Changes

| 1500s–1600s || Malaria reaches the Americas through Spanish colonization. The [[wikipedia:Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native population]] in Peru makes use of bark of the [[wikipedia:cinchona|cinchona]] tree for treating fever.<ref name="butler_khan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Butler AR, Khan S, Ferguson E | title = A brief history of malaria chemotherapy| journal = J R Coll Physicians Edinb | volume = 40| issue = 2| pages = 172–7 | year = 2010| pmid = 20695174| url = http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/journal/issue/journal_40_2/butler.pdf | doi = 10.4997/JRCPE.2010.216}}</ref> After its discovery by the Spanish, the bark is brought to Europe where it comes into general use.<ref name=butler_khan/><ref name=Chwatt>{{cite journal |author=Bruce-Chwatt LJ |title=Three hundred and fifty years of the Peruvian fever bark |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=296 |issue=6635 |pages=1486–7 |year=1988 |pmid=3134079 |pmc=2546010 |doi=10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1486 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=De Castro MC, Singer BH | title = Was malaria present in the Amazon before the European conquest? Available evidence and future research agenda| journal =J Achaeol Sci | volume = 32| pages =337–340| year = 2005|doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2004.10.004 | issue = 3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yalcindag E, Elguero E, Arnathau C, Durand P, Akiana J, Anderson TJ, Aubouy A, Balloux F, Besnard P, Bogreau H, Carnevale P, D'Alessandro U, Fontenille D, Gamboa D, Jombart T, Le Mire J, Leroy E, Maestre A, Mayxay M, Ménard D, Musset L, Newton PN, Nkoghé D, Noya O, Ollomo B, Rogier C, Veron V, Wide A, Zakeri S, Carme B, Legrand E, Chevillon C, Ayala FJ, Renaud F, Prugnolle F | title = Multiple independent introductions of Plasmodium falciparum in South America | journal =PNAS| year = 2011|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1119058109 |url = http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/12/19/1119058109 | volume = 109 | issue = 2 | pages = 511–6 | pmid = 22203975 | pmc = 3258587| bibcode = 2012PNAS..109..511Y }}</ref>

|-

|-

| 1800s || Parasites are first identified as source of malaria.<ref name="journey-of-scientific-discoveries" />

== Visual data ==

File:Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 1.png|thumb|Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 1.

File:Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 2..png|Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 2.

|-

| 2700 BC || Publication || Chinese text ''[[wikipedia:Huangdi Neijing|Nei Ching]]'' (The Canon of Medicine) is published. It describes several characteristic symptoms of what would later be named malaria.<ref name="The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]

|-

| 2000–1500 BC || Science development (symptoms) ||Sumerian and Egyptian doctors describe symptoms resembling those of malaria.<ref name="Spatial Agent-Based Simulation Modeling in Public Health: Design ...">{{cite book|last1=Niaz Arifin|first1=S. M.|last2=Madey|first2=Gregory R.|last3=Collins|first3=Frank H.|title=Spatial Agent-Based Simulation Modeling in Public Health: Design ...|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UvelCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22sumerian%22+%22egyptian%22+%22malaria%22+%22symptoms%22&source=bl&ots=rKhspW6Qci&sig=qvbhcsE9aSM_5J93PTwgLv3GkRA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVw9X2o_fQAhWJPpAKHTnuDWQQ6AEIMzAE#v=onepage&q=%22sumerian%22%20%22egyptian%22%20%22malaria%22%20%22symptoms%22&f=false|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]]

|-

| 1492 onwards || Epidemic || The arrival of Europeans introduces the malaria parasite for the first time into the Americas.<ref name="Spatial Agent-Based Simulation Modeling in Public Health: Design ..." /> || [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]

|-

| 1632 || || Jesuit missionary [[wikipedia:Bernabé Cobo|Bernabé Cobo]] brings cinchona bark from [[wikipedia:Perú|Perú]] to [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]].<ref name="Saga of Malaria Treatment" /><ref name="Kill or Cure: An Illustrated History of Medicine">{{cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Steve|title=Kill or Cure: An Illustrated History of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vWwrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA388&lpg=PA388&dq=%221632%22+%22cobo%22+%22cinchona%22&source=bl&ots=K8fcQTOB7m&sig=HHcqP4mui_oqqKOyjOBuq_bDHKg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR_8CR5r_QAhUGEZAKHUjFBqYQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%221632%22%20%22cobo%22%20%22cinchona%22&f=false|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]

|-

| 1821 || Science development (treatment) ||French pharmacist [[wikipedia:Joseph Bienaimé Caventou|Joseph Bienaimé Caventou]] and chemist [[wikipedia:Pierre Joseph Pelletier|Pierre Joseph Pelletier]] purify [[wikipedia:quinine|quinine]] (obtained from the [[wikipedia:cinchona|cinchona]] tree) and other cinchona alkaloids. The quinine molecule is promptly tested in patients, and after numerous medical observations and case reports from all over the world, it is soon indicated that quinine is specific for ‘malarial’ (intermittent) fevers.<ref name="Evaluation of Cinchona bark in the 17th and 18th centuries" />|| [[wikipedia:France|France]] ([[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]])

|-

| 1874 || Science development (prevention) || Austrian chemistry student [[wikipedia:Othmar Zeidler|Othmar Zeidler]] is credited with the first synthesis of [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]] (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane). DDT is used in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. After the war, DDT is also used as an agricultural insecticide.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eckinger|first1=Julie|title=The Ethics of Intensification: Agricultural Development and Cultural Change|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0K8qkYZdx7cC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=%22Othmar+Zeidler%22+%221874%22+%22synthesis%22+%22DDT%22&source=bl&ots=v-Z81xzu5t&sig=gMzdYjUNTDBNlF9L3fpjcZjaOf0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja067Si8XQAhXClJAKHfsUCJkQ6AEINjAG#v=onepage&q=%22Othmar%20Zeidler%22%20%221874%22%20%22synthesis%22%20%22DDT%22&f=false|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Richard|title=Mosquito|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d2N9Mxztdu4C&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=%22Othmar+zeidler%22+%22DDT%22+%22Austria%22&source=bl&ots=dJBZzwoG-a&sig=USzifY6NObI0-T7htt59TJGeLRU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdp56tu4jRAhXMf5AKHW7MDdYQ6AEINTAG#v=onepage&q=%22Othmar%20zeidler%22%20%22DDT%22%20%22Austria%22&f=false|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>

|-

|-

| 1881 || Science development (vector) || [[wikipedia:Carlos Finlay|Carlos Finlay]] provides strong evidence that a mosquito later designated as ''[[wikipedia:Aedes aegypti|Aedes aegypti]]'' transmits disease to and from humans.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Carlos Juan Finlay: Rejected, Respected, and Right|doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c308e0|url=http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2010/01000/Carlos_Juan_Finlay__Rejected,_Respected,_and_Right.28.aspx|accessdate=28 November 2016|volume=21|journal=Epidemiology|pages=158}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Finlay CJ.|title=El mosquito hipotéticamente considerado como agente de transmision de la fiebre amarilla|journal=Anales de la Real Academia de Ciencias Médicas Físicas y Naturales de la Habana|date=1881|issue=18|pages=147–169}}</ref> The theory remains controversial for twenty years until confirmed in 1901 by [[wikipedia:Walter Reed|Walter Reed]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reed W, Carroll J, Agramonte A |title= The Etiology of Yellow Fever|journal= JAMA|volume= 36|issue= 7|pages= 431–440 |year= 1901|doi=10.1001/jama.1901.52470070017001f}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:Cuba|Cuba]]

| 1890 || Science development (parasite) ||Italian physicians [[wikipedia:Giovanni Batista Grassi|Giovanni Batista Grassi]] and [[wikipedia:Raimondo Feletti|Raimondo Feletti]] first introduce the names ''[[wikipedia:plasmodium vivax|plasmodium vivax]]'' and ''[[wikipedia:plasmodium malariae|plasmodium malariae]]'' for two of the malaria parasites that affect humans.<ref name="The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease" /> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]

|-

|-

| 1897 || Science development (parasite) ||American bacteriologist [[wikipedia:William H. Welch|William H. Welch]] names the malignant tertian malaria parasite ''[[wikipedia:plasmodium falciparum|plasmodium falciparum]]''.<ref name="The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease" />

|data-sort-value="United States" | [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

|-

|data-sort-value="Italy" | [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] ([[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]])

|-

| 1900–1907 || Program launch || In Italy, a series of laws establishes a national malaria control campaign (the first of its kind in the world).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Conquest of Malaria: Italy, 1900–1962 |first=Frank M. |last=Snowden |year=2006 |publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref>{{rp|4}} || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]

|-

| 1903 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] is founded. Today it operates worldwide, yet it remains focused on developed countries. Research, health care and education are its main activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who We Are|publisher=[[wikipedia:American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]|url=http://www.astmh.org/about-astmh/about-us|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Le Duc|first1=James W.|last2=DeAcetis|first2=Judy|title=Review and Assessment of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Travel Awards Program, 1991–2010|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0323|pmid=21896796|pmc=3163858|volume=85|journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg|pages=409–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=University's Stephen Higgs named tropical medicine society president-elect, honored for vaccine research|url=http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/dec14/higgsaward12214.html|publisher=K-State News|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref>

|data-sort-value="United States" | [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]). Serves worldwide.

|-

| 1908 || Science development (treatment) || German chemist Paul Rabe provides the first evidence for the structure of [[wikipedia:quinine|quinine]].<ref name="Jesuits' powder" /><ref name="Quinine">{{cite web|title=Quinine|url=https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325quinine.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Chemical & Engineering News|Chemical & Engineering News]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

|-

| 1910 || || The first case of malaria resistance against [[wikipedia:quinine|quinine]] is identified.<ref name="A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute">{{cite book|last1=Gyang|first1=Kofi Oteng|title=A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute|page=52|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ctMM3XTnUU0C&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=sulfadoxine%E2%80%93pyrimethamine+1967&source=bl&ots=w-wfmgL4gO&sig=Hu--GudSjzVEu87mTi395TFWJpQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB9avk4ffQAhWCgpAKHcf9DPMQ6AEILjAC#v=onepage&q=sulfadoxine%E2%80%93pyrimethamine%201967&f=false|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat">{{cite book|title=Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat|date=2003|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|isbn=9789241590297}}</ref><ref name="History of antimalarials" /> ||

|-

| 1913 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller Foundation]] is created, and through one of its branches, the [[wikipedia:International Health Division|International Health Division]], it starts to conduct campaigns against malaria, in addition to [[wikipedia:yellow fever|yellow fever]] and [[wikipedia:hookworm|hookworm]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parmar|first1=Inderjeet|title=Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yR_q5sTQyloC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=%22Rockefeller+Foundation%22+%22founded+in+1913%22&source=bl&ots=mnVNAkoSFS&sig=7BREGkxHh5Tt2n2EdDlxo8-e4pU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDw7fjh_XQAhXEHJAKHZugBX8Q6AEIMDAE#v=onepage&q=%22Rockefeller%20Foundation%22%20%22founded%20in%201913%22&f=false|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Health Division|url=http://rockefeller100.org/exhibits/show/health/international-health-division|publisher=[[wikipedia:Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller Foundation]]|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stapleton|first1=Darwin H.|title=Lessons of history? Anti-malaria strategies of the International Health Board and the Rockefeller Foundation from the 1920s to the era of DDT.|publisher=[[wikipedia:United States National Library of Medicine|United States National Library of Medicine]]|pmc=1497608|pmid=15192908|volume=119|year=2004|journal=Public Health Rep|pages=206–15}}</ref>

| 1934 || Science development (prevention) || German scientist [[wikipedia:Hans Andersag|Hans Andersag]] discovers [[wikipedia:chloroquine|chloroquine]] at Bayer I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. laboratories.<ref name="The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease" />

|data-sort-value="Germany" |[[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] ([[wikipedia:Elberfeld|Elberfeld]])

|-

| 1939 || Science development (prevention) || [[wikipedia:Organochloride|Organochloride]] [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]]'s insecticidal properties are discovered by [[wikipedia:Paul Hermann Müller|Paul Hermann Müller]], who is awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.<ref name="The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948">{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/|publisher=Nobelprize|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> In the following decades, total eradication of malaria is achieved in most of the developed world due to massive agricultural application of DDT.<ref name="

| 1942 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Office of Malaria Control in War Areas|Office of Malaria Control in War Areas]] (MCWA) is established with the purpose of limiting the impact of malaria and other vector-borne diseases (such as murine typhus) during [[wikipedia:World War II|World War II]] around military training bases in the southern United States and its territories, where malaria is still problematic at the time.<ref name="Elimination of Malaria in the United States (1947 — 1951)">{{cite web|title=Elimination of Malaria in the United States (1947 — 1951)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dumenil|first1=Lynn|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History|page=171|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N-RMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA171&lpg=RA1-PA171&dq=%22Office+of+Malaria+Control+in+War+Areas+was%22&source=bl&ots=3Ybl59aZZx&sig=_59FVNWAf77l1SD-ykGh29mVidw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV5LPTiPXQAhXDnJAKHV8lAw4Q6AEIIjAC#v=onepage&q=%22Office%20of%20Malaria%20Control%20in%20War%20Areas%20was%22&f=false|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref>

|data-sort-value="United States" | [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]

|-

| 1944 || Science development (treatment) || Chemists at [[wikipedia:Imperial Chemical Industries|Imperial Chemical Industries]] discover antimalarial [[wikipedia:proguanil|proguanil]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rappoport|first1=Zvi|title=The Chemistry of Anilines, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wckakYtwttMC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=%22proguanil%22+%221944%22&source=bl&ots=i0XQCYhf8l&sig=hIseiNIAGf_UaN7bm7ThLtGlGVI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnqNmXuMTQAhWHIZAKHbNpDKUQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=%22proguanil%22%20%221944%22&f=false|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> Proguanil is introduced for use in 1948.<ref name="A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute" /><ref name="Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat"/><ref name="History of antimalarials" />

|-

| 1946 || Science development (treatment) || [[wikipedia:Camoquin|Camoquin]] is made available as new antimalarial drug. It is proved to be effective after administration of a single therapeutic dose.<ref name="Saga of Malaria Treatment" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Camoquin|url=http://www.ajtmh.org/content/s1-31/2/212.extract|publisher=[[wikipedia:American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> ||

|-

| 1947 || Program launch || In the United States, the [[wikipedia:National Malaria Eradication Program|National Malaria Eradication Program]] (NMEP) is launched in July. Prior to the launch of this program, malaria is an endemic across the United States, concentrated in the southeastern states. This federal program would successfully eradicate malaria in the United States by 1951.<ref name="who_60th"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/feb/24/stopping-malaria-wrong-road/|title = Stopping Malaria: The Wrong Road|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:The New York Review of Books|The New York Review of Books]]''|last = Horton|first = Richard|authorlink = Richard Horton (editor)|date = February 24, 2011|accessdate = June 14, 2016}}</ref>

| 1949 || || The first case of malaria resistance against [[wikipedia:proguanil|proguanil]] is identified.<ref name="A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute" /><ref name="Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat"/><ref name="History of antimalarials" />

|data-sort-value="Malaysia" | [[wikipedia:Malaysia|Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Wallace|title=Antimalarial Drugs I: Biological Background, Experimental Methods, and Drug ...|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=K2vwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=%221949%22+resistance+against+proguanil+is+identified&source=bl&ots=_1e00zYrZo&sig=_Aoj6zIqh7ylCQ9GYauRaCPbjas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj05pX8vIjRAhXDDpAKHRKwCcMQ6AEIGDAA#v=onepage&q=%221949%22%20resistance%20against%20proguanil%20is%20identified&f=false|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>

|-

| 1950 || Science development (treatment) || [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] is introduced as new antimalarial drug. It is proven to prevent relapse and sterilizes infectious sexual plasmodia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primaquine Therapy for Malaria|url=http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/9/1336.full.pdf|publisher=[[wikipedia:Oxford Journal|Oxford Journal]]|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> ||

|-

| 1952 || Science development (prevention) || Dr. [[wikipedia:Mario Pinotti|Mario Pinotti]] introduces the strategy of putting [[wikipedia:chloroquine|chloroquine]] into common cooking salt for malaria suppression, as a way of distributing the drug as a prophylactic on a wide scale. This program (using either chloroquine or [[wikipedia:pyrimethamine|pyrimethamine]]) becomes known as "Pinotti's method" and is employed in South America as well as Asia and Africa.<ref name="Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New ..." /><ref name="Interruption of Malaria Transmission by Chloroquinized Salt in Guyana">{{cite journal|title=Interruption of Malaria Transmission by Chloroquinized Salt in Guyana|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2476374/pdf/bullwho00596-0103.pdf|accessdate=25 November 2016 | pmc=2476374|pmid=4864651|volume=36|journal=Bull World Health Organ|pages=283–301 | last1 = Giglioli | first1 = G | last2 = Rutten | first2 = FJ | last3 = Ramjattan | first3 = S}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]

|-

| 1955 || Program launch || [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] launches the Malaria Eradication Programme. The global malaria eradication campaign is adopted by the 8th World Health Assembly and based upon the widespread use of DDT against mosquitos and of antimalarial drugs to treat malaria and eliminate the parasite in humans. Within the next decade, this program succeeds in eradicating malaria from the developed world.<ref name="who_60th">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/features/history/WHO_60th_anniversary_chronology.pdf |title=WHO in 60 years: a chronology of public health milestones |publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] |accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Commentary: malaria control in the 1990s." /> || Worldwide

| 1957 || || The first case of malaria resistance against [[wikipedia:chloroquine|chloroquine]] is identified.<ref name="A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute" /><ref name="Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat"/><ref name="History of antimalarials" />

|data-sort-value="Thailand" | [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=M. Packard|first1=Randall|title=The Origins of Antimalarial-Drug Resistance|journal=[[wikipedia:The New England Journal of Medicine|The New England Journal of Medicine]]|doi=10.1056/NEJMp1403340|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1403340?af=R&rss=currentIssue&#t=article|accessdate=22 December 2016|volume=371|pages=397–399}}</ref>

|-

| 1955–1972 || Achievement || Bulgaria, Cyprus, Dominica, Grenada, Hungary, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Saint Lucia, Spain, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, United States and Venezuela are certified as malaria-free by the [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] within this period.<ref name="Malaria Free countries">{{cite web|title=Malaria Free countries|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/elimination/overview/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> || Bulgaria, Cyprus, Dominica, Grenada, Hungary, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Saint Lucia, Spain, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Venezuela

|-

| 1962 || Publication || [[wikipedia:Rachel Carson|Rachel Carson]] publishes the science book ''[[wikipedia:Silent Spring|Silent Spring]]'' which talks about the detrimental effects of the use of pesticides on the environment. The book has a massive impact in international politics, thus provoking the ban of insecticide [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]] in many countries during the following decades. Carson continues to be criticized today by some who argue that such restrictions have caused tens of millions of needless deaths.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baum|first=Rudy M.|date=June 4, 2007|title=Rachel Carson|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|publisher=[[wikipedia:American Chemical Society|American Chemical Society]]|volume=85|issue=23|page=5|url=http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/cen/85/i23/html/8523editor.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Malaria legacy|publisher=[[wikipedia:Competitive Enterprise Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]|accessdate=15 December 2016|url= http://rachelwaswrong.org/malaria-legacy/}}</ref>

|data-sort-value="United States" | United States ([[wikipedia:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]). Operates worldwide.

|-

|data-sort-value="United States" | United States

|-

|data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom

|-

|-

| 1992 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Malaria Foundation International|Malaria Foundation International]] (MFI) is founded as a non-profit organization dedicated to the fight against malaria. The MFI’s goals are to support awareness, education, training, research, and leadership programs to develop and apply tools to combat the disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=Against Malaria Foundation Charity In Stone Mountain Georgia|url=http://www.charity-charities.org/Georgia-charities/StoneMountain-1661483.html|publisher=Charity Vault|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dziedzic|first1=Nancy G.|title=Perspectives on Diseases and Disorders|publisher=Greenhaven Press/Gale Cengage Learning|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-wJaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Malaria+Foundation+International+is+a%22&dq=%22Malaria+Foundation+International+is+a%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX1OjvivXQAhWECpAKHdLTC5MQ6AEIJjAA|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> ||

| 1992 || Program launch || New [[wikipedia:Global Malaria Control Strategy|Global Malaria Control Strategy]] is launched. Endorsed by a ministerial conference on malaria control, it is later confirmed by the [[wikipedia:World Health Assembly|World Health Assembly]] in 1993. This new strategy is based largely upon the primary health care approach and requires flexible, cost-effective, sustainable, and decentralized programs based upon disease rather than parasite control, adapted to local conditions and responding to local needs. This approach becomes successful and has positive impact in a number of countries such as Brazil, China, Solomon Islands, Philippines, Vanuatu, Vietnam, and Thailand. Its success demonstrates that malaria can be controlled by locally and currently available tools.<ref name="Commentary: malaria control in the 1990s." /> || Worldwide

|-

|data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Atovaquone/proguanil|url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800009014|website=springer.com|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>

|-

| 1997 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Multilateral Initiative on Malaria|Multilateral Initiative on Malaria]] (MIM), an alliance of organizations that facilitates research on malaria, is established. MIM would also collaborate with the [[wikipedia:Disease Control Priorities Project|Disease Control Priorities Project]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mimalaria.org/eng/aboutmim.asp |title=About MIM |accessdate=May 19, 2016 |publisher=Multilateral Initiative on Malaria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/tdr/grants/workplans/mim_bis/en/ |title=Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) |publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] |accessdate=May 19, 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Senegal|Senegal]] ([[wikipedia:Dakar|Dakar]])

| 1983 || Policy || Insecticide [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]] is banned in [[wikipedia:Malaysia|Malaysia]].<ref name="DDTban" />

|data-sort-value="Malaysia" | [[wikipedia:Malaysia|Malaysia]]

|-

| 1999 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods|Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods]] (RITAM) is launched as a collaboration between [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]], the [[wikipedia:Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health|Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health]] (GIFTS), the [[wikipedia:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]], and researchers and others throughout the world who are investigating or interested in the antimalarial properties of plants, with the purpose of developing or validating local herbal medicines to prevent and/or treat malaria.<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2297e/7.6.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Tanzania|Tanzania]] (Moshi) (inaugural meeting)

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| 1999 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Medicines for Malaria Venture|Medicines for Malaria Venture]] (MMV) is founded to reduce the burden of malaria by facilitating the discovery, development, and delivery of antimalarial medicines.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mmv.org/about-us|title = About us|publisher = [[wikipedia:Medicines for Malaria Venture|Medicines for Malaria Venture]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.who.int/phi/documents/medicines_for_malaria_venture.pdf|title = Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)|publisher = [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] would be one of its major funders in subsequent years,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2005/10/Gates-Foundation-Commits-2583-Million-for-Malaria-Research|title = Gates Foundation Commits $258.3 Million for Malaria Research and Development|date = October 1, 2015|accessdate = September 2, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]}}</ref> and it would partner with drug company [[wikipedia:Novartis|Novartis]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-expands-partnership-medicines-malaria-venture-develop-next-generation|website=Novartis|title = Novartis expands partnership with Medicines for Malaria Venture to develop next-generation antimalarial treatment|date = June 15, 2016|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Switzerland |Switzerland ]]([[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]])

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| 2000 || || The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria takes place in [[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]], Nigeria, on April 25. Signatories committed to an intensive effort to halve mortality from malaria in Africa by 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/microsites/wmd2011/abuja_declaration_final.html |title=The Abuja Declaration and the Plan of Action |accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/whocdsrbm200346/en/ |title=The Abuja Declaration and the plan of action. An extract from the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria |publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] |accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref>

| 2003 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Malaria Consortium|Malaria Consortium]] is founded as a non-profit organization dedicated to the control of malaria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria Consortium 2003-2013: a decade in communicable disease control and child health|url=http://www.malariaconsortium.org/resources/pubdev/287/malaria-consortium-2003-2013-a-decade-in-communicable-disease-control-and-child-health|publisher=[[wikipedia:Malaria Consortium|Malaria Consortium]]|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria Consortium – Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention|url=http://www.givewell.org/charities/malaria-consortium|publisher=[[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]]|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref>

|data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom (London). Operates in Africa and Asia.

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| 2004 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Against Malaria Foundation|Against Malaria Foundation]] is set up with the aim of handling money and raising funds. Much of the funds raised by it are used to purchase bednets. [[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]], an independent charity evaluator, names AMF its top-rated charity worldwide in 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015, and recommends to donors to donate exclusively to AMF in 2015 due to its large funding gap.<ref name="Top_Ranked_Charities">

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|2012 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance|Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance]] (MESA) is formed to conduct research on malaria elimination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iniciativa Agenda de investigación para la erradicación de la malaria (malERA)|publisher=Instituto de Salud Global Barcelona|url=http://www.isglobal.org/-/malaria-eradication-research-agenda-malera-initiative|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance|url=https://malariaworld.org/blog/malaria-eradication-scientific-alliance|publisher=MalariaWorld|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]

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| 2014 || Organization || [[wikipedia:EVIMalaR|EVIMalaR]] is conducted as a malaria research network. Funded by the [[wikipedia:European Commission|European Commission]] and involving at least 62 partners from 51 institutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evimalar|url=http://conservativeeurope.com/downloads/publications/aVicky%20Ford%20Research%20Oct%202012.pdf|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Waters|first1=Andrew P.|title=EVIMalaR — a model for international cooperation in scientific research|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v11/n8/pdf/nrmicro3079.pdf?WT.ec_id=NRMICRO-201308|website=[[wikipedia:Nature (journal)|Nature]]|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Final Report Summary - EVIMALAR (Towards the establishment of a permanent European Virtual Institute dedicated to Malaria Research (EVIMalaR).)|url=http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/176027_en.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:CORDIS|CORDIS]]|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> || Europe, Africa, India and Australia.

|2013–2015 || Organization || Dundee University establishes a center for development of drugs. A new anti-malaria drug is obtained.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Dundee drug centre to target killer diseases in developing world|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-surrey-21442770|accessdate=16 December 2016|agency=[[wikipedia:BBC News|BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New anti-malaria drug developed at Dundee University|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-33164528|accessdate=16 December 2016|agency=[[wikipedia:BBC News|BBC News]]}}</ref>

|data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom ([[wikipedia:Dundee University|Dundee]])

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|}

==See also==

*[[Timeline of bed net distribution]]

*[[wikipedia:Timeline of cholera|Timeline of cholera]]

{{reflist|30em}}