Changes

Jump to: navigation, search

Timeline of microscopy

822 bytes added, 13:26, 30 January 2019
no edit summary
| 19th century || Achromatic microscopes are invented in the first half of the century.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> By the late 1800s, effective illumination sources develop, opening the way for the modern era of microscopy.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Glassy |first1=Mark C. |title=Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BJ1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref>
|-
| 20th century || Early in the century, a significant alternative to traditional light microscopes is developed using electrons rather than light to generate an image.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The first electron microscope is invented by {{w|Max Knoll}} and {{w|Ernst Ruska}}, blasting past the optical limitations of the light. By the late 1930s, electron microscopes with theoretical resolutions of 10 nm are designed and produced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy">{{cite web |last1=Palucka |first1=Tim |title=Overview of Electron Microscopy |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/ElectronMicroscope/EM_HistOverview.htm |website=caltech.edu |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> The second major development for microscopes in the 20th century is the evolution of the mass market.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> The first commercial transmission electron microscopes are marketed in the 1950s.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The 1960s through the 1990s produce many innovative instruments and trends on electron microscopy.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> In the 1970s, sufficient information on ultrastructural pathology becomes accumulated to allow the use of the {{w|electron microscope}} as a diagnostic tool.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors"/> In the 1980s, the first scanning probe microscopes are developed and are closely followed by the invention of the atomic force microscope.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/>
|-
| 21st century || Dino-Lite Digital microscopes become one of the more original innovations since the 21st century. Dino-Lite are handheld digital microscopes.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
|-
| 1932 || Technology development || {{w|Frits Zernike}} develops phase contrast illumination, which allows the imaging of transparent samples. By using interference rather than absorption of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
|-
| 1935 || || The first scanning electron microscopes are introduced.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> ||
|-
| 1936 || Technology development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field emission microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1965 || Organization || The {{w|Israel Society for Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website |url=http://www.ismicroscopy.org.il/ |website=ismicroscopy.org.il |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
|-
| 1965 || Technology development || The first commercial scanning electron microscope becomes available.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> ||
|-
| 1967 || Technology development || {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the {{w|field ion microscope}}, and develops the {{w|atom probe}} field ion microscope.<ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|United States}}
| 1986 || Recognition || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} is awarded jointly to {{w|Ernst Ruska}} (for his work on the electron microscope), along with {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} (for the scanning tunnelling microscope).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1986 || Technology development || {{w|Gerd Binnig}}, {{w|Christoph Gerber}} and {{w|Calvin Quate}} introduce the {{w|atomic force microscope}} (AFM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Anniversary issues |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2016.64 |website=nature.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> ||
|-
| 1988 || Technology development || {{w|Alfred Cerezo}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and {{w|George D. W. Smith}} introduce the {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
62,430
edits

Navigation menu