Timeline of influenza

From Timelines
Revision as of 11:36, 2 April 2020 by Sebastian (talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of influenza". The original page still exists at Timeline of influenza. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines. In addition to specific year/period-related events, there's the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year, and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.[1][2]

Big Picture

Year/period Key developments
Prior to the 18th century The outbreak of influenza reported in 1173 is not considered to be a pandemic, and other reports to 1500 generally lack reliability. The outbreak of 1510 is probably a pandemic reported with spreading from Africa to engulf Europe. The outbreak of 1557 is possibly a pandemic. The first influenza pandemic agreed by all authors occurs in 1580.[3]
18th century Data from this century is more informative of pandemics that those of previous years. The first agreed influenza pandemic of the 18th century begins in 1729.[3]
19th century Two influenza pandemics are recorded in the century.[3] Avian influenza is recorded for the first time.[4]
20th Century Influenza pandemics are recorded four times, starting with the deadly Spanish flu. This is also the period of virus isolation and development of vaccines.[5] Prior to 20th century, much information about influenza is generally not considered certain. Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases.[6][7]
1945-21th century International health organizations merge, and large scale vaccination campaigns begin.[8]
21th century Worldwide accessible databases multiply in order to control outbreaks and prevent pandemics. New influenza strain outbreaks still occur. Efficacy of currently available vaccines is still insufficient to diminish the current annual health burden induced by the virus.[8]

Visual data

Reported cases of influenza in American countries for the period 1949-1958, illustrating the severity of influenza A virus subtype H2N2 pandemic in 1957. Chile (not shown in the graph) was severely hit and reported 1,408,430 cases in 1957.[9]

Full timeline

Year/period Species Type of event Event Geographical location
400 BCE Medical development The symptoms of human influenza are described by Hippocrates.[10][5]
1173 Epidemic First epidemic, where symptoms are probably influenza, is reported.[3]
1357 The term influenza is first used to describe a disease prevailing in 1357. It would be applied again to the epidemic in 1386−1387.[11] Italy
1386–1387 Epidemic Influenza-like illness epidemic develops in Europe, preferentially killing elderly and debilitating persons. This is probably the first documentation of a key epidemiological feature of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.[11] Europe
1411 Epidemic Epidemic of coughing disease associated with spontaneous abortions is noted in Paris.[11] France
1510 Epidemic Influenza pandemic invades Europe from Africa in the summer of 1510 and proceedes northward to involve all of Europe and then the Baltic States. Attack rates are extremely high, but fatality is low and said to be restricted to young children.[11] Africa, Europe
1557–1558 Epidemic The first influenza pandemic in which global involvement and westward spread from Asia to Europe is documented. Unlike the previous pandemic from 1510, this one is highly fatal, with deaths recorded as being due to "pleurisy and fatal peripneumony". High mortality in pregnant women is also recorded.[11] Eurasia
1580 Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates in Asia during the summer, spreading to Africa, and then to Europe along two corridors from Asia Minor and North-West Africa. Illness rates are high. 8000 deaths are reported in Rome, and some Spanish cities are decimated.[3][11] Eurasia, Africa
1729 Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates in Russia, spreading westwards in expanding waves to embrace all Europe within six months. High death rates are reported.[7][3][11] Eurasia
1761–1762 Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates. Remarkably it is estimated to have begun in the Americas in the spring of 1761 and to have spread from there to Europe and around the globe in 1762. It is the first pandemic to be studied by multiple observers who communicate with each other in learned societies and through medical journals and books. Influenza is characterized clinically to a greater degree than it has been previously, as physicians carefully record observations on series of patients and attempt to understand what would later be called the pathophysiology of the disease.[11] Americas, Europe
1780–1782 Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates in Southeast Asia and spreads to Russia and eastward into Europe. It is remarkable for extremely high attack rates but negligible mortality. It appears that in this pandemic the concept of influenza as a distinct entity with characteristic epidemiological features is first appreciated.[11] Eurasia
1830–1833 Epidemic Influenza pandemic breaks out in the winter of 1830 in China, further spreading southwards by sea to reach the Philippines, India and Indonesia, and across Russia into Europe. By 1831, the epidemic reaches the Americas. Overall the attack rate is estimated at 20–25% of the population, but the mortality rate is not exceptionally high.[3] Eurasia, Americas
1878 Scientific development Avian influenza is recorded for the first time. Originally known as Fowl Plague.[4] Italy
1889–1892 Epidemic 1889–90 flu pandemic. Dubbed the "Russian pandemic". Attack rates are reported in 408 geographic entities from 14 European countries and in the United States. Rapidly spreading, the pandemic would take only 4 months to circumnavigate the planet, reaching the United States 70 days after the original outbreak in Saint Petersburg.[12] Following this pandemic, interest is renewed in examining the recurrence patterns of influenza.[11] Eurasia, Americas
1901 Scientific development The causative organism of avian influenza is discovered to be a virus.[13]
1918-1920 Epidemic The Spanish flu (H1N1) pandemic is considered one of the deadliest natural disasters ever, infecting an estimated 500 million people across the globe and claiming between 50 and 100 million lives. This pandemic would be described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and is estimated to have killed in a single year more people than the Black Death bubonic plague killed in four years from 1347 to 1351.[14][15] Worldwide; originated in France (disputed)
1931 Scientific development American virologist Richard Shope discovers the etiological cause of influenza in pigs.[16]
1933 Scientific development British researchers Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrews, and Patrick Laidlaw are the first to identify the human flu virus by experimenting with ferrets.[17][18][19] United Kingdom
1936 Medical development Soviet scientist A. Smorodintseff first attempts vaccination with a live influenza vaccine that has been passed about 30-times in eggs. Smorodintseff would later report that the modified virus causes only a barely perceptible, slight fever and that subjects are protected against reinfection.[20] Russia
1942 Medical development Bivalent vaccine is produced after the discovery of influenza B.[19]
1945 Medical development The first license to produce an influenza vaccine for civilian use is granted in the United States.[21] United States
1946 Organization The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in order to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of diseases. The CDC would launch campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza.[22][23] United States (Atlanta)
1947 Organization The World Medical Association (WMA) is formed as an international confederation of free professional medical associations. Like CDC, the WMA would launch Influenza Immunization Campaigns.[24] France (serves worldwide)
1948 Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is established.[25]
1952 Organization (Research institute) The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) is established by the WHO with the purpose of conducting global influenza virological surveillance. GISRS monitors the evolution of influenza viruses and provides recommendations in areas including laboratory diagnostics, vaccines, antiviral susceptibility and risk assessment. It also serves as a global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.[26]
1957 Epidemic New, virulent influenza A virus subtype H2N2 breaks out in Guizhou (China). It would turn into pandemic (category 2) and kill 1 to 4 million people.[27] It is considered the second major influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century, after the Spanish flu.[28][11] China
1959 Non–human infection Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 breaks out in Scotland and affects domestic chicken.[29] United Kingdom
1961 Non–human infection Avian Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 strain is found in birds.[30][31] South Africa
1963 Non–human infection Influenza A virus subtype H7N3 breaks out in England and affects domestic turkeys.[29] United Kingdom
1966 Non–human infection Influenza A virus subtype H5N9 breaks out in Ontario and affects domestic turkeys.[29] Canada
1968-1969 Epidemic Hong Kong flu (H3N2) pandemic breaks out, caused by a virus that has been “updated” from the previously circulating virus by reassortment of avian genes.[11][32] Eurasia, North America
1973 Program launch The World Health Organization starts issuing annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that would identify currently circulating strains.[19]
1976 Epidemic Swine flu outbreak is identified at U.S. army base in Fort Dix, New Jersey. Four soldiers infected resulting in one death. To prevent a major pandemic, the United States launches a vaccination campaign.[33][34] United States (New Jersey)
1976 Non–human infection Influenza A virus subtype H7N7 breaks out in Victoria (Australia) and affects domestic chicken.[29] Australia
1977 Epidemic Russian flu (H1N1) epidemic. New influenza strain in humans. Isolated in northern China. A similar strain prevalent in 1947–57 causes most adults to have substantial immunity. This outbreak is not considered a pandemic because most patients are children.[34] Russia, China, worldwide
1978 Medical development The first trivalent influenza vaccine is introduced. It includes two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain.[19]
1980 Medical development United States FDA approves influenza vaccine Fluzone (Sanofi Pasteur), developed for A subtype viruses and type B virus contained in the vaccine.[35] United States
1983 Non–human infection Avian Influenza A virus subtype H5N8 breaks out. 8,000 turkeys, 28,020 chickens, and 270,000 ducks are slaughtered.[36][31] Ireland
1986 Literature Medical geographer Gerald F. Pyle publishes The Diffusion of Influenza.[37]
1988 Infection Influenza A virus subtype H1N2 is isolated from humans in six cities in China, but the virus does not spread further.[38] China
1990-1996 Medical development Oseltamivir (often referenced by its trademark name Tamiflu) is developed by Gilead Sciences, using shikimic acid for synthesis. It would be widely used in further antiviral campaigns targeting influenza A and B. Included on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[39] United States
1997 Infection Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 (also known as bird flu) is discovered in humans. The first time an influenza virus is found to be transmitted directly from birds to people. Eighteen people hospitalized, six of whom die. Hong Kong kills its entire poultry population of about 1.5 million birds. No pandemic develops.[40] China (Hong Kong)
1997 Infection Highly pathogenic Influenza A virus subtype H7N4 strain causes a minor flu outbreak in chicken. Australia
1997 Literature Thomas J. Braciale, Arnold S. Monto, and Robert Webster publish Textbook of Influenza.
1999 Infection New Influenza A virus subtype H9N2 strain is detected in humans. It causes illness in two children in Hong Kong, with poultry being the probable source. No pandemic develops.[34][31] China (Hong Kong)
1999 Literature Your Health: How the Flu Makes Its Way from Wild Ducks, to Livestock, to You.
2002 Infection New avian influenza A virus subtype H7N2 strain affects 197 farms in Virginia and results in the killing of over 4.7 million birds. One person is infected, fully recovered.[41][31] United States
2003–2007 Infection Avian (Influenza A virus subtype H5N1) strain is reported in humans. In February 2003, two people are infected in Hong Kong, one dies. In December 2003, H5N1 breaks out among chicken in South Korea. By January 2004, Japan has its first outbreak of avian flu since 1925 and Vietnam reports human cases. In Thailand, nine million chickens are slaughtered to stop the spread of the disease.[31] By December 2006, over 240 million poultry would die or be culled due to H5N1.[42] East Asia, Southeast Asia
2003 Infection First reported case of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 strain in humans. 88 people are infected, one dies. 30 million birds are slaughtered.[43][31] Netherlands
2004 Organization The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is launched to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions. Funded by the NIAID.[44]
2004 Infection New avian Influenza A virus subtype H7N3 strain is detected in humans. Two poultry workers become infected, eventually fully recovered.[45][31] Canada
2004 Infection New avian influenza A virus subtype H10N7 strain is detected in humans. Two children become infected.[46][31] Egypt
2004 Non–human infection Avian influenza A virus subtype H5N2 infects birds in Texas. 6,600 infected broiler chickens are slaughtered.[47][31] United States
2004 Human Literature Influenza Pandemic Preparedness: Legal and Ethical Dimensions.
2005 Organization United States President George W. Bush unveils the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza. US$1 billion for the production and stockpile of oseltamivir are requested after Congress approves $1.8 billion for military use of the drug.[48][49] United States
2005 Organization American president George W. Bush announces the International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza. The purpose of the partnership is protecting human and animal health as well as mitigating the global socioeconomic and security consequences of an influenza pandemic.[50][51] United States (New York City)
2005 Infection Avian influenza A virus subtype H1N1 strain kills one person in Cambodia. In Romania, a village is quarantined after three dead ducks test positive for H1N1.[52][31] Cambodia, Romania
2006 Organization The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza is held Beijing. Co-hosted by the Chinese Government, the European Commission and the World Bank. The purpose is to raise funds for international cooperation in the prevention and control of avian and human influenza.[53] China (Beijing)
2007 Non-human infection Equine influenza outbreak is diagnosed in Australia's horse population following the failure to contain infection in quarantine after the importation of one or more infected horses. The outbreak would also have a major impact on individual horse owners, the horse industry and associated sectors in both infected and uninfected states.[54] Australia
2008 Literature Roni K. Devlin publishes Influenza.
2008 Literature Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza: Guidance on Developing a Distribution and Dispensing Program.
2008 Avian Influenza, by Hans-Dieter Klenk, Mikhail N. Matrosovich, and Jürgen Stech, is published.
2008 Scientific development OpenFluDB is launched as a database for human and animal influenza virus. It's used to collect, manage, store and distribute worldwide data on influenza.[55] Worldwide
2008 Service launch Google launches Google Flu Trends, a web service with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity by aggregating Google Search queries. The system would provide data to 29 countries worldwide, extending service to include surveillance for dengue.[56] United States
2009 Epidemic New flu virus (H1N1) pandemic (colloquially called the swine flu pandemic), first recognized in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, spreads quickly across the United States and the world, prompting a strong global public reaction. Overseas flights are discouraged from government health bodies.[57] Worldwide, nearly 1 billion doses of H1N1 vaccine are ordered.[58] A total of 74 countries are affected. 18,500 deaths.[34] Worldwide
2010 Both human and non-human Literature Flu Vaccination in Historical Perspective: Public Health for the Middle Class.
2010 Literature Influenza and Public Health: Learning from Past Pandemics.
2011 Non–human infection Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 causes death of more than 160 baby seals in New England.[59] United States
2012 Scientific development A 2012 meta-analysis finds that flu shots are efficacious 67 percent of the time.[60]
2012 Scientific project/controversy American virologists Ron Fouchier and Yoshihiro Kawaoka intentionally develop a strain based on H5N1 for which no vaccine exists, causing outrage in both the media and scientific community.[61][62][63] Netherlands (Erasmus Medical Center), United States (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
2012 Literature Influenza Virus: Methods and Protocols.
2012 Medical development United States FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology.[64] United States
2012 Literature Pandemic Influenza
2013 Epidemic Avian Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 strain, a low pathogenic AI virus, breaks out in China. As of April 11, 2014, the outbreak's overall reaches 419 people, including 7 in Hong Kong, with the unofficial death toll at 127.[65][66] China, Vietnam
2013 Literature Radiology of Influenza A (H1N1).
2013 Medical development United States FDA approves influenza vaccine Flublok (Protein Sciences), developed through recombinant DNA technology.[67] United States
2013 Infection Avian Influenza A virus subtype H10N8 strain infects for the first time and kills one person.[68][31] China
2015 Program Google Flu Trends shuts down in August 2015 after successive inaccuracies in the big data analysis.[69] After performing well for two to three years since the service launch in 2008, GFT would start to fail significantly and require substantial revision.[70] However, Google Flu Trends would also inspire several other similar projects that use social media data to predict disease trends.[71] United States
2017 Medical development Researchers from the University of Texas at Arlington build influenza detector that can diagnose at a breath, without the intervention of a doctor.[72] United States
2017 Scientific development Researchers from the University of Helsinki demonstrate that three anti-influenza compounds effectively inhibit zika virus infection in human cells.[73] Finland


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. "WHO Europe – Influenza". World Health Organization (WHO). June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009. 
  2. "Influenza: Fact sheet". World Health Organization (WHO). March 2003. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Potter, C. W. "A history of influenza". doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 "History of Avian Influenza". extension.org. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 Lam, Vincent; Lee, Colin. The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  6. Beveridge, W I (1991). "The chronicle of influenza epidemics". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 13 (2): 223–234. PMID 1724803. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 Potter CW (October 2001). "A History of Influenza". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 572–579. PMID 11576290. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x. 
  8. 8.0 8.1 Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control. Springer. 2014. p. 61. ISBN 9783662450246. 
  9. "REPORTED CASES OF NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN THE AMERICAS 1949 - 1958" (PDF). paho.org. Retrieved 22 February 2017. 
  10. Martin, P; Martin-Granel E (June 2006). "2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic". Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (6): 976–80. PMC 3373038Freely accessible. PMID 16707055. doi:10.3201/eid1206.051263. 
  11. 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 Taubenberger, J.K.; Morens, D.M. "Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1". PMC 2720801Freely accessible. 
  12. "Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic". pnas.org. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  13. "FLU-LAB-NET - About Avian Influenza". science.vla.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  14. "The Influenza Pandemic of 1918". stanford.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  15. Potter CW (October 2001). "A History of Influenza". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 572–579. PMID 11576290. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x. 
  16. Shimizu, K (October 1997). "History of influenza epidemics and discovery of influenza virus". Nippon Rinsho. 55 (10): 2505–201. PMID 9360364. 
  17. Smith, W; Andrewes CH; Laidlaw PP (1933). "A virus obtained from influenza patients". Lancet. 2 (5732): 66–68. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2. 
  18. Dobson, Mary. 2007. Disease: The Extraordinary Stories behind History’s Deadliest Killers. London, UK: Quercus.
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1". medscape.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017. 
  20. "The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 2". medscape.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017. 
  21. P. CROVARI; M. ALBERTI; C. ALICINO. "History and evolution of influenza vaccines". Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy. 
  22. Turnock, Bernard J. Public Health. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  23. Ogunseitan, Oladele. Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  24. "Influenza Immunization Campaign". wma.net. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  25. "Global Health Timeline". Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  26. "Global influenza virological surveillance". WHO. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  27. "Influenza Pandemics". historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  28. "Asian flu of 1957". britannica.com. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks". WHO. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 
  30. "Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)". Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  31. 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 "Avian flu: a history". Winkler Times. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  32. Viboud, Cécile; Grais Bernard, Rebecca F.; Lafont, A. P.; Miller, Mark A.; Simonsen, Lone. "Multinational Impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic: Evidence for a Smoldering Pandemic". doi:10.1086/431150. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  33. "Timeline of Human Flu Pandemics". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 "Pandemic Flu History". accessdate=28 January 2017. 
  35. "Fluzone". vaccineshoppe.com. Retrieved 30 January 2017. 
  36. "Influenza Strain Details for A/turkey/Ireland/?/1983(H5N8)". Influenza Research Database. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  37. "The Diffusion of Influenza". amazon.com. Retrieved 2 April 2020. 
  38. Guo, YJ; Xu, XY; Cox, NJ (1992). "Human influenza A (H1N2) viruses isolated from China". The Journal of general virology. 73 (2): 383–7. PMID 1538194. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-383 
  39. "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)" (PDF). WHO. April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 
  40. "History of Avian Influenza". extension.org. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 
  41. Akey, BL. "Low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Virgnia during 2002.". PMID 14575120. doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1099. 
  42. The Global Strategy for Prevention and Control of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  43. Stegeman, A; Bouma, A; Elbers, AR; De Jong, MC; Nodelijk, G; De Klerk, F; Koch, G; Van Boven, M. "Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: course of the epidemic and effectiveness of control measures.". PMID 15551206. doi:10.1086/425583. 
  44. Fauci AS (January 2006). "Pandemic influenza threat and preparedness". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (1): 73–7. PMC 3291399Freely accessible. PMID 16494721. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050983. 
  45. "Influenza Strain Details for A/Canada/rv504/2004(H7N3)". Influenza Research Database. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  46. "EID Weekly Updates - Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas". Pan American Health Organization. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  47. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza". usda.gov. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  48. Shannon Brownlee and Jeanne Lenzer (November 2009) "Does the Vaccine Matter?", The Atlantic
  49. National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Whitehouse.gov Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  50. "The International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza" (PDF). apec.org. Retrieved 31 January 2017. 
  51. "International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 31 January 2017. 
  52. "Influenza Strain Details for A/Cambodia/V0803338/2011(H1N1)". Influenza Research Database. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  53. "The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza Is Successfully Held in Beijing". 
  54. "Overview of the 2007 Australian outbreak of equine influenza". Australian Veterinary Journal. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00721.x. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 
  55. Robin Liechti1, Anne Gleizes, Dmitry Kuznetsov, Lydie Bougueleret, Philippe Le Mercier, Amos Bairoch and Ioannis Xenarios. "OpenFluDB, a database for human and animal influenza virus". doi:10.1093/database/baq004. 
  56. Butler, Declan. "When Google got flu wrong". nature.com. Retrieved 2 February 2017. 
  57. "Europeans urged to avoid Mexico and US as swine flu death toll rises". 
  58. "How vaccines became big business". 
  59. Karlsson, Erik A.; Hon, S.; Hall, Jeffrey S.; Yoon, Sun Woo; Johnson, Jordan; Beck, Melinda A.; Webby, Richard J.; Schultz-Cherry, Stacey. "Respiratory transmission of an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from a harbour seal". doi:10.1038/ncomms5791. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  60. Osterholm, MT; Kelley, NS; Sommer, A; Belongia, EA (January 2012). "Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.". The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 12 (1): 36–44. PMID 22032844. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-x. 
  61. "Scientists condemn 'crazy, dangerous' creation of deadly airborne flu virus". 
  62. "Exclusive: Controversial US scientist creates deadly new flu strain for pandemic research". 
  63. "U.S. virologists intentionally engineer super-deadly pandemic flu virus". 
  64. "FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology". fda.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2017. 
  65. "Avian and other zoonotic influenza". WHO. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 
  66. "Study says Vietnam at H7N9 risk as two new cases noted". umn.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 
  67. "FDA Approves Flublok Quadrivalent Flu Vaccine". medscape.com. Retrieved 30 January 2017. 
  68. "Avian influenza A (H10N8)". WHO. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  69. "Real-time influenza tracking with 'big data'". eurekalert.org. Retrieved 6 February 2017. 
  70. Lazer, David; Kennedy, Ryan. "What We Can Learn From the Epic Failure of Google Flu Trends". wired.com. Science. Retrieved 6 February 2017. 
  71. "Google Flu Trends". datacollaboratives.org. Retrieved 2 February 2017. 
  72. "Researchers build flu detector that can diagnose at a breath, no doctor required". digitaltrends.com. Retrieved 6 February 2017. 
  73. "Certain anti-influenza compounds also inhibit Zika virus infection, researchers find". sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 6 February 2017.