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| 1973 || || "John Venables and CJ Harland observe electron backscatter patterns (EBSP) in the scanning electron microscope. EBSP provide quantitative microstructural information about the crystallographic nature of metals, minerals, semiconductors and ceramics."<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1978 || || German scientists [[w:Thomas Cremer|Thomas]] and {{w|Christoph Cremer }} design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&dq=1978+Thomas+and+Christoph+Cremer++confocal+laser+scanning+microscope,+which+scans+an+object+using+a+focused+laser+beam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1978%20Thomas%20and%20Christoph%20Cremer%20%20confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscope%2C%20which%20scans%20an%20object%20using%20a%20focused%20laser%20beam&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1981 || || German physicist {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and Swiss physicist {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} develop the {{w|scanning tunneling microscope}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition |edition=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT410&dq=1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualise individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
