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Timeline of microscopy

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! Time period !! Development summary
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| 13th century || The development of lenses in {{w|eyeglasses}} probably leads to the wide spread use of simple microscopes (single lens {{w|magnifying glass}}es) with limited magnification.<ref>Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica, Volume 30, La Fondazione-1975, page 554</ref>"<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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| 14th century || Spectacles are first made in {{w|Italy}}.<ref name="History of Microscopes">{{cite web |title=History of Microscopes |url=https://www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |website=microscope.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref>
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| 16th century || Zaccharias and Hans Janssen develop what might be considered the first microscope. |-| 17th century || Before the century, almose almost no one suspected there was life too small to see with the naked eye, with fleas thought to be the smallest possible form of life.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> {{w|Johannes Kepler}} is generally considered by neuroscentists as the first to recognize that images are projected, inverted and reversed by the eye's lens onto the {{w|retina}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/> "Then, in By the mid 17th century, an Englishman, {{w|Robert Hooke }} and a Dutchman, Anthony Van {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek took }} take the microscope to new levels"of development.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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| 18th century || Looking through lenses becomes very popular, with many having a microscope when able to afford.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/>
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| 19th century || Achromatic microscopes are invented in the first half of the century.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> By the late 1800s, effective illumination sources develop, opening the way for the modern era of microscopy.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Glassy |first1=Mark C. |title=Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BJ1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref>
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| 20th century || Early in the century, a significant alternative to traditional light microscopes is developed using electrons rather than light to generate an image.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The first electron microscope is invented by {{w|Max Knoll}} and {{w|Ernst Ruska}}, blasting past the optical limitations of the light. By the late 1930s, electron microscopes with theoretical resolutions of 10 nm are designed and produced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy">{{cite web |last1=Palucka |first1=Tim |title=Overview of Electron Microscopy |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/ElectronMicroscope/EM_HistOverview.htm |website=caltech.edu |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> The second major development for microscopes in the 20th century is the evolution of the mass market.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> The first commercial transmission electron microscopes are marketed in the 1950s.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The 1960s through the 1990s produce many innovative instruments and trends on electron microscopy.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> In the 1970s, sufficient information on ultrastructural pathology becomes accumulated to allow the use of the {{w|electron microscope}} as a diagnostic tool.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors"/> In the 1980s, the first scanning probe microscopes are developed and are closely followed by the invention of the atomic force microscope.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/>
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| 21st century || Dino-Lite Digital microscopes , a series of handheld digital devices, become one of the more original innovations since in the 21st new century. Dino-Lite are handheld digital microscopes.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
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| ~700 BC || Technological development || Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians start polishing quartz crystals as an attempt to replicate optical habilities of water. The {{w|Nimrud lens}} is on of the most famous examples.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Egypt}}, {{w|Irak}}|-| 167 BC || Technological development || Simple microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in {{w|China}}.<ref name="Bardell2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bardell|first1=David|title=The Invention of the Microscope|journal=Bios|date=May 2004|volume=75|issue=2|pages=78–84|jstor=4608700}}</ref> || {{w|China}}|-| 100 AD || Technological development || {{w|Glass}} is invented and the Romans looking through the glass and test it, discovering that if helding one of these “lenses” over an object, the object would look larger.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?">{{cite web |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope? |url=https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-history.aspx |website=microscopeworld.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| ~1000 AD || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stones, which are considered the first vision aids.<ref name="assdfg>"{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Harold A |last2=Stein |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwC&pg=PA154&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Glen |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tEC&pg=PA8&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|China}}|-| ~1021 AD || Literature (book)|| Arab physicist {{w|Ibn al-Haytham}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would eventually transform how light and vision are understood.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holcomb, |first1=George W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D |title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M. |title=Experimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Middle East}}|-| 1267 || Scientific development || English philosopher {{w|Roger Bacon}} suggests the idea of the {{w|telescope}} and the {{w|microscope}}.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}|-| 1284 || Technological development || Italian inventor {{w|Salvino D'Armati}} is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfg"/> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 167 BC 14th century || Technological development || Simple microscopes {{w|Spectacle}}s are first made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in {{w|ChinaItaly}}.<ref name="Bardell2004History of Microscopes">{{cite journal|last1=Bardell|first1=Davidweb |title=The Invention History of the MicroscopeMicroscopes |journalurl=Bioshttps://www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |datewebsite=May 2004microscope.com |volumeaccessdate=75|issue=2|pages=78–84|jstor=460870014 January 2019}}</ref>" || {{w|ChinaItaly}}
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| 100 AD 1590 || Technological development || Dutch spectacle makers, {{w|GlassZaccharias Janssen}} and his father Hans develop {{w|telescope}}s and what is invented and considered the Romans looking through first microscope, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, including the glass first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times.<ref name="Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and test it, discovering that if helding one in the Laboratory">{{cite book |last1=Mancini |first1=Keith |last2=Sidoriak |first2=John |title=Fundamentals of these “lenses” over an object, Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the object would look largerLaboratory |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bmxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?"/><ref>{{cite web book |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the MicroscopeSperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books? id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://wwwbooks.microscopeworldgoogle.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</t-history.aspx ref><ref name="Hair and Fibers">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |websiteurl=microscopeworldhttps://books.google.com |accessdate.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=14 January 2019false}}</ref> ||{{w|Netherlands}}
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| ~1000 AD 1609 || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stonesItalian scientist {{w|Galileo Galilei}} develops a compound microscope, which are considered the first vision aidswith a convex and a concave lenses both fitting into a tube.<ref name="assdfg>BiologyBiology"{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein Solomon |first1=Harold A Joan |last2=Stein O'Brien |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I Pat |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwCStPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA154PA5&dq=10001609+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,Galileo+calledGalilei+a+reading+stone,+iscompound+inventedmicroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD1609%2020Galileo%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called20Galilei%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is20compound%20invented20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moulton Smolyaninov |first1=Glen Igor I |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) Hyperbolic Metamaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tECzD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8SA2-PA1&dq=10001609+ADGalileo+%22The+first+vision+aid,+calledGalilei+a+reading+stone,+iscompound+inventedmicroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%201609%22The20Galileo%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called20Galilei%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is20compound%20invented20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|ChinaItaly}}
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| ~1021 AD 1619 || Technological development || Arab physicist Dutch inventor {{w|Ibn al-HaythamCornelius Drebbel}} presents in {{w|London}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result earliest recorded description of investigations based on experimental evidencea {{w|compound microscope}}. The book would eventually transform how light instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, and vision are understoodsupported on 3 brass dolphins.<ref>Jerome Ch'en, {{cite book w|last1=HolcombNicholas Tarling}}, Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, |first1page 215</ref><ref name=George W. |last2=Ostlie "The Origins of the Telescope">{{cite book|first2author1=Daniel J Albert Van Helden|last3author2=Murphy Sven Dupré|first3author3=Jerry D Rob van Gent|title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print The Origins of the Telescope|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJXguxYlYd-9EC&pg=PA1099&dqPA24|year=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl2010|publisher=en&saAmsterdam University Press|isbn=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al978-90-6984-615-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f6|page=false24}}</ref><ref>{{cite Cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M. |title=Experimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQCkCSdiZcsWNsC&pg=PT145PA5&dq=%22102122Cornelis+Drebbel%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hlmicroscope#PPP1,M1 |title=en&saThe Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisher=X&vedBooks.google.be |date=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v2008-11-30|accessdate=onepage&q2010-08-06|isbn=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al978-1-4437-2594-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false1}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Middle East}}
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| 1267 1624 || Technological development || English philosopher A {{w|Roger Baconcompound microscope}} suggests the idea of the is exhibited in {{w|telescope}} and the {{w|microscopeRome}}.<ref name="The Science BookRaymond J. Seeger 2016, page 24">Raymond J. Seeger, Men of Physics: Big Ideas Simply ExplainedGalileo Galilei, His Life and His Works, Elsevier - 2016, page 24</ref><ref name="J. William Rosenthal 1996, page 391">J. William Rosenthal, Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing, 1996, page 391</ref> || {{w|United KingdomItaly}}
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| 1284 1625 || Literature (book) || Italian scientist {{w|Salvino D’ArmateFederico Cesi}} from Italy is credited with inventing publishes his ''{{w|Apiarium}}'', perhaps the first wearable eye glassesscientific work to which the microscope is applied systematically.<ref name="History of MicroscopesGalileo Engineer">{{cite book |last1=Valleriani |first1=Matteo |title=Galileo Engineer |url=https:/>/books.google.com.ar/books?id=8IF6pZphWO4C&pg=PA57&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeh-7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=false}}</ref name="assdfg"/> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 14th century 1625 || Scientific development || German papal doctor {{w|SpectacleGiovanni Faber}}s are first made in {{w|Italy}}coins the name ''microscope''.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics">{{cite web book |last1=Rochow |first1=Theodore G. |last2=Tucker |first2=Paul A. |title=History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Microscopes Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics |url=https://wwwbooks.microscopegoogle.com.ar/educationbooks?id=ns8-center/microscopesRX9121sC&pg=PA2&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeh-1017Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=false}}</history-ref><ref name="Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture">{{cite book |last1=Eamon |first1=William |title=Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of-microscopes/ Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture |websiteurl=microscopehttps://books.google.com |accessdate.ar/books?id=rB3cIVVq-YUC&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&source=14 January 2019gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> || {{w|ItalyGermany}}
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| 1590 1665 || Scientific development || Dutch spectacle makers, English physicist {{w|Zaccharias JanssenRobert Hooke}} observes living cells and his father Hans develop both telescopes and microscopespublishes ''Micrographia'', while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, including which he coins the term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using the first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hair and FibersThe Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1609 1675 || Scientific development || Italian Dutch scientist {{w|Galileo GalileiAntonie van Leeuwenhoek}} develops manages to use a compound microscope, with a convex one lens to observe insects and a concave lenses both fitting into a tubeother specimen.<ref name="BiologyBiology">Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe {{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Joan w|last2=O'Brien |first2=Pat |title=Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA5&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=falsebacteria}}</ref>.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1name=Smolyaninov |first1=Igor I |title=Hyperbolic Metamaterials |url=https"The Science Book:Big Ideas Simply Explained"//books.google.com.ar/books?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 1619 1830 || Technological development || Earliest recorded description of a British physicist {{w|compound microscopeJoseph Jackson Lister}} by Dutch inventor develops a method to construct lens systems avoiding the effects of spherical aberration.<ref>{{wcite book |last1=North |Cornelius Drebbel}}, presented in {{wfirst1=John |London}}. title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, Commonwealth and supported on 3 brass dolphinsInternational Library: Liberal Studies Division |url=https://books.<ref>Jerome Ch'google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en, [[Nicholas Tarling]], Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, page 215&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Origins of the Telescope">{{cite book|author1last1=Holmes |first1=Albert Van HeldenJohn |author2last2=Sven DupréRuston |author3first2=Rob van GentSharon |title=The Origins of the TelescopeRoutledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XguxYlYd-9EC_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|yearPA319&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2010|publisher0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=Amsterdam University Press|isbnonepage&q=978-90-6984-615-6|page1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=24false}}</ref><ref>{{Cite cite book|title=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kCSdiZcsWNsCFIVUAAAAMAAJ&pgq=PA51830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=%22Cornelis1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+Drebbel%22weak+microscope#PPP1,M1 |titlelenses&hl=The Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisheren&sa=Books.google.be |dateX&ved= 2008-11-30|accessdate=2010-08-06|isbn=978-1-4437-2594-10ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1625 1830 || Technological development || German papal doctor {{[[w:Achromatic lens|Giovanni Faber}} first coins the name ''microscope''Achromatic microscopes]] are invented.<ref name="History of MicroscopesBiologyBiology"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1665 1833 || Scientific development || English physicist {{Scottish scientist [[w:Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Hooke}} observes living cells and publishes ''Micrographia'', in which he coins Brown]] becomes the term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using first to describe his observation of the microscopenucleus in plant cells.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply ExplainedBiologyBiology"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1675 1839 || Organization || Dutch scientist The {{w|Antonie van LeeuwenhoekRoyal Microscopical Society}} manages to use a microscope with one lens to observe insects and other specimen. Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe founded in {{w|bacteriaLondon}}.<ref name>{{cite web |title="History Royal Microscopical Society's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Microscopes"Employees, Funding and Acquisitions |url=https:/>/www.owler.com/company/royalmicroscopicalsociety |website=owler.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1830 1841 || Literature (journal) || British physicist The ''{{w|Joseph Jackson ListerJournal of Microscopy}} develops a method to construct lens systems avoiding '' is first published by the effects of spherical aberration.<ref>{{cite book w|last1=North |first1=John |title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The Commonwealth and International Library: Liberal Studies Division |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=falseRoyal Microscopical Society}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmes |first1=John |last2=Ruston |first2=Sharon web |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science This History of the Royal Microscopical Society |url=https://bookswww.googlerms.comorg.aruk/books?id=_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}<about/ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Britannica history-of-the-rms.html |urlwebsite=https://booksrms.googleorg.com.ar/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ&q=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&veduk |accessdate=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1830 1850s || Technological development || Achromatic microscopes are inventedAmerican scientist {{w|John Leonard Riddell}} at {{w|Tulane University}}, develops the first practical binocular microscope.<ref name="BiologyBiologyRiddell">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Address on Medical Biography: Delivered Before the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Transactions of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA109&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1833 1863 || Technological development || Scottish scientist Robert Brown becomes English microscopist {{w|Henry Clifton Sorby}} pioneers the first to describe his observation use of metallurgical microscope for investigating the nucleus microstructure of a variety of materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=C. |title=Experimental Techniques in plant cellsMaterials and Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref name><ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url="BiologyBiology"https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1850s 1860s || Scientific development || American scientist German physicist {{w|John Leonard RiddellErnst Abbe}} at discovers the {{w|Tulane UniversityAbbe sine condition}}, develops the first practical binocular a breakthrough in microscopedesign, which until then was largely based on trial and error.<ref name="RiddellFrom MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst Madou |first1=John Marc J. |title=Address on Medical BiographyFrom MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Delivered Before the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJIBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21PA292&dq=%221850..1859%221860s+JohnErnst+LeonardAbbe+RiddellAbbe+sine+first+practical+binocular+microscope.condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard20Ernst%20Riddell20Abbe%2020Abbe%20first20sine%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.20condition&f=false}}</ref><ref>|| {{cite book w|last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Transactions of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA109&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=falseGermany}}</ref> ||
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| 1863 1878 || Scientific development || English microscopist {{w|Henry Clifton SorbyErnst Abbe}} pioners the use of metallurgical microscope for inverstigating the microstructures of develops a variety of materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=C. |title=Experimental Techniques in Materials and Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+mathematical theory linking resolution to+observe+structure+of+meteoriteslight wavelength.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?idname=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+"History of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}<Microscopes"/ref> || {{w|United KingdomGermany}}
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| 1860s 1879 || Scientific development || Using the microscope, German physicist biologist {{w|Ernst AbbeWalter Flemming}} discovers the cell {{w|mitosis}} and {{w|Abbe sine conditionchromosome}}s, a breakthrough in microscope design, which until then was largely based on trial and errorscientifc achievement recognized as one of the most importants of all time.<ref name="From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and ApplicationsHistory of Microscopes">{{cite book |last1=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1878 1880 || Technological development || The first {{w|Ernst Abbemicrotome}} develops a mathematical theory linking resolution s begin to light wavelengthbe used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in order to improve sample.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1879 1893 || Technological development || German biologist professo {{w|Walter FlemmingAugust Köhler}} discovers cell mitosis and chromosomes, achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a scientifc achievement recognized as one perfectly defocused image of the most importants light source to illuminate the sample. The now called {{w|Kohler illumination}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of all timea uniformly illuminated specimen, a bright image and minimal glare.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory"/> ||{{w|Germany}}
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| 1880 1897 || Scientific development || The first microtomes begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared American physicist {{w|R.W. Wood}} describes the phenomenon of the [[w:Field electron emission |field emission of electrons]], the process of emitting electrons from an extremely small area of a cathodic surface in order to improve samplethe presence of a strong electric field.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> ||{{w|United States}}
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| 1893 1900 || Technological development || German professo {{w|August Köhler}} achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image The theoretic limit of the resolution for visible light source to illuminate the sample. The now called microscopes (2000 {{w|Kohler illuminationÅ}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a uniformly illuminated specimen, a bright image and minimal glare) is reached. <ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1900 1903 || Technological development || The theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 Austrian-Hungarian chemist {{w|ÅRichard Zsigmondy}}) is reacheddevelops the ultra-microscope, which allows the study of objects below the wavelenght of light. <ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfg"/> ||{{w|Austria}}
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| 1903 1904 || Technological development || Austrian-Hungarian chemist {{w|Richard ZsigmondyCarl Zeiss}} develops introduces the ultra-first commercial UV microscope, which allows the study objects below the wavelenght with resolution twice that of a visible lightmicroscope.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfg"/> || {{w|Austria}}
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| 1904 1924 || Scientific development || French physicist {{w|Carl ZeissLouis de Broglie}} introduces develops his theory showing that particles have wave properties and very short wavelenghts. This discovery would allow the first commercial UV microscope with resolution twice that development of a visible light the {{w|electron microscope}}.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> ||{{w|France}}
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| 1928 1927 || Scientific development || Irish German physicist {{w|Edward Hutchinson SyngeHans Busch}} publishes his theory underlying the {{w|near-demonstrates that a suitably shaped magnetic field scanning optical microscope}}could be used as a lens to create electron microscopes.<ref>{{cite book |titlename=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |edition=Alberto Diaspro"Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}<Rays, or Acoustics"/ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicklaus |first1=Mischa |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book w|title=Progress in Optics |edition=Emil Wolf |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA145&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=falseGermany}}</ref> ||
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| 1931 1928 || Scientific development || German Irish physicist {{w|Ernst RuskaEdward Hutchinson Synge}} along with publishes his theory underlying the {{w|Max Krollnear-field scanning optical microscope}} at the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1title=Leong Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |first1edition=Anthony SAlberto Diaspro, Marc A. YM. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul EJ. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors van Zandvoort |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cCCBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33PA51&dq=%22in1928+Edward+1938%22Hutchinson+%7CelectronSynge+microscope+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1928%22in20Edward%20193820Hutchinson%22%20%7Celectron20Synge%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Long Nicklaus |first1=Nicholas Mischa |last2title=Wong |first2=WingTip-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJjrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3PA123&dq=19311928+Edward+Hutchinson+ernstSynge+ruskamicroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=19311928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20ernst20Synge%20ruska20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances Progress in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 Optics |edition=Emil Wolf |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJO4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA56PA145&dq=19311928+ernstEdward+ruskaHutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=19311928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20ernst20Synge%20ruska20microscope&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1932 1931 || Technological development || Dutch German physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeErnst Ruska}} invents along with {{w|Max Kroll}} at the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the phase-contrast transmission electron microscope, which allows for the first time the study .<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony S. Y. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of transparent biological materialsAnaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA33&dq=%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="History The Chemistry of MicroscopesMolecular Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|NetherlandsGermany}}
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| 1932 || Technological development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits Zernike}} develops invents the phase -contrast illuminationmicroscope, which allows for the first time the imaging study of transparent samplesbiological materials. By using interference rather than absorption of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1936 1935 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field emission microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscopeThe first scanning electron microscopes are introduced.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=httpsBiology Run Amok!://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary The Life Science Lessons of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1936 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} applies the principle of field emission of electrons to a negatively charged very fine tip of tungsten wire in the high vacuum of a cathode-ray tube. In this field-electron microscope, Müller obtains a pattern on the fluorescent screen that represents the array of atoms.<ref name="Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> |||-| 1936 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field emission microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 1936 || Scientific development || Russian scientist {{w|Sergei Jakowlewitsch Sokolow}} proposes a device for producing magnified views of structure with 3-GHz sound waves, giving birth to the notion of {{w|acoustic microscopy}}.<ref>S. Sokolov, USSR Patent no. 49 (31 Aug. 1936), British Patent no. 477,139, 1937, and {{w|US Patent|2164125}}, 1939.</ref> || {{w|Russia}}|-| 1937 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Manfred Von Ardenne}} in {{w|Berlin}} produces the earliest scanning-transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1938 || Technological development || Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus at the {{w|University of Toronto}}, working under the direction of Eli Burton, produce the advanced Toronto Model electron microscope that would later become the basis for Radio Corporation of America's Model B, the first commercial electron microscope in {{w|North America}}.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Canada}} |-| 1938 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} at {{w|Siemens}} produces the firt commercial {{w|electron microscope}} in the world.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1938 || Technological development || [[w:Canadians|Canadian]]-[[w:Americans|American]] scientist and {{w|Ernst RuskaJames Hillier}} at designs and builds, with Albert Prebus, the first successful high-resolution {{w|Siemenselectron microscope}} produces the firt commercial in {{w|electron microscopeNorth America}} in the world.<ref name>{{cite journal|author=Newberry, Sterling|title=Obituary: James Hillier|journal=Physics Today|date=September 2007|volume="History of Microscopes"60|issue=9|pages=87–88|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/60/9/10.1063/1.2784698|doi=10.1063/1.2784698}}</ref> || {{w|GermanyCanada}}
|-
| 1938 1939 || Technological development || [[w:Canadians|Canadian]]-[[w:Americans|American]] scientist and {{w|James HillierSiemens}} designs and builds, with Albert Prebus, launches the first successful high-resolution commercial {{w|electron microscope}} in {{w|North America}}.<refname="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration">{{cite journal|author=Newberry, Sterlingbook |title=Obituary: James HillierVisual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration |journaledition=Physics Today|date=September 2007|volume=60|issue=9|pages=87–88Ursyn, Anna |url=httphttps://scitationbooks.aipgoogle.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/60/9/10com.1063ar/1.2784698|doibooks?id=MzdCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=~710+BC+%22The+Nimrud+lens&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR-Niz9YngAhXSILkGHVv1CfMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=~710%20BC%20%22The%20Nimrud%20lens&f=10.1063/1.2784698false}}</ref> || {{w|CanadaGermany}}
|-
| 1939 1930 || Scientific development || Dutch physicist {{w|SiemensFrits Zernike}} launches discovers he can view unstained cells using the first commercial {{phase angle of rays, and invents the [[w:Phase contrast microscopy|electron phase contrast microscope}}]].<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology IntegrationHistory of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |titlelast1=GHOSAL |last2=SABARI |last3=AVASTHI |last4=SHARMA |first4=Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration ANUPAMA |editiontitle=UrsynFUNDAMENTALS OF BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION, Anna SECOND EDITION |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MzdCDwAAQBAJVJNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65PA71&dq=~710In+1930+Frits+BCZernike+%22Theangle+Nimrudof+lensrays&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR-Niz9YngAhXSILkGHVv1CfMQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwiNx9WxhZHgAhVME7kGHYJrBhYQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=~710In%201930%20BC20Frits%2020Zernike%22The20angle%20Nimrud20of%20lens20rays&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|GermanyNetherlands}}
|-
| 1930 1942 || Technological development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeErnst Ruska}} discovers he could view unstained cells using improves on the phase angle of rays,transmission electron microscope (previously buil by Knoll and invents Ruska) by building the phase contrast first scanning electron microscope. His innovartion would not introduced until(SEM) that transmits a beam of electrons across the specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=GHOSAL |last2=SABARI |last3=AVASTHI |last4=SHARMA |first4=ANUPAMA |title=FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION, SECOND EDITION |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VJNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=In+1930+Frits+Zernike+angle+of+rays&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNx9WxhZHgAhVME7kGHYJrBhYQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=In%201930%20Frits%20Zernike%20angle%20of%20rays&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
|-
| 1942 || Literature (book) || Canadian physicist {{w|Ernst RuskaEli Franklin Burton}} improves on the transmission electron microscope (previously buil by Knoll and Ruska) by building built the first scanning electron microscope (SEM) that transmits a beam of electrons across the specimenW.Kohl publish ''The Electron Microscope''.<ref name="History The Growth of MicroscopesElectron Microscopy">{{cite book |title=The Growth of Electron Microscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-IFp53_1-IC&pg=PA373&dq=1938+James+Hillier+builds+another+TEM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4zZnMgZHgAhWoHLkGHdfgDZgQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=1938%20James%20Hillier%20builds%20another%20TEM&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1942 || Organization || E.F Burton and W.Kohl publish ''The Electron Microscope''{{w|Microscopy Society of America}} is founded.<ref name="The Growth of Electron Microscopy">{{cite book web |title=The Growth A Brief History of Electron the Microscopy Society of America |url=https://bookswww.googlemicroscopy.comorg/about/history.ar/books?idcfm |website=o-IFp53_1-IC&pg=PA373&dq=1938+James+Hillier+builds+another+TEM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4zZnMgZHgAhWoHLkGHdfgDZgQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=1938%20James%20Hillier%20builds%20another%20TEM&fmicroscopy.org |accessdate=false30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1944 || Technological development || {{w|Electron microscope}}s with theoretical resolutions reduced to 2 nm are introduced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> ||
|-
| 1951 1949 || Organization || German physicist The {{w|Wilhelm MüllerGerman Society for Electron Microscopy}} invents the {{w|field ion microscope}} and becomes the first to see {{w|atom}}sis founded.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=DK |title=The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Volume 81 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Z4eKBgAAQBAJs6gMdNTTqG0C&pg=PT113PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=1951German+ErwinSociety+Wilhelmfor+Electron+Microscopy+M%C3221949%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.22&source=bl&ots=DBuKmmqJTY&sig=ACfU3U0fsUsxbifBVPFx3QezigDAoUNDYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEIKTAA2ahUKEwjg9OTVo5bgAhV-IrkGHVzgBaEQ6AEwBHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=1951German%20Erwin20Society%20Wilhelm20for%20M20Electron%C320Microscopy%BCller20%20invents221949%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1953 1948 || Organization || The {{w|Frits ZernikeNordic Microscopy Society}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize founded in Physics}} "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the {{w|phase contrast microscopeStockholm}}."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 Nordic Microscopy Society |url=https://www.nobelprizeomicsonline.org/prizessocieties/physics/1953/summarynordic-microscopy-society/ |website=nobelprizeomicsonline.org |accessdate=26 30 January 2019}}</ref> ||{{w|Sweden}}
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| 1955 1949 || Organization || Polish physicist The {{w|Georges Nomarski}} publishes the theoretical basis of {{w|Differential interference contrast microscopySwiss Society for Optics and Microscopy}}is formed. An optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.<ref>Nomarski, G. (1955). Microinterféromètre différentiel à ondes polarisées. J. Phys. Radium, Paris 16: 9S-11S</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigio |first1=Irving J. |last2=Fantini |first2=Sergio web |title=Quantitative Biomedical Swiss Society for Optics: Theory, Methods, and Applications Microscopy |url=https://booksnaturalsciences.google.com.arch/organisations/books?id=X7AkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}<ssom/ref><ref>{{cite book about_us |titlewebsite=Optical Shop Testing |edition=Daniel Malacara naturalsciences.ch |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qMHKB1mKFr4C&pg=PA736&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&faccessdate=false30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|FranceSwitzerland}}
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| 1957 1951 || Technological development || American cognitive scientist German physicist {{w|Marvin MinskyWilhelm Müller}} patents invents the principle of confocal imaging{{w|field ion microscope}} and becomes the first to see {{w|atom}}s.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=DK |title=The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained |url=https://books.google.com. Using a scanning point of light, confocal microscopy gives slightly higher resolution than conventional light microscopy ar/books?id=Z4eKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and makes it easier +is+the+first+to view ‘virtual slices’ through a thick specimen+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History A Biographical Dictionary of MicroscopesPeople in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> ||{{w|Germany}}
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| 1962 1951 || Organization || The {{w|Osamu ShimomuraInternational Federation of Societies for Microscopy}}, Frank Johnson and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the jellyfish ''{{w|Aequorea victoria}}''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to blue lightis founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Guy web |title=Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology IFSM, International Federation of Societies for Microscopy |url=https://bookscouncil.google.com.arscience/members/books?idifsm-international-federation-of-societies-for-microscopy |website=aqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=1962+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Shimomura%7D%7D,+Frank+Johnson+and+Yo+Saiga&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#vcouncil.science |accessdate=onepage&q=1962%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga&f=false30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1967 1953 || Recognition || {{w|Erwin Wilhelm MüllerFrits Zernike}} adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to is awarded the {{w|field ion microscopeNobel Prize in Physics}}"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, and develops especially for his invention of the {{w|atom probephase contrast microscope}} field ion microscope.<ref name>{{cite web |title="A Biographical Dictionary of People The Nobel Prize in EngineeringPhysics 1953 |url=https: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/>/www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1953/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1972 1955 || Technological development || "Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack develop Polish physicist {{w|Georges Nomarski}} publishes the theoretical basis of {{w|Differential interference contrast microscopy}}. An optical microscopy technique used to enhance the computerised axial tomography contrast in unstained, transparent samples.<ref>Nomarski, G. (CAT1955) scanner. With the help of a computerMicrointerféromètre différentiel à ondes polarisées. J. Phys. Radium, the device combines many XParis 16: 9S-ray images to generate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of internal organs 11S</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigio |first1=Irving J. |last2=Fantini |first2=Sergio |title=Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, Methods, and structuresApplications |url=https://books.google."com.ar/books?id=X7AkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref name><ref>{{cite book |title=Optical Shop Testing |edition=Daniel Malacara |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id="History of Microscopes"qMHKB1mKFr4C&pg=PA736&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref> ||{{w|France}}
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| 1973 1956 || Organization || "John Venables and CJ Harland observe electron backscatter patterns (EBSP) in the scanning electron microscope. EBSP provide quantitative microstructural information about the crystallographic nature The {{w|Italian Society of metals, minerals, semiconductors and ceramicsMicroscopical Sciences}} is founded."<ref name>{{cite web |title=About SISM |url=https://www.sism.it/SISM |website=sism.it |accessdate="History of Microscopes"30 January 2019}}</ref> ||{{w|Italy}}
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| 1978 1957 || Technological development || Thomas and Christoph Cremer design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes.<ref>American cognitive scientist {{cite book w|last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials |url=https://booksMarvin Minsky}} patents the principle of confocal imaging.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&dq=1978+Thomas+and+Christoph+Cremer++confocal+laser+Using a scanning+microscopepoint of light,+which+scans+an+object+using+confocal microscopy gives slightly higher resolution than conventional light microscopy and makes it easier to view ‘virtual slices’ through a+focused+laser+beam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1978%20Thomas%20and%20Christoph%20Cremer%20%20confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscope%2C%20which%20scans%20an%20object%20using%20a%20focused%20laser%20beam&f=false}}</ref>thick specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1981 1957 || Organization || German physicist {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and Swiss physicist {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} develop the {{w|scanning tunneling microscope}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic levelThe Belgian Comitee of Electron Microscopy is founded.<ref>{{cite book web |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition |edition=CTI Reviews Electron Microscopy in Belgium |url=httpshttp://booksmicroscopy.googlebe/images/About/VanDyck.compdf |website=microscopy.ar/books?idbe |accessdate=Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT410&dq=1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=false30 January 2019}}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualise individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||{{w|Belgium}}
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| 1981 1959 || Scientific development || Dunn and Fry perform the first {{w|Gerd Binnigacoustic microscopy}} and experiments, though not at very high frequencies.<ref>{{wcite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Floyd|title=Ultrasonic Absorption Microscope|Heinrich Rohrer}} invent journal=The Journal of the scanning tunneling microscope, making {{wAcoustical Society of America|volume=31|pages=632|year=1959|doi=10.1121/1.1907767|3-Dissue=5 }} specimen images possible.</ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1986 1962 || Scientific development || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} is awarded jointly to {{w|Ernst RuskaOsamu Shimomura}} , Frank Johnson and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (for his work on GFP) in the electron microscope), along with jellyfish ''{{w|Gerd BinnigAequorea victoria}} and ''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to blue light.<ref>{{wcite book |last1=Cox |first1=Guy |title=Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology |Heinrich Rohrerurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=1962+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Shimomura%7D%7D,+Frank+Johnson+and+Yo+Saiga&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1962%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga&f=false}} (for the scanning tunnelling microscope).</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1986 1965 || Organization || The {{w|Gerd BinnigIsrael Society for Microscopy}}, is founded.<ref>{{wcite web |title=The Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website |url=http://www.ismicroscopy.org.il/ |website=ismicroscopy.org.il |Christoph Gerberaccessdate=30 January 2019}} and {{w</ref> ||Calvin Quate}} invent the {{w|atomic force microscopeIsrael}} (AFM). ||
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| 1988 1965 || || {{w|Alfred Cerezo}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and {{w|George D. W. Smith}} invent the {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-Technological development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |website=researchgateThe first commercial scanning electron microscope becomes available.net |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |urlname=https"Biology Run Amok!://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-The Life Science Lessons of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |accessdate=30 January 2019}}<Science Fiction Cinema"/ref> ||
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| 1988 1967 || Technological development || Japanese scientist {{w|Kingo ItayaErwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling field ion microscope}}, and develops the {{w|atom probe}} field ion microscope.<refname="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/>{{cite web |title<ref name=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |url=http"A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering:From the Earliest Records Until 2000"//www.nanodic.com/nanocharacterization/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm > ||website=nanodic.com {{w|accessdate=30 January 2019United States}}</ref> ||
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| 1991 1970 || Technological development || The Korpel and Kessler begin to pursue a scanning laser detection system for {{w|Kelvin probe force microscopeacoustic microscopy}} is invented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadewasser |first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization |url=https://booksA.googleKorpel and L.comW.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vilarinho |first1=Paula Maria |last2=Rosenwaks |first2=Yossi |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |title=Scanning Probe Microscopy: CharacterizationKessler, Nanofabrication and Device Application “Comparison of Functional Materials: Proceedings methods of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterizationacoustic microscopy, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials” in ''Acoustical Holography'', Algarve, Portugal, 1 - 13 October 2002 |url=https://booksvol. 3 by A.googleF.comMetherell, Ed.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Mario |title=Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy, New York: Applications in Nanomaterials |url=https://books.googlePlenum, 1971, pp.com23–43.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1991 1971 || Organization || Japanese physicist The {{w|Sumio IijimaTurkish Society for Electron Microscopy}} discovers the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applicationsis founded.<ref name>{{cite web |title="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery SystemsTurkish Society for Electron Microscopy |url=http: Design and Fabrication"//www.temd.org/en/menu/14/tarihce |website=temd.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|JapanTurkey}}
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| 1992 1972 || Technological development || American molecular biologist English engineer {{w|Douglas PrasherGodfrey Hounsfield}} reports and South African physicist {{w|Allan Cormack}} develop the cloning of [[w:CT scan|computerized axial tomography]] (CAT) scanner (later known as {{w| green fluorescent proteinCT scan}} (GFP). This opens With the help of a computer, the way device combines many {{w|X-ray}} images to widespread use generate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of GFP internal organs and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy)structures.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> <ref>{{cite web |title=Godfrey Hounsfield | url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/godfrey-hounsfield |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{wcite book |title=An Introduction to Medical Physics |edition=Muhammad Maqbool |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5yc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing: Methodologies and Applications: Methodologies and Applications |edition=Srivastava, Rajeev |United Statesurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YOOWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1993–1996 1974 || Technological development || German physicist R. A. Lemons and C. F. Quate at the Microwave Laboratory of {{w|Stefan HellStanford University}} pioneers a new optical develop the first {{w|scanning acoustic microscope technology that allows the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possible. This results in a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy}}.<ref name>{{cite journal |author1=Lemons R. A. |author2=Quate C. F. | year = 1974 | title = Acoustic microscope—scanning version | url = | journal = Appl. Phys. Lett. | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 163–165 |doi ="History of Microscopes"10.1063/1.1655136 }}</ref> ||{{w|United States}}
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| 2010 1975 || Organization || Researchers at The {{w|University Microscopical Society of California, Los AngelesIreland}} use a cryoelectron microscope to see the atoms of a virusis established.<ref name>{{cite web |title="History of Microscopes"|url=https://microscopy.ie/history.php |website=microscopy.ie |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||{{w|Ireland}}
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| 1976 || Organization || The {{w|Committee of European Societies of Electron Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 190 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Td6oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=committee+of+european+societies+of+electron+microscopy+%22in+1976%22&source=bl&ots=8fm_UBvWi9&sig=ACfU3U1S8SAoGpCHzCqyCdEz-WI5jfBLzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEiJnQpJbgAhVAGbkGHQ8cCUwQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=committee%20of%20european%20societies%20of%20electron%20microscopy%20%22in%201976%22&f=false}}</ref> |||-| 1978 || Technological development || German scientists [[w:Thomas Cremer|Thomas]] and {{w|Christoph Cremer}} design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&dq=1978+Thomas+and+Christoph+Cremer++confocal+laser+scanning+microscope,+which+scans+an+object+using+a+focused+laser+beam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1978%20Thomas%20and%20Christoph%20Cremer%20%20confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscope%2C%20which%20scans%20an%20object%20using%20a%20focused%20laser%20beam&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 1981 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and Swiss physicist {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} develop the {{w|scanning tunneling microscope}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition |edition=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT410&dq=1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualize individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 1986 || Recognition || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} is awarded jointly to {{w|Ernst Ruska}} (for his work on the electron microscope), along with {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} (for the scanning tunnelling microscope).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 1986 || Technological development || An early digital microscope is made by Japanese company {{w|Hirox}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dish on the Digital Microscope |url=https://www.microscope-detective.com/digital-microscope.html |website=microscope-detective.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}|-| 1986 || Technological development || {{w|Gerd Binnig}}, {{w|Christoph Gerber}} and {{w|Calvin Quate}} introduce the {{w|atomic force microscope}} (AFM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Anniversary issues |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2016.64 |website=nature.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> |||-| 1988 || Technological development || {{w|Alfred Cerezo}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and {{w|George D. W. Smith}} introduce the {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| 1988 || Technological development || Japanese scientist {{w|Kingo Itaya}} invents the {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |url=http://www.nanodic.com/nanocharacterization/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm |website=nanodic.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| 1991 || Technological development || The {{w|Kelvin probe force microscope}} is invented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadewasser |first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vilarinho |first1=Paula Maria |last2=Rosenwaks |first2=Yossi |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |title=Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials, Algarve, Portugal, 1 - 13 October 2002 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Mario |title=Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy: Applications in Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> |||-| 1991 || Scientific development || Japanese physicist {{w|Sumio Iijima}} discovers the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applications.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/> || {{w|Japan}}|-| 1992 || Technological development || American molecular biologist {{w|Douglas Prasher}} reports the cloning of {{w|green fluorescent protein}} (GFP), opening the way to widespread use of GFP and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1993–1996 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Stefan Hell}} pioneers a new optical microscope technology that allows the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possible. This results in a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 1995 || Literature (journal) || Scientific journal ''{{w|Microscopy and Microanalysis}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KRIVANEK |first1=O. L. |last2=KUNDMANN |first2=M. K. |last3=KIMOTO |first3=K. |title=Spatial resolution in EFTEM elemental maps |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1998 || Organization || The {{w|European Microscopy Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Microscopy Society Celebrates its 20th Anniversary |url=https://www.imaging-git.com/news/european-microscopy-society-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary |website=imaging-git.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| 2010 || Technological development || Researchers at {{w|University of California, Los Angeles}} use [[w:cryoelectron microscope|cryogenic electron microscopy]] to see the atoms of a virus.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 2013 || Technological development || The {{w|Arriscope (surgical microscope)}} is presented to the public in a prototype version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Website of the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery |url=http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055724/http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 March 2010 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2019 }}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 2014 || Recognition || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} is awarded to {{w|Eric Betzig}}, {{w|Stefan Hell}} and {{w|William Moerner}} “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”, allowing microscopes to now ‘see’ matter smaller than 0.2 micrometres.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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