describe a disease prevailing in 1357. It would be applied again to the epidemic in 1386−1387.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]

| 1386–1387 || || Epidemic || Influenza-like illness epidemic develops in Europe, preferentially killing elderly and debilitating persons. This is probably the first documentation of a key epidemiological feature of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]

| 1411 || || Epidemic || Epidemic of coughing disease associated with spontaneous abortions is noted in Paris.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:France|France]]

| 1510 || || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic invades Europe from Africa in the summer of 1510 and proceedes northward to involve all of Europe and then the Baltic States. Attack rates are extremely high, but fatality is low and said to be restricted to young children.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1">{{cite journal|last1=Taubenberger|first1=J.K.|last2=Morens|first2=D.M.|title=Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1|pmc=2720801}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]], [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]

| 1557–1558 || || Epidemic || The first influenza pandemic in which global involvement and westward spread from Asia to Europe is documented. Unlike the previous pandemic from 1510, this one is highly fatal, with deaths recorded as being due to "pleurisy and fatal peripneumony". High mortality in pregnant women is also recorded.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]]

| 1580 || || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic originates in Asia during the summer, spreading to Africa, and then to Europe along two corridors from Asia Minor and North-West Africa. Illness rates are high. 8000 deaths are reported in [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]], and some Spanish cities are decimated.<ref name="A history of influenza" /><ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]]

| 1729 || || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic originates in [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]], spreading westwards in expanding waves to embrace all Europe within six months. High death rates are reported.<ref name=Potter>{{cite journal |author=Potter CW

| 1761–1762 || || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic originates. Remarkably it is estimated to have begun in the Americas in the spring of 1761 and to have spread from there to Europe and around the globe in 1762. It is the first pandemic to be studied by multiple observers who communicate with each other in learned societies and through [[wikipedia:Academic journal|medical journals]] and books. Influenza is characterized clinically to a greater degree than it has been previously, as physicians carefully record observations on series of patients and attempt to understand what would later be called the [[wikipedia:pathophysiology|pathophysiology]] of the disease.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]], [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]

| 1780–1782 || || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic originates in [[wikipedia:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]] and spreads to [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] and eastward into [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]. It is remarkable for extremely high attack rates but negligible mortality. It appears that in this pandemic the concept of [[wikipedia:influenza|influenza]] as a distinct entity with characteristic epidemiological features is first appreciated.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]]

| 1830–1833 || || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic breaks out in the winter of 1830 in China, further spreading southwards by sea to reach the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]], [[wikipedia:India|India]] and [[wikipedia:Indonesia|Indonesia]], and across [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] into [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]. By 1831, the epidemic reaches the [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]. Overall the attack rate is estimated at 20–25% of the population, but the mortality rate is not exceptionally high.<ref name="A history of influenza" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]

| 1878 || || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Avian influenza|Avian influenza]] is recorded for the first time. Originally known as ''Fowl Plague''.<ref name=avian-influenza>{{cite web|url=http://articles.extension.org/pages/24401/history-of-avian-influenza|title=History of Avian Influenza|website=extension.org|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]

| 1889–1892 || || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1889–90 flu pandemic|1889–90 flu pandemic]]. Dubbed the "Russian pandemic". Attack rates are reported in 408 geographic entities from 14 European countries and in the United States. Rapidly spreading, the pandemic would take only 4 months to circumnavigate the planet, reaching the United States 70 days after the original outbreak in [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic">{{cite web|title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/19/8778.full|website=pnas.org|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> Following this pandemic, interest is renewed in examining the recurrence patterns of influenza.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]

| 1901 || || Scientific development || The causative organism of [[wikipedia:avian influenza|avian influenza]] is discovered to be a virus.<ref name="FLU-LAB-NET - About Avian Influenza">{{cite web|title=FLU-LAB-NET - About Avian Influenza|url=https://science.vla.gov.uk/flu-lab-net/about_AI.html|website=science.vla.gov.uk|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1918-1920 || || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]] ([[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) [[wikipedia:pandemic|pandemic]] is considered one of the deadliest natural disasters ever, infecting an estimated 500 million people across the globe and claiming between 50 and 100 million lives. This pandemic would be described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and is estimated to have killed in a single year more people than the [[wikipedia:Black Death|Black Death]] [[wikipedia:bubonic plague|bubonic plague]] killed in four years from 1347 to 1351.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Influenza Pandemic of 1918|url=https://virus.stanford.edu/uda/|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Potter CW|title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}</ref> ||Worldwide; originated in [[wikipedia:France|France]] (disputed)

| 1931 || || Scientific development || American virologist [[wikipedia:Richard Shope|Richard Shope]] discovers the [[wikipedia:Etiology|etiological]] cause of influenza in pigs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics and discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}</ref>||

| 1933 || || Scientific development || British researchers Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrews, and [[wikipedia:Patrick Laidlaw|Patrick Laidlaw]] are the first to identify the human flu virus by experimenting with ferrets.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH |author3=Laidlaw PP |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2 |issue=5732}}</ref><ref>Dobson, Mary. 2007. Disease: The Extraordinary Stories behind History’s Deadliest Killers. London, UK: Quercus.</ref><ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" />|| [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]

| 1936 || || Medical development || Soviet scientist A. Smorodintseff first attempts vaccination with a live influenza vaccine that has been passed about 30-times in eggs. Smorodintseff would later report that the modified virus causes only a barely perceptible, slight fever and that subjects are protected against reinfection.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 2">{{cite web|title=The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 2|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812621_2|website=medscape.com|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]

| 1942 || || Medical development || Bivalent vaccine is produced after the discovery of influenza B.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1">{{cite web|title=The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812621|website=medscape.com|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1945 || || Medical development || The first license to produce an influenza vaccine for civilian use is granted in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=P. CROVARI |author2=M. ALBERTI |author3=C. ALICINO |date= |title=History and evolution of influenza vaccines |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51729477_History_and_evolution_of_influenza_vaccines|journal= |publisher=Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |pmc=|pmid= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 1946 || || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) is established by the U.S. [[wikipedia:Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] in order to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of diseases. The CDC would launch campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnock|first1=Bernard J.|title=Public Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jiZACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335&dq=%221946%22+%22Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW0f-60eXRAhVHUZAKHWQWC0gQ6AEIPDAC#v=onepage&q=%221946%22%20%22Centers%20for%20Disease%20Control%20and%20Prevention%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ogunseitan|first1=Oladele|title=Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eCt1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=%221946%22+%22CDC%22+%22Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%22+%22influenza%22&source=bl&ots=R7KuI1NlCe&sig=6DxO0eqy4IILoBBzjvUzrmESvJE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitnbrw1OXRAhWKhJAKHSqFChQQ6AEIRzAG#v=onepage&q=%221946%22%20%22CDC%22%20%22Department%20of%20Health%20and%20Human%20Services%22%20%22influenza%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:Atlanta|Atlanta]])

| 1947 || || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Medical Association|World Medical Association]] (WMA) is formed as an international confederation of free professional medical associations. Like [[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]], the WMA would launch Influenza Immunization Campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Immunization Campaign|url=http://www.wma.net/en/20activities/60campaigns/10immunization/|website=wma.net|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:France|France]] (serves worldwide)

| 1948 || || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) is established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalhealthhub.org/timeline |title=Global Health Timeline |accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref>||

| 1952 || || Organization (Research institute) || The [[wikipedia:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)|Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)]] is established by the [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] with the purpose of conducting global influenza virological surveillance. GISRS monitors the evolution of influenza viruses and provides recommendations in areas including laboratory diagnostics, vaccines, antiviral susceptibility and risk assessment. It also serves as a global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global influenza virological surveillance|url=http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/influenza/virological_surveillance/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1957 || || Epidemic || New, virulent [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H2N2|influenza A virus subtype H2N2]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Guizhou|Guizhou]] (China). It would turn into pandemic ([[wikipedia:Pandemic severity index|category 2]]) and kill 1 to 4 million people.<ref name=Influenza-Pandemics>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/influenza-pandemics|title=Influenza Pandemics|accessdate=28 January 2017|website=historyofvaccines.org}}</ref> It is considered the second major influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century, after the [[wikipedia:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian flu of 1957|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Asian-flu-of-1957|website=britannica.com|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]

| 1959 || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]] and affects domestic chicken.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks">{{cite web|title=Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_03_02/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]

| 1961 || || Non–human infection || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]] strain is found in birds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)|url=http://dhhs.ne.gov/publichealth/Pages/puh_epi_avianflu.aspx|publisher=Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]]

| 1963 || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|Influenza A virus subtype H7N3]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:England|England]] and affects domestic turkeys.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]

| 1966 || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N9|Influenza A virus subtype H5N9]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Ontario|Ontario]] and affects domestic turkeys.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]]

| 1968-1969 || || Epidemic ||[[wikipedia:1968 flu pandemic|Hong Kong flu]] ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H3N2|H3N2]]) pandemic breaks out, caused by a virus that has been “updated” from the previously circulating virus by reassortment of avian genes.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Viboud|first1=Cécile|last2=Grais Bernard|first2=Rebecca F.|last3=Lafont|first3=A. P.|last4=Miller|first4=Mark A.|last5=Simonsen|first5=Lone|title=Multinational Impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic: Evidence for a Smoldering Pandemic|doi=10.1086/431150|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/192/2/233/856805/Multinational-Impact-of-the-1968-Hong-Kong|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:North America|North America]]

| 1973 || || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] starts issuing annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that would identify currently circulating strains.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" /> ||

| 1976 || || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1976 swine flu outbreak|Swine flu outbreak]] is identified at U.S. army base in [[wikipedia:Fort Dix|Fort Dix]], New Jersey. Four soldiers infected resulting in one death. To prevent a major pandemic, the United States launches a vaccination campaign.<ref name=Timeline-of-Human-Flu-Pandemics>{{cite web|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/flu/research/pandemic/pages/timelinehumanpandemics.aspx|title=Timeline of Human Flu Pandemics|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] |accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:New Jersey|New Jersey]])

| 1976 || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N7|Influenza A virus subtype H7N7]] breaks out in Victoria (Australia) and affects domestic chicken.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]

| 1977 || || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1#Russian flu|Russian flu]] ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) epidemic. New influenza strain in humans. Isolated in northern China. A similar strain prevalent in 1947–57 causes most adults to have substantial immunity. This outbreak is not considered a pandemic because most patients are children.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History>{{cite web|url=http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/|title=Pandemic Flu History|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 January 2017]]}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]], [[wikipedia:China|China]], worldwide

| 1978 || || Medical development || The first trivalent influenza vaccine is introduced. It includes two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" /> ||

| 1980 || || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves influenza vaccine ''Fluzone'' ([[wikipedia:Sanofi Pasteur|Sanofi Pasteur]]), developed for A subtype viruses and type B virus contained in the vaccine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fluzone|url=https://www.vaccineshoppe.com/image.cfm?pi=flu&image_type=product_pdf|website=vaccineshoppe.com|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 1983 || || Non–human infection || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N8|Influenza A virus subtype H5N8]] breaks out. 8,000 turkeys, 28,020 chickens, and 270,000 ducks are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/turkey/Ireland/?/1983(H5N8)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/turkey/Ireland/?/1983(H5N8)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]]

| 1988 || || Infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N2|Influenza A virus subtype H1N2]] is isolated from humans in six cities in China, but the virus does not spread further.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 1538194 | year = 1992 | last1 = Guo | first1 = YJ | last2 = Xu | first2 = XY | last3 = Cox | first3 = NJ | title = Human influenza A (H1N2) viruses isolated from China | volume = 73 | pages = 383–7 | journal = The Journal of general virology | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} | issue=2 | doi=10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-383}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]]

| 1990-1996 || || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir]] (often referenced by its trademark name Tamiflu) is developed by [[wikipedia:Gilead Sciences|Gilead Sciences]], using [[wikipedia:shikimic acid|shikimic acid]] for [[wikipedia:Biosynthesis|synthesis]]. It would be widely used in further antiviral campaigns targeting influenza [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus|A]] and [[wikipedia:Influenzavirus B|B]]. Included on the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name=WHO2015E>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf |title=19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) |date=April 2015 |accessdate=29 January 2017 |publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 1997 || || Infection || Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] (also known as bird flu) is discovered in humans. The first time an influenza virus is found to be transmitted directly from birds to people. Eighteen people hospitalized, six of whom die. Hong Kong kills its entire poultry population of about 1.5 million birds. No pandemic develops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.extension.org/pages/24401/history-of-avian-influenza|title=History of Avian Influenza|website=extension.org|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])

| 1997 || || Infection || Highly [[wikipedia:pathogenic|pathogenic]] [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N4|Influenza A virus subtype H7N4]] strain causes a minor flu outbreak in [[wikipedia:chicken|chicken]].|| [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]

| 1999 || || Infection || New [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H9N2|Influenza A virus subtype H9N2]] strain is detected in humans. It causes illness in two children in Hong Kong, with poultry being the probable source. No pandemic develops.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])

| 2002 || || Infection || New avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H7N2|influenza A virus subtype H7N2]] strain affects 197 farms in [[wikipedia:Virginia|Virginia]] and results in the killing of over 4.7 million birds. One person is infected, fully recovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Akey|first1=BL|title=Low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Virgnia during 2002.|doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1099|pmid=14575120}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2003–2007 || || Infection || Avian ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]]) strain is reported in humans. In February 2003, two people are infected in [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], one dies. In December 2003, H5N1 breaks out among chicken in [[wikipedia:South Korea|South Korea]]. By January 2004, [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] has its first outbreak of avian flu since 1925 and Vietnam reports human cases. In [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], nine million chickens are slaughtered to stop the spread of the disease.<ref name="Avian flu: a history">{{cite web|title=Avian flu: a history|url=http://eedition.winklertimes.com/doc/Winkler-Times/winkler_times-1211/2014120901/24.html#24|publisher=Winkler Times|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> By December 2006, over 240 million poultry would die or be culled due to H5N1.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Global Strategy for Prevention and Control of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sWDQWPhnVo8C&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=%22H5N1%22+%22281%22+%22169%22&source=bl&ots=XW1qV4VQau&sig=4uhyYcEPfBTvl44IpgTuGTYenYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix6My66e_RAhUKlZAKHav-Dl8Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=%22H5N1%22%20%22281%22%20%22169%22&f=false|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> {{See also|Global spread of H5N1}} ||[[wikipedia:East Asia|East Asia]], [[wikipedia:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]

| 2003 || || Infection || First reported case of avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H7N7|influenza A virus subtype H7N7]] strain in humans. 88 people are infected, one dies. 30 million birds are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stegeman|first1=A|last2=Bouma|first2=A|last3=Elbers|first3=AR|last4=De Jong|first4=MC|last5=Nodelijk|first5=G|last6=De Klerk|first6=F|last7=Koch|first7=G|last8=Van Boven|first8=M.|title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: course of the epidemic and effectiveness of control measures.|doi=10.1086/425583|pmid=15551206}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]]

| 2004 || || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Influenza Genome Sequencing Project|Influenza Genome Sequencing Project]] is launched to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions. Funded by the [[wikipedia:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fauci AS |title=Pandemic influenza threat and preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=73–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494721 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0983.htm |doi=10.3201/eid1201.050983 |pmc=3291399}}</ref>||

| 2004 || || Infection || New avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|Influenza A virus subtype H7N3]] strain is detected in humans. Two poultry workers become infected, eventually fully recovered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/Canada/rv504/2004(H7N3)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/Canada/rv504/2004(H7N3)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]]

| 2004 || || Infection || New avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H10N7|influenza A virus subtype H10N7]] strain is detected in humans. Two children become infected.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.paho.org/English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-07-may-2004.htm | title = EID Weekly Updates - Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas | accessdate =1 February 2017 | publisher = Pan American Health Organization }}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" />||[[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]

| 2004 || || Non–human infection || Avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H5N2|influenza A virus subtype H5N2]] infects birds in [[wikipedia:Texas|Texas]]. 6,600 infected broiler chickens are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza|url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/impactworksheets/iw_2004_files/domestic/hpaitexas032004.htm|website=usda.gov|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2005 || || Organization || [[wikipedia:President of the United States|United States President]] [[wikipedia:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] unveils the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza. US$1&nbsp;billion for the production and stockpile of [[wikipedia:oseltamivir|oseltamivir]] are requested after Congress approves $1.8&nbsp;billion for military use of the drug.<ref>Shannon Brownlee and Jeanne Lenzer (November 2009) [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200911/brownlee-h1n1 "Does the Vaccine Matter?"], ''[[wikipedia:The Atlantic|The Atlantic]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] Whitehouse.gov Retrieved 26 October 2006.</ref>|| [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2005 || || Organization || American president [[wikipedia:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] announces the [[wikipedia:International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza|International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza]]. The purpose of the partnership is protecting human and animal health as well as mitigating the global socioeconomic and security consequences of an influenza pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|title=The International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza|url=http://mddb.apec.org/documents/2008/HWG/WKSP1/08_hwg_wksp1_007.pdf|website=apec.org|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/54428.htm|publisher=U.S. State Department|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]])

| 2005 || || Infection || Avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H1N1|influenza A virus subtype H1N1]] strain kills one person in [[wikipedia:Cambodia|Cambodia]]. In [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]], a village is quarantined after three dead ducks test positive for H1N1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/Cambodia/V0803338/2011(H1N1)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/Cambodia/V0803338/2011(H1N1)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]]

| 2006 || || Organization || The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza is held Beijing. Co-hosted by the [[wikipedia:Government of China|Chinese Government]], the [[wikipedia:European Commission|European Commission]] and the [[wikipedia:World Bank|World Bank]]. The purpose is to raise funds for international cooperation in the prevention and control of avian and human influenza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinamission.be/eng/zxxx/t232280.htm|title= The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza Is Successfully Held in Beijing}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Beijing|Beijing]])

| 2007 || || Non-human infection || [[wikipedia:2007 Australian equine influenza outbreak|Equine influenza outbreak]] is diagnosed in Australia's horse population following the failure to contain infection in quarantine after the importation of one or more infected horses. The outbreak would also have a major impact on individual horse owners, the horse industry and associated sectors in both infected and uninfected states.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Overview of the 2007 Australian outbreak of equine influenza|journal=Australian Veterinary Journal|doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00721.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00721.x/abstract?systemMessage=WOL+Usage+report+download+page+will+be+unavailable+on+Friday+27th+January+2017+at+23%3A00+GMT%2F+18%3A00+EST%2F+07%3A00+SGT+%28Saturday+28th+Jan+for+SGT%29++for+up+to+2+hours+due+to+essential+server+maintenance.+Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]

| 2008 || || Scientific development ||[[wikipedia:OpenFluDB|OpenFluDB]] is launched as a [[wikipedia:database|database]] for human and animal influenza virus. It's used to collect, manage, store and distribute worldwide data on influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robin Liechti1, Anne Gleizes, Dmitry Kuznetsov, Lydie Bougueleret, Philippe Le Mercier, Amos Bairoch and Ioannis Xenarios |date= |title=OpenFluDB, a database for human and animal influenza virus |url=http://database.oxfordjournals.org/content/2010/baq004.full |journal= |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= 10.1093/database/baq004 |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref>|| Worldwide

| 2008 || || Service launch || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]] launches [[wikipedia:Google Flu Trends|Google Flu Trends]], a web service with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity by aggregating [[wikipedia:Google Search|Google Search]] queries. The system would provide data to 29 countries worldwide, extending service to include surveillance for [[wikipedia:dengue|dengue]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Butler|first1=Declan|title=When Google got flu wrong|url=http://www.nature.com/news/when-google-got-flu-wrong-1.12413|website=nature.com|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2009 || || Epidemic || New flu virus ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) [[wikipedia:2009 flu pandemic|pandemic]] (colloquially called the swine flu pandemic), first recognized in the state of [[wikipedia:Veracruz|Veracruz]], Mexico, spreads quickly across the United States and the world, prompting a strong global public reaction. Overseas flights are discouraged from government health bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/27/swine-flu-mexico|title=Europeans urged to avoid Mexico and US as swine flu death toll rises}}</ref> Worldwide, nearly 1 billion doses of H1N1 vaccine are ordered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/conditions/how-vaccines-became-big-business/article572731/?page=all|title= How vaccines became big business}}</ref> A total of 74 countries are affected. 18,500 deaths.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/>|| Worldwide

| 2011 || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H3N8|Influenza A virus subtype H3N8]] causes death of more than 160 baby [[wikipedia:Pinniped|seals]] in [[wikipedia:New England|New England]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karlsson|first1=Erik A.|last2=Hon|first2=S.|last3=Hall|first3=Jeffrey S.|last4=Yoon|first4=Sun Woo|last5=Johnson|first5=Jordan|last6=Beck|first6=Melinda A.|last7=Webby|first7=Richard J.|last8=Schultz-Cherry|first8=Stacey|title=Respiratory transmission of an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from a harbour seal|doi=10.1038/ncomms5791|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5791|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2012 || || Scientific development || A 2012 [[wikipedia:meta-analysis|meta-analysis]] finds that flu shots are efficacious 67&nbsp;percent of the time.<ref name="Osterholm">{{cite journal|last1=Osterholm|first1=MT|last2=Kelley|first2=NS|last3=Sommer|first3=A|last4=Belongia|first4=EA|title=Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=The Lancet. Infectious diseases|date=January 2012|volume=12|issue=1|pages=36–44|pmid=22032844|doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-x}}</ref>||

| 2012 || || Scientific project/controversy ||American virologists [[wikipedia:Ron Fouchier|Ron Fouchier]] and [[wikipedia:Yoshihiro Kawaoka|Yoshihiro Kawaoka]] intentionally develop a strain based on [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] for which no vaccine exists, causing outrage in both the media and scientific community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jun/11/crazy-dangerous-creation-deadly-airborne-flu-virus|title= Scientists condemn 'crazy, dangerous' creation of deadly airborne flu virus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-controversial-us-scientist-creates-deadly-new-flu-strain-for-pandemic-research-9577088.html|title=Exclusive: Controversial US scientist creates deadly new flu strain for pandemic research}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://redice.tv/news/u-s-virologists-intentionally-engineer-super-deadly-pandemic-flu-virus|title=U.S. virologists intentionally engineer super-deadly pandemic flu virus}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] ([[wikipedia:Erasmus Medical Center|Erasmus Medical Center]]), [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:University of Wisconsin-Madison|University of Wisconsin-Madison]])

| 2012 || || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm328982.htm|website=fda.gov|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2013 || || Epidemic || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N9|Influenza A virus subtype H7N9]] strain, a low pathogenic AI virus, breaks out in China. As of April 11, 2014, the outbreak's overall total would reach 419 people, including 7 in Hong Kong, with the unofficial death toll at 127.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian and other zoonotic influenza|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/study-says-vietnam-h7n9-risk-two-new-cases-noted|title=Study says Vietnam at H7N9 risk as two new cases noted|website=umn.edu|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]], [[wikipedia:Vietnam|Vietnam]]

| 2013 || || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves influenza vaccine ''Flublok'' ([[wikipedia:Protein Sciences|Protein Sciences]]), developed through recombinant DNA technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA Approves Flublok Quadrivalent Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/870201|website=medscape.com|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2013 || || Infection || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H10N8|Influenza A virus subtype H10N8]] strain infects for the first time and kills one person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian influenza A (H10N8)|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/china/mediacentre/factsheets/h10n8/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]

| 2015 || || Program || [[wikipedia:Google Flu Trends|Google Flu Trends]] shuts down in August 2015 after successive inaccuracies in the big data analysis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Real-time influenza tracking with 'big data'|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-05/bch-rit050916.php|website=eurekalert.org|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> After performing well for two to three years since the service launch in 2008, GFT would start to fail significantly and require substantial revision.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lazer|first1=David|last2=Kennedy|first2=Ryan|title=What We Can Learn From the Epic Failure of Google Flu Trends|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/can-learn-epic-failure-google-flu-trends/|website=wired.com|publisher=Science|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> However, Google Flu Trends would also inspire several other similar projects that use social media data to predict disease trends.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Flu Trends|url=http://datacollaboratives.org/cases/google-flu-trends.html|website=datacollaboratives.org|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2017 || || Medical development || Researchers from the [[wikipedia:University of Texas at Arlington|University of Texas at Arlington]] build influenza detector that can diagnose at a breath, without the intervention of a doctor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Researchers build flu detector that can diagnose at a breath, no doctor required|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/flu-breathalyzer/|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

| 2017 || || Scientific development || Researchers from the [[wikipedia:University of Helsinki|University of Helsinki]] demonstrate that three anti-influenza compounds effectively inhibit [[wikipedia:zika virus|zika virus]] infection in human cells.<ref>{{cite web|title=Certain anti-influenza compounds also inhibit Zika virus infection, researchers find|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170116091437.htm|website=sciencedaily.com|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]]