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{{for|a comprehensive treatment of the subject|wikipedia:History of malaria}}
'''[[wikipedia:Malaria|Malaria]]''' is an infectious disease caused by a parasite; it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Every year, 300 to 700 million people get infected. Malaria kills 1 million to 2 million people every year. 90% of the deaths occur in Africa.<ref name=WHO15>{{cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref>
==Sample questions==
The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:
* When and where was malaria first described?
* When and who first described the most common malaria parasites infecting humans?
* When and who developed the first vaccine candidate?
* When were introduced the most common antimalarial drugs?
* How did DDT develop as a vector control from its discovery to its ban?
==Chronology==
File:WHO reported malaria cases 1962-1997.png|thumb|left|400px|Global reported malaria cases by the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|WHO]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Weekly epidemiological record|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/1982-1997_data_in_wer_1999_74.pdf?ua=1|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World health statistics annual|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/1962-1981_data_in_world_health_statistics_1983.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> for the period 1962–1997. The number of reporting countries is detailed below.
File:Committed funding (US$ millions) on malaria control by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.png|thumb|left|400px|Committed funding (US$ millions) on malaria control by [[wikipedia:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] for the period 2009–2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|publisher=IATI Registry|url=https://iatiregistry.org/publisher/bmgf|accessdate=7 December 2016}}</ref>
File:Changes in the annual number of cases in the seven countries of Central America from 1982 to 2000.png|Changes in the annual number of malaria cases in the seven countries of Central America from 1982 to 2000.
</gallery>
{{clear}}
| 1913 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller Foundation]] is created, and through one of its branches, the [[wikipedia:International Health Division|International Health Division]], it starts to conduct campaigns against malaria, in addition to [[wikipedia:yellow fever|yellow fever]] and [[wikipedia:hookworm|hookworm]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parmar|first1=Inderjeet|title=Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yR_q5sTQyloC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=%22Rockefeller+Foundation%22+%22founded+in+1913%22&source=bl&ots=mnVNAkoSFS&sig=7BREGkxHh5Tt2n2EdDlxo8-e4pU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDw7fjh_XQAhXEHJAKHZugBX8Q6AEIMDAE#v=onepage&q=%22Rockefeller%20Foundation%22%20%22founded%20in%201913%22&f=false|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Health Division|url=http://rockefeller100.org/exhibits/show/health/international-health-division|publisher=[[wikipedia:Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller Foundation]]|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stapleton|first1=Darwin H.|title=Lessons of history? Anti-malaria strategies of the International Health Board and the Rockefeller Foundation from the 1920s to the era of DDT.|publisher=[[wikipedia:United States National Library of Medicine|United States National Library of Medicine]]|pmc=1497608|pmid=15192908|volume=119|year=2004|journal=Public Health Rep|pages=206–15}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="United States" | [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]])
|-
| 1913 || || Malaria is first reported in {{w|Korea}}. ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' would be the only parasite ever to be described in the peninsula.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the World"/> || Korea
|-
| 1922 || Science development (parasite) ||British parasitologist [[wikipedia:John William Watson Stephens|John William Watson Stephens]] describes the fourth human malaria parasite, ''[[wikipedia:plasmodium ovale|plasmodium ovale]]''.<ref name="The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease" />
|data-sort-value="Germany" |[[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] ([[wikipedia:Elberfeld|Elberfeld]])
|-
| 1935–1939 || Prevention || [[wikipedia:Pyrethrin|Pyrethrin]] indoor spraying operations are conducted in South Africa.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the world"/> || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]]
|-
| 1937 || Science development || Sydney James and Parr Tate discover the schizogonic form of ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium gallinaceum|Plasmodium gallinaceum]]'' in the brains of infected chickens.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the world"/> ||
|-
| 1943 || Prevention || Indoor sprayind with [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]] is introduced in the United States.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the world"/> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
| 1943 || Organization || The {{w|Australian Army}} establishes a malaria experimental group in {{w|Cairns}} where malaria is still present at the time. The group would conduct studies with {{w|sulphamerazine}} and {{w|atebrin}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Malaria Institute|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Health/Ami/History.asp|website=defence.gov.au|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> || Australia
|-
| 1944 || Science development (treatment) || Chemists at [[wikipedia:Imperial Chemical Industries|Imperial Chemical Industries]] discover antimalarial [[wikipedia:proguanil|proguanil]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rappoport|first1=Zvi|title=The Chemistry of Anilines, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wckakYtwttMC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=%22proguanil%22+%221944%22&source=bl&ots=i0XQCYhf8l&sig=hIseiNIAGf_UaN7bm7ThLtGlGVI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnqNmXuMTQAhWHIZAKHbNpDKUQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=%22proguanil%22%20%221944%22&f=false|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> Proguanil is introduced for use in 1948.<ref name="A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute" /><ref name="Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat"/><ref name="History of antimalarials" />
|-
| 1945 || Science development (drug) || Antimalarial drug [[wikipedia:chloroquine|chloroquine]] is introduced for use.<ref name="A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute" /><ref name="Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat"/><ref name="History of antimalarials" /> ||
|-
| 1946 || Achievement || Malaria is eradicated from Chile, from where {{w|Plasmodium vivax}} was localized in the extreme north of the country. However, the vector {{w|Anopheles pseudopunctipennis}} would persist.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the World"/> || {{w|Chile}}
|-
| 1946 || Science development (treatment) || [[wikipedia:Camoquin|Camoquin]] is made available as new antimalarial drug. It is proved to be effective after administration of a single therapeutic dose.<ref name="Saga of Malaria Treatment" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Camoquin|url=http://www.ajtmh.org/content/s1-31/2/212.extract|publisher=[[wikipedia:American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1946 || Epidemic || The last epidemic outbreak in Japan occurs, when troops return from the various fronts. More than 460,000 cases of "imported" malaria would be diagnosed in the country.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the World"/> || {{w|Japan}}
|-
| 1946–1951 || Prevention || Mass [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]] spraying campaigns are conducted in Cyprus, Italy, Greece, Corsica, Venezuela and Guyana.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the world"/> || [[wikipedia:Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]], [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]], [[wikipedia:France|France]], [[wikipedia:Venezuela|Venezuela]], [[wikipedia:Guyana|Guyana]]
|-
| 1950 || Science development (treatment) || [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] is introduced as new antimalarial drug. It is proven to prevent relapse and sterilizes infectious sexual plasmodia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primaquine Therapy for Malaria|url=http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/9/1336.full.pdf|publisher=[[wikipedia:Oxford Journal|Oxford Journal]]|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1951 || Achievement || Malaria is declared eradicated from the United States.<ref name="Elimination of Malaria in the United States (1947 — 1951)"/> || United States
|-
| 1952 || Science development (prevention) || Dr. [[wikipedia:Mario Pinotti|Mario Pinotti]] introduces the strategy of putting [[wikipedia:chloroquine|chloroquine]] into common cooking salt for malaria suppression, as a way of distributing the drug as a prophylactic on a wide scale. This program (using either chloroquine or [[wikipedia:pyrimethamine|pyrimethamine]]) becomes known as "Pinotti's method" and is employed in South America as well as Asia and Africa.<ref name="Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New ..." /><ref name="Interruption of Malaria Transmission by Chloroquinized Salt in Guyana">{{cite journal|title=Interruption of Malaria Transmission by Chloroquinized Salt in Guyana|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2476374/pdf/bullwho00596-0103.pdf|accessdate=25 November 2016 | pmc=2476374|pmid=4864651|volume=36|journal=Bull World Health Organ|pages=283–301 | last1 = Giglioli | first1 = G | last2 = Rutten | first2 = FJ | last3 = Ramjattan | first3 = S}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1967–1981 || Program launch || The secret military [[wikipedia:Project 523|Project 523]] of the People's Republic of China is aimed at finding new drugs for malaria. Over 500 Chinese scientists are recruited. The project leads to the discovery of [[wikipedia:artemisinin|artemisinin]] and derivatives,<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Dondorp |first1 = Arjen M. |last2 = Day |first2 = Nick P.J. |title = The treatment of severe malaria |journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |year = 2007 |volume = 101 |issue = 7 |pages = 633–634 |doi = 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.03.011 |pmid = 17434195}}</ref> also [[wikipedia:pyronaridine|pyronaridine]], [[wikipedia:lumefantrine|lumefantrine]] and naphthoquine. All these antimalarial drugs are used today in therapy.<ref name="cui">{{cite journal |last1 = Cui |first1 = Liwang |last2 = Su |first2 = Xin-zhuan |title = Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin |journal = [[wikipedia:Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy|Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] |year = 2009 |volume = 7 |issue = 8 |pages = 999–1013 |doi = 10.1586/eri.09.68 |pmid = 19803708 |pmc = 2778258}}</ref> || China, Vietnam
|-
| 1969 || || WHO The {{w|World Health Organization}} acknowledges failure of its goal of malaria eradication and changes its goal to malaria control.<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016 |quote=failure of eradication was officially acknowledged by the WHO, and the goal restated as "control" rather than eradication, already in 1969, that is, three years before environmental concerns culminated in the ban on DDT in the United States}}</ref>{{rp|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/2/07-050633/en/ |title=Malaria eradication back on the table |publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] |accessdate=December 23, 2016 |first1=Marcel |last1=Tanner |first2=Don |last2=de Savigny |date=February 2008 |quote=When the aspiration of global eradication was abandoned in 1969}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1970 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Population Services International|Population Services International]] is created as a [[wikipedia:nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[wikipedia:Global health|global health organization]] with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV, and reproductive health. PSI provides life-saving products, clinical services and [[wikipedia:behavior change communication|behavior change communication]]s.<ref name=psi-about-us>{{cite web|url = http://www.psi.org/about/at-a-glance/|title = PSI at a Glance|publisher = [[wikipedia:Population Services International|Population Services International]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name=bridgespan-psi>{{cite web|url = http://www.bridgespan.org/getattachment/d7e46705-2a3b-47a5-a531-3634b19963d6/Profile-Population-Services-International.aspx|title = Population Services International: Funding Growth|publisher = [[wikipedia:Bridgespan Group|Bridgespan Group]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name=givewell-psi>{{cite web|url = http://www.givewell.org/international/charities/PSI|title = Population Services International (PSI)|publisher = [[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]]|date = February 1, 2011|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref>
| 1972 || Policy || Insecticide [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]] is banned in the United States. Many other countries follow suit.<ref name="DDT: From miracle chemical to banned pollutant" />
|data-sort-value="United States" | [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
| 1979 || Achievement || {{w|Tunisia}} is declared malaria–free.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gzara Zargouni et al|first1=A|title=[Indigenous malaria in Tunisia: 4 cases registered in 2013 in Tunisia].|pmid=26815521|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26815521|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> || Tunisia
|-
| 1972–1987 || Achievement || Australia, Brunei, Cuba, Mauritius, Portugal, Réunion, Singapore and Yugoslavia are certified as malaria-free by the [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] within this period.<ref name="Malaria Free countries"/> || Australia, Brunei, Cuba, Mauritius, Portugal, Réunion, Singapore, Yugoslavia
|-
| 1974 || Achievement || Malaria is eradicated from 37 countries mainly in Europe and Americas.<ref name="Recent advances in pediatrics">{{cite book|title=Recent advances in pediatrics|last=Gupte|first=Suraj|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=P1gMTqdo1boC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=%22malaria+was+eradicated%22+%22in+1900..2015%22&source=bl&ots=vDqXsRhUy2&sig=l0BhreeOhoiy9LpSrOVxIoxTHjU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixhb67h8LQAhVCi5AKHZL0Bj8Q6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=%22malaria%20was%20eradicated%22%20%22in%201900..2015%22&f=false|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1975 || Achievement || Europe is declared malaria free. However, the disease would later re-emerge in the {{w|Caucasus}}, [[w:Central Asia|Central Asian republics]], the [[w:Russia|Russian Federation]] and {{w|Turkey}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Europe is malaria free, 214 million cases in rest of world in 2015: WHO|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-europe-malaria-idUSKCN0XH25Q|website=reuters.com|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
|-
| 1982 || || The first case of malaria resistance against [[wikipedia:mefloquine|mefloquine]] is identified.<ref name="A Killer Called Malaria: The Disease That Kills Two People Every Minute" /><ref name="Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat"/><ref name="History of antimalarials" />
|-
| 1984 || Prevention || Mosquito nets treated with [[wikipedia:permethrin|permethrin]] start to be used in Burkina Faso.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the world"/> || [[wikipedia:BurkinaFaso|Burkina Faso]]
|-
| 1998–1999 || Epidemic || ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' malaria epidemic breaks out in {{w|North Korea}}. By 1999, an estimated 100,000 cases would accumulate.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the World">{{cite book|title=Biodiversity of Malaria in the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=hSUfzyxZRuwC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=%22in+1993%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=vkkqKnCtgf&sig=_3oyCTDveqaH9G6l5NhwhPUJ2Uc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio6rWPpoDVAhUKjpAKHbX7DZoQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=%22in%201993%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> || North Korea
|-
| 1999 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods|Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods]] (RITAM) is launched as a collaboration between [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]], the [[wikipedia:Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health|Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health]] (GIFTS), the [[wikipedia:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]], and researchers and others throughout the world who are investigating or interested in the antimalarial properties of plants, with the purpose of developing or validating local herbal medicines to prevent and/or treat malaria.<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2297e/7.6.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Tanzania|Tanzania]] (Moshi) (inaugural meeting)
|-
| 1999 || Medical development (drug) || Coartem ([[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]]) is registered for the treatment of malaria.<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1999 || Epidemic || {{w|Plasmodium vivax}} malaria epidemic breaks out in {{w|Paraguay}}. 9,947 cases are reported. {{w|Anopheles darlingi}} is the only vector reported.<ref name="Biodiversity of Malaria in the World"/> || Paraguay
|-
| 2000 || || The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria takes place in [[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]], Nigeria, on April 25. Signatories committed to an intensive effort to halve mortality from malaria in Africa by 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/microsites/wmd2011/abuja_declaration_final.html |title=The Abuja Declaration and the Plan of Action |accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/whocdsrbm200346/en/ |title=The Abuja Declaration and the plan of action. An extract from the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria |publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] |accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref>
| 2006 || Publication || The second edition of ''Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries'', commonly referred to as ''DCP2'', is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dcp-3.org/about-project |title=About the Project |accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> Chapter 21 of the publication is entitled "Conquering Malaria".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dcp-3.org/dcp2/chapters |title=DCP2 - Chapters |accessdate=January 17, 2017}}</ref> ''DCP2'' cost-effectiveness estimates have been influential.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.givewell.org/how-we-work/our-criteria/cost-effectiveness |title=Cost-Effectiveness |publisher=[[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]] |accessdate=January 17, 2017 |quote=DCP2 estimates have shaped some of our strategic priorities in deciding which areas to explore (for example, our list of priority programs) but we do not rely on it for final recommendation decisions.}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2007–2015 || Achievement || Armenia, Maldives, Morocco, Turkmenistan and the United Arab Emirates are certified as malaria-free by the [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] within this period.<ref name="Malaria Free countries"/> || {{w| Armenia}}, {{w|Maldives}}, {{w|Morocco}}, {{w|Turkmenistan}}, {{w|United Arab Emirates}}
|-
| 2008 || Report || The first World Malaria Report is published by the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241563697/en/|title = World Malaria Report 2008|publisher = [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|date = December 1, 2008|accessdate = April 8, 2017}}</ref> The World Malaria Report is an annual report on the global distribution of malaria cases and deaths, how WHO strategies are working, sources of funding, and recent evidence related to prevention and treatment strategies.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report/en/|title = World Malaria Report|publisher = World Health Organization|accessdate = April 8, 2017}}</ref> The Report would be cited in evaluations of malaria and malaria control strategies.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.givewell.org/international/technical/programs/insecticide-treated-nets/macro-evidence|title = Evidence On the Connection Between Large-Scale Malaria Control and Large-Scale Declines in Malaria Burden|publisher = [[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]]|date = December 1, 2012|accessdate = April 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/post/2016/01/the-economic-benefits-of-malaria-eradication/|title = The Economic Benefits of Malaria Eradication|last = Snowden|first = James|date = January 18, 2016|accessdate = April 8, 2017|publisher = [[wikipedia:Giving What We Can|Giving What We Can]]}}</ref>
| 2009 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:African Leaders Malaria Alliance|African Leaders Malaria Alliance]] (ALMA) is founded by African Heads of State to use their individual and collective power to keep malaria high on the political and policy agenda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who we are|publisher=African Leaders Malaria Alliance|url=http://alma2030.org/sites/default/files/reference-document/alma_infosheet_0.pdf|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McCrea|first1=Jennifer|last2=Walker|first2=Jeffrey C.|last3=Weber|first3=Karl|title=The Generosity Network: New Transformational Tools for Successful Fund-Raising|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cAv8hlyew6oC&pg=PA94&dq=%22African+Leaders+Malaria+Alliance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5osTEpfXQAhWKGpAKHda4DqUQ6AEIZDAK#v=onepage&q=%22African%20Leaders%20Malaria%20Alliance%22&f=false|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> || Africa
|-
| 2011 || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} grants {{w|Armenia}} malaria-free status.<ref>{{cite web|title=Armenia: free of malaria|url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/armenia/news/news/2011/10/armenia-free-of-malaria|website=who.int|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> || Armenia|-|2012 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance|Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance]] (MESA) is formed to conduct research on malaria elimination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iniciativa Agenda de investigación para la erradicación de la malaria (malERA)|publisher=Instituto de Salud Global Barcelona|url=http://www.isglobal.org/-/malaria-eradication-research-agenda-malera-initiative|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance|url=https://malariaworld.org/blog/malaria-eradication-scientific-alliance|publisher=MalariaWorld|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]
|-
| 2012 || Program launch || Target Malaria is launched as a not-for-profit research consortium with aims at reducing the population of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa by developing and sharing technology for malaria control. Target Malaria investigates the use of genes that produce enzymes, and explores different strategies to use them in order to reduce or modify populations of [[wikipedia:Anopheles|Anopheles]] mosquitoes. Target Malaria is funded by many organizations, including [[wikipedia: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation| Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], the [[wikipedia:European Commission|European Commission]], and the [[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Extinction Invention|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601213/the-extinction-invention/|website=technologyreview.com|accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Work|url=http://targetmalaria.org/our-work/|website=targetmalaria.org|accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref> || Teams in [[wikipedia:Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[wikipedia:Mali|Mali]] and [[wikipedia:Uganda|Uganda]]
| 2015 || Report || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] calculates 212 million cases of malaria occurring worldwide during the year, and 429,000 deaths, mostly young children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hybrid protein offers malaria protection|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hybrid-protein-offers-malaria-protection|website=sciencenews.org|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2015 || Scientific development || International research team, using [[wikipedia:DNA sequencing|DNA sequencing]], manage manages to assess the extent to which geographical barriers in the [[wikipedia:Amazon rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] affect genetic variation among malaria vector ''[[wikipedia:Anopheles darlingi|Anopheles darlingi]]'' populations.<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA sequencing shows divergent genomes in malaria vectors of Brazilian rainforest|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151102083720.htm|website=sciencedaily.com|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Amazon basin|Amazon basin]]
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2014]]
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2015]]
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2016]]
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2017]]
