63,067
edits
Changes
no edit summary
== Development summary ==
*'''Parasites''': Probability of malaria infection in humans is linked to [[wikipedia:parasitemia|parasitemia]] in vectors. Compound that blocks the parasite is obtained.*'''Vectors''': Infection risk is found to be higher in cattle sheds. Drug-resistant vectors become urgent concerns. Mosquitofish are proposed for vector control.
*'''Drugs, vaccines, treatment, and control methods''': Testing methods are introduced. Advances on immunity are made. Positive effects on other diseases are found in antimalarial drug.
*'''Eradication and control progress''':Epidemics break out in Southern Africa. == Key figures == {| class="wikitable"| '''Global cases''' | 219 million in 90 countries.<ref name="Malaria">{{cite web |title=Malaria |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria |website=who.int |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>|-| '''Global deaths''' | 435,000.<ref name="Malaria"/>|-| '''Distribution''' | The [[W:WHO regions|WHO African Region]] carries 92% of malaria cases and 93% of malaria deaths. Five countries account for nearly half of all malaria cases worldwide: {{w|Nigeria}} (25%), the {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} (11%), {{w|Mozambique}} (5%), {{w|India}} (4%) and {{w|Uganda}} (4%).<ref name="Malaria"/>|-| '''Malaria financing''' | Total funding for control and elimination is estimated at US$3.1 billion. Contributions from governments of endemic countries reach US$900 million, representing 28% of total funding.<ref name="Malaria"/>|-|}
== Timeline ==
| June 15 || Scientific development || Researchers at [[wikipedia:University de Maine|University de Maine]] and [[wikipedia:Columbia University|Columbia University]] show how temperature rise in the last 35 years generated favorable conditions for malaria spread in the [[wikipedia:Ethiopian Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]], an area previously out of malaria risk due to low temperature.<ref>{{cite web|title=El calentamiento climático favorece la propagación de la malaria en Etiopía|url=http://www.tribunanoticias.mx/el-calentamiento-climatico-favorece-la-propagacion-de-la-malaria-en-etiopia/|website=tribunanoticias.mx|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
|-
|July 5 || Scientific development (parasite) || Study at {{w|Instituto de Medicina Molecular}} in {{w|Lisbon}} reveals for the first time that the parasite's rate of replication depends on the calories ingested by the host.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria parasites able to sense their hosts calorie intake|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-07-malaria-parasites-hosts-calorie-intake.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Portugal}}|-| July 13 || Prevention || German chemicals company {{w|BASF}} releases {{w|mosquito net}} containing new class of insecticide based on {{w|chlorfenapyr}}, that the company hopes will aid the fight against malaria.<ref>{{cite web|title=BASF unveils new mosquito net in battle against malaria|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-basf-se-malaria-idUSKBN19Y0VV|website=reuters.com|accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New insecticide-treated mosquito net to fight against malaria|url=http://www.africanreview.com/manufacturing/industry/new-class-of-insecticide-to-prevent-malaria-is-introduced-in-more-than-30-years|website=africanreview.com|accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BASF unveils breakthrough insecticide for malaria control|url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/20170713/BASF-unveils-breakthrough-insecticide-for-malaria-control.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| July 27 || Drug || Indian pharmaceutical {{w|Cipla}} launches a drug used for the treatment of severe malaria in young children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cipla launches anti-malaria drug for young children Read more at: //economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/59756318.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/cipla-launches-anti-malaria-drug-for-young-children/articleshow/59756318.cms |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|India}}|-| August 21 || Drug || Medical scientists launch a patient trial for “KAF156”, a next-generation anti-malarial compound with the potential to treat drug-resistant strains of the malaria parasite in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists begin trial for multi-drug resistant malaria in Africa |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/foreign/africa/241035-scientists-begin-trial-multi-drug-resistant-malaria-africa.html |website=premiumtimesng.com |accessdate=21 December 2018}}</ref> |||-| September 13 || Drug || Researchers at {{w|Tulane University}} develop AQ-13, a drug that is effective against non-severe cases of malaria. The drug is able to clear the parasite responsible for the disease within a week, matching the effectiveness of the most widely used treatment regimen.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Tulane University drug effective against malaria |url=https://news.tulane.edu/pr/new-tulane-university-drug-effective-against-malaria |website=tulane.edu |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| September 16 || Scientific development || Researchers at the {{w|Walter and Eliza Hall Institute}} in {{w|Melbourne}} discover that {{w|carbohydrate}}s play a vital role in the malaria parasite's infection of humans. The discovery is expected to lead to more effective vaccines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian researchers make malaria breakthrough |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/am/australian-researchers-make-malaria-breakthrough/8952198 |website=abc.net.au |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}|-| September 28 || Scientific development (treatment) || Two papers from the Malaria Research Institute at the {{w|Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health}} report promising strategies against malaria, one having discovered a strain of bacteria that can spread rapidly and persist long-term among malaria-carrying mosquitoes. A genetically modified version of that strain strongly suppresses development of the malaria parasite, making the mosquitoes much less likely to transmit these parasites to humans. A second study shows that a genetic modification that boosted the immune system of malaria-carrying mosquitoes not only suppresses malaria parasites in the insects but also can spread quickly. The findings are expected to lead the development of bacteria and mosquitoes that would be released into mosquito populations in the wild, then propagate on their own to reduce malaria transmission to humans in endemic areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Ways of Making Malaria-Proof Mosquitoes |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/09/two-ways-of-making-malaria-proof-mosquitoes/541407/ |website=theatlantic.com |accessdate=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Promising results seen for two genetic weapons against malaria |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/09/28/malaria-transmission-studies/ |website=hub.jhu.edu |accessdate=17 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Unitd States}}|-| October 3 || Scientific development || Researchers at the {{w|University of Iowa}} Carver College of Medicine show that targeting an immune checkpoint molecule at the right time during infection allows mice to quickly clear malaria infections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Immunotherapy for Treating Malaria? |url=https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/immunotherapy-for-treating-malaria/ |website=genengnews.com |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| October 26 || Scientific development || Researchers at the {{w|National Institutes of Health}} identify new targets for anti-malaria drugs, and show that the deadliest malaria parasite needs two proteins to infect red blood cells and exit the cells after it multiplies.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIH study identifies new targets for anti-malaria drugs |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-identifies-new-targets-anti-malaria-drugs |website=nih.gov |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| November 17 || Scientific development (treatment) || Researchers at Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP) and {{w|UC San Diego School of Medicine}} find that {{w|chloroquine}}, which is used to prevent and treat malaria may also be effective for {{w|Zika virus}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-malaria drug shows promise as Zika virus treatment |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-11/spmd-ads111517.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| December 4 || Scientific development (parasite) || Research group at {{w|Osaka University}} discovers that proteins called RIFIN expressed on erythrocytes infected with ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' help the parasite to suppress the host immune response, causing severe malaria. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of effective vaccines and therapeutic drugs against malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discovery of key molecules involved in severe malaria |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171204095008.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}|-| December 14 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers at the {{w|Indiana University School of Medicine}} identify a way to block the ability of parasites that cause malaria to shield themselves against drug treatments in infected mice. The finding is expected lead to the development of new approaches to combat malaria in humans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers identify way to weaken malaria parasites against popular drug treatment |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-12-weaken-malaria-parasites-popular-drug.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-|} == Visual data == === Google Trends === The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Malaria (Disease), Dengue fever (Disease), Yellow fever (Disease), Zika fever (Disease) and Chikungunya virus infection (Disease), from January 2017 to December 2017, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2017-01-01%202017-12-31&q=%2Fm%2F0542n,%2Fm%2F09wsg,%2Fm%2F087z2,%2Fm%2F02vkznh,%2Fm%2F01__7l |website=Google Trends |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> [[File:Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection 2017.png|thumb|center|600px]]
== See also ==
* [[Timeline of malaria]]
* [[Timeline of malaria in 2014]]
* [[Timeline of malaria in 2015]]
* [[Timeline of malaria in 2016]]
* [[Timeline of malariain 2018]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
