Changes

| 13th century || The development of lenses in {{w|eyeglasses}} probably leads to the wide spread use of simple microscopes (single lens {{w|magnifying glass}}es) with limited magnification.<ref>Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica, Volume 30, La Fondazione-1975, page 554</ref>"<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>

| 16th century || Zaccharias and Hans Janssen develop what might be considered the first microscope. |-| 17th century || Before the century, almose almost no one suspected there was life too small to see with the naked eye, with fleas thought to be the smallest possible form of life.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> {{w|Johannes Kepler}} is generally considered by neuroscentists as the first to recognize that images are projected, inverted and reversed by the eye's lens onto the {{w|retina}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/> "Then, in By the mid 17th century, an Englishman, {{w|Robert Hooke }} and a Dutchman, Anthony Van {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek took }} take the microscope to new levels"of development.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>

| 19th century || Achromatic microscopes are invented in the first half of the century.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> By the late 1800s, effective illumination sources develop, opening the way for the modern era of microscopy.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Glassy |first1=Mark C. |title=Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BJ1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref>

| 20th century || Early in the century, a significant alternative to traditional light microscopes is developed using electrons rather than light to generate an image.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The first electron microscope is invented by {{w|Max Knoll}} and {{w|Ernst Ruska}}, blasting past the optical limitations of the light. By the late 1930s, electron microscopes with theoretical resolutions of 10 nm are designed and produced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy">{{cite web |last1=Palucka |first1=Tim |title=Overview of Electron Microscopy |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/ElectronMicroscope/EM_HistOverview.htm |website=caltech.edu |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> The second major development for microscopes in the 20th century is the evolution of the mass market.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> The first commercial transmission electron microscopes are marketed in the 1950s.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The 1960s through the 1990s produce many innovative instruments and trends on electron microscopy.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> In the 1970s, sufficient information on ultrastructural pathology becomes accumulated to allow the use of the {{w|electron microscope}} as a diagnostic tool.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors"/> In the 1980s, the first scanning probe microscopes are developed and are closely followed by the invention of the atomic force microscope.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/>

| 21st century || Dino-Lite Digital microscopes , a series of handheld digital devices, become one of the more original innovations since in the 21st new century. Dino-Lite are handheld digital microscopes.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>

| ~700 BC || Technological development || Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians start polishing quartz crystals as an attempt to replicate optical habilities of water. The {{w|Nimrud lens}} is on of the most famous examples.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Egypt}}, {{w|Irak}}|-| 167 BC || Technological development || Simple microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in {{w|China}}.<ref name="Bardell2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bardell|first1=David|title=The Invention of the Microscope|journal=Bios|date=May 2004|volume=75|issue=2|pages=78–84|jstor=4608700}}</ref> || {{w|China}}|-| 100 AD || Technological development || {{w|Glass}} is invented and the Romans looking through the glass and test it, discovering that if helding one of these “lenses” over an object, the object would look larger.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?">{{cite web |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope? |url=https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-history.aspx |website=microscopeworld.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| ~1000 AD || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stones, which are considered the first vision aids.<ref name="assdfg>"{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Harold A |last2=Stein |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwC&pg=PA154&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Glen |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tEC&pg=PA8&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|China}}

| 167 BC ~1021 AD || Literature (book)|| Simple microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in Arab physicist {{w|ChinaIbn al-Haytham}}writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would eventually transform how light and vision are understood.<ref name="Bardell2004">{{cite journalbook |last1=BardellHolcomb, |first1=DavidGeorge W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D |title=The Invention Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of the Microscope+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |journallast1=BiosSciammarella |datefirst1=May 2004Cesar A. |volumelast2=75Sciammarella |issuefirst2=2Federico M. |pagestitle=78–84Experimental Mechanics of Solids |jstorurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=4608700X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref name=" History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|ChinaMiddle East}}

| 100 AD 1267 || Scientific development || English philosopher {{w|GlassRoger Bacon}} is invented and suggests the Romans looking through idea of the glass {{w|telescope}} and test it, discovering that if helding one of these “lenses” over an object, the object would look larger{{w|microscope}}.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/>|| {{cite web w|title=Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope? |url=https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-history.aspx |website=microscopeworld.com |accessdate=14 January 2019United Kingdom}}</ref> ||

| ~1000 AD 1284 || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stones, which are considered Italian inventor {{w|Salvino D'Armati}} is credited with inventing the first vision aidswearable eye glasses.<ref name="assdfg>History of Microscopes"{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Harold A |last2=Stein |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwC&pg=PA154&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Glen |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tEC&pg=PA8&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopesassdfg"/> || {{w|ChinaItaly}}

| ~1021 AD 14th century || Technological development || Arab physicist {{w|Ibn al-HaythamSpectacle}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would eventually transform how light and vision s are understoodfirst made in {{w|Italy}}.<refname="History of Microscopes">{{cite book |last1=Holcomb, |first1=George W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D web |title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print History of Microscopes |url=https://bookswww.googlemicroscope.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+aleducation-center/microscopes-101/history-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}<microscopes/ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1website=Cesar Amicroscope. com |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M. |title=Experimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hlaccessdate=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false14 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Middle EastItaly}}

| 1267 1590 || Technological development || English philosopher Dutch spectacle makers, {{w|Roger BaconZaccharias Janssen}} suggests the idea of the and his father Hans develop {{w|telescope}} s and what is considered the first microscope, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, including the first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times.<ref name="Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory">{{wcite book |last1=Mancini |first1=Keith |last2=Sidoriak |first2=John |title=Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bmxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Science BookHair and Fibers">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |url=https: Big Ideas Simply Explained"//books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United KingdomNetherlands}}

| 1284 1609 || Technological development || Italian scientist {{w|Salvino D’ArmateGalileo Galilei}} from Italy is credited develops a compound microscope, with inventing the first wearable eye glassesa convex and a concave lenses both fitting into a tube.<ref name="BiologyBiology">{{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Joan |last2=O'Brien |first2=Pat |title=Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA5&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name>{{cite book |last1=Smolyaninov |first1=Igor I |title=Hyperbolic Metamaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f="assdfg"false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}

| 14th century 1619 || Technological development || Dutch inventor {{w|SpectacleCornelius Drebbel}}s are first made presents in {{w|ItalyLondon}}the earliest recorded description of a {{w|compound microscope}}. The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, and supported on 3 brass dolphins.<ref>Jerome Ch'en, {{w|Nicholas Tarling}}, Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, page 215</ref><ref name="History The Origins of Microscopesthe Telescope">{{cite web book|author1=Albert Van Helden|author2=Sven Dupré|author3=Rob van Gent|title=History The Origins of Microscopes the Telescope|url=https://wwwbooks.microscopegoogle.com/educationbooks?id=XguxYlYd-9EC&pg=PA24|year=2010|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-center/microscopes90-101/history6984-of615-microscopes6|page=24}}</ ref><ref>{{Cite book|websiteurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCSdiZcsWNsC&pg=PA5&dq=%22Cornelis+Drebbel%22+microscope#PPP1,M1 |title=The Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S.com Spiers |publisher=Books.google.be |date= 2008-11-30|accessdate=14 January 20192010-08-06|isbn=978-1-4437-2594-1}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}

| 1590 1624 || Technological development || Dutch spectacle makers, A {{w|Zaccharias Janssencompound microscope}} and his father Hans develop both telescopes and microscopes, while experimenting with several lenses is exhibited in a tube, including the first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times{{w|Rome}}.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?Raymond J. Seeger 2016, page 24"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave Raymond J. HoskenSeeger, Scott S. Pitnick |url=httpsMen of Physics://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makersGalileo Galilei,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies His Life and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590His Works,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makersElsevier - 2016,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}page 24</ref><ref name="Hair and FibersJ. William Rosenthal 1996, page 391">{{cite book |last1=WrightJ. William Rosenthal, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair Spectacles and Fibers |url=httpsOther Vision Aids://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590A History and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers1996,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}page 391</ref> || {{w|NetherlandsItaly}}

| 1609 1625 || Literature (book) || Italian scientist {{w|Galileo GalileiFederico Cesi}} develops a compound microscope, with a convex and a concave lenses both fitting into a tube.<ref name="BiologyBiology">publishes his ''{{cite book w|last1=Solomon |first1=Joan |last2=OApiarium}}''Brien |first2=Pat |title=Biology |url=https://books.google.com, perhaps the first scientific work to which the microscope is applied systematically.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA5&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of MicroscopesGalileo Engineer"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smolyaninov Valleriani |first1=Igor I Matteo |title=Hyperbolic Metamaterials Galileo Engineer |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ8IF6pZphWO4C&pg=SA2-PA1PA57&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a1625+compoundGiovanni+microscopeFaber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD0ahUKEwjeh-7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a1625%20compound20Giovanni%20microscope20Faber&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}

| 1619 1625 || Scientific development || Earliest recorded description of a German papal doctor {{w|compound microscope}} by Dutch inventor {{w|Cornelius Drebbel}}, presented in {{w|LondonGiovanni Faber}}. The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, and supported on 3 brass dolphinsfirst coins the name ''microscope''.<ref>Jerome Ch'en, [[Nicholas Tarling]], Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory name="Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University PressLight, Jun 10Electrons, 2010X Rays, page 215</ref><ref name="The Origins of the Telescopeor Acoustics">{{cite book|author1last1=Rochow |first1=Albert Van HeldenTheodore G. |author2last2=Sven DupréTucker |author3first2=Rob van GentPaul A. |title=The Origins Introduction to Microscopy by Means of the TelescopeLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XguxYlYdns8-9ECRX9121sC&pg=PA24|yearPA2&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=2010|publisheren&sa=Amsterdam University Press|isbnX&ved=9780ahUKEwjeh-90-6984-615-6|page7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=24false}}</ref><refname="Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture">{{Cite cite book|last1=Eamon |first1=William |title=Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kCSdiZcsWNsC&pg=PA5rB3cIVVq-YUC&dq=%22Cornelis1625+Drebbel%22Giovanni+microscope#PPP1,M1 |title=The Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisher=Books.google.be |date= 2008-11-30|accessdate=2010-08-06|isbnFaber&source=978-1-4437-2594-1gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> ||{{w|Germany}}

| 1625 1665 || Scientific development || German papal doctor English physicist {{w|Giovanni FaberRobert Hooke}} first observes living cells and publishes ''Micrographia'', in which he coins the name 'term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using the microscope''.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1665 1675 || Scientific development || English physicist Dutch scientist {{w|Robert HookeAntonie van Leeuwenhoek}} observes living cells manages to use a microscope with one lens to observe insects and publishes ''Micrographia'', in which he coins the term ‘cells’ when describing tissueother specimen. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using Leeuwenhoek is the microscopefirst to observe {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> ||

| 1675 1830 || Technological development || Dutch scientist British physicist {{w|Antonie van LeeuwenhoekJoseph Jackson Lister}} manages develops a method to use a microscope with one construct lens to observe insects and other specimensystems avoiding the effects of spherical aberration. Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe <ref>{{wcite book |last1=North |first1=John |title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The Commonwealth and International Library: Liberal Studies Division |bacteriaurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}.</ref><ref name>{{cite book |last1=Holmes |first1=John |last2=Ruston |first2="History of Microscopes"Sharon |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref name>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |url="The Science Bookhttps://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ&q=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=1830: Big Ideas Simply Explained"+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1830 || Technological development || British physicist {{[[w|Joseph Jackson Lister}} develops a method to construct :Achromatic lens systems avoiding the effects of spherical aberration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=North |first1=John |title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The Commonwealth and International Library: Liberal Studies Division |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmes |first1=John |last2=Ruston |first2=Sharon |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science |url=https://books.google.comAchromatic microscopes]] are invented.ar/books?id=_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |urlname=https://books.google.com.ar"BiologyBiology"/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ&q=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1830 1833 || Scientific development || Achromatic microscopes are inventedScottish scientist [[w:Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] becomes the first to describe his observation of the nucleus in plant cells.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1833 1839 || Organization || Scottish scientist Robert Brown becomes the first to describe his observation of the nucleus The {{w|Royal Microscopical Society}} is founded in plant cells{{w|London}}.<ref name>{{cite web |title=Royal Microscopical Society's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions |url=https://www.owler.com/company/royalmicroscopicalsociety |website=owler.com |accessdate="BiologyBiology"30 January 2019}}</ref>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1839 1841 || Organization Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Microscopy}}'' is first published by the {{w|Royal Microscopical Society}} is founded in .<ref>{{wcite web |title=This History of the Royal Microscopical Society |url=https://www.rms.org.uk/about/history-of-the-rms.html |website=rms.org.uk |Londonaccessdate=30 January 2019}}. </ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1841 1850s || Literature (journal) Technological development || The American scientist {{w|Journal of MicroscopyJohn Leonard Riddell}} is first published by the at {{w|Royal Microscopical SocietyTulane University}}, develops the first practical binocular microscope. <ref name="Riddell">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Address on Medical Biography: Delivered Before the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 | url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{wcite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Transactions of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |United Kingdomurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA109&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1850s 1863 || Technological development || American scientist English microscopist {{w|John Leonard RiddellHenry Clifton Sorby}} at {{w|Tulane University}, develops pioneers the first practical binocular use of metallurgical microscopefor investigating the microstructure of a variety of materials.<ref name="Riddell">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst Suryanarayana |first1=John C. |title=Address on Medical Biography: Delivered Before the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 Experimental Techniques in Materials and Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJO7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA21PA73&dq=%221850..1859%221863+Henry+Clifton+JohnSorby+Leonardmetallurgical+Riddellmicroscope+to+firstobserve+practicalstructure+binocularof+microscopemeteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%221850..185920Henry%2220Clifton%20John20Sorby%20Leonard20metallurgical%20Riddell20microscope%2020to%20first20observe%20practical20structure%20binocular20of%20microscope20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1title=Ashhurst |first1=John Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |titleedition=Transactions of the International medical congress of PhiladelphiaArthur C. 1876 Reardon |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywCo-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA109PA150&dq=%221850..1859%221863+Henry+Clifton+JohnSorby+Leonardmetallurgical+Riddellmicroscope+to+firstobserve+practicalstructure+binocularof+microscopemeteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%221850..185920Henry%2220Clifton%20John20Sorby%20Leonard20metallurgical%20Riddell20microscope%2020to%20first20observe%20practical20structure%20binocular20of%20microscope20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1863 1860s || Scientific development || English microscopist German physicist {{w|Henry Clifton SorbyErnst Abbe}} pioners discovers the use of metallurgical {{w|Abbe sine condition}}, a breakthrough in microscope for inverstigating the microstructures of a variety of materialsdesign, which until then was largely based on trial and error.<refname="From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications">{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana Madou |first1=CMarc J. |title=Experimental From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques in Materials and Mechanics Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KICIBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73PA292&dq=18631860s+HenryErnst+CliftonAbbe+SorbyAbbe+metallurgicalsine+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=18631860s%20Henry20Ernst%20Clifton20Abbe%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.20Abbe%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.20sine%2220condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United KingdomGermany}}

| 1860s 1878 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Ernst Abbe}} discovers the {{w|Abbe sine condition}}, develops a breakthrough in microscope design, which until then was largely based on trial and errormathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelength.<ref name="From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and ApplicationsHistory of Microscopes">{{cite book |last1=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1878 1879 || Scientific development || Using the microscope, German biologist {{w|Ernst AbbeWalter Flemming}} develops discovers cell {{w|mitosis}} and {{w|chromosome}}s, a mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelengthscientifc achievement recognized as one of the most importants of all time.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1879 1880 || Technological development || German biologist The first {{w|Walter Flemmingmicrotome}} discovers cell mitosis and chromosomes, a scientifc achievement recognized as one of the most importants of all times begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in order to improve sample.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1880 1893 || Technological development || The first microtomes begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in order German professo {{w|August Köhler}} achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image of the light source to improve illuminate the sample. The now called {{w|Kohler illumination}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a uniformly illuminated specimen, a bright image and minimal glare.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> <ref name="Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory"/> ||{{w|Germany}}

| 1893 1897 || Scientific development || German professo American physicist {{w|August KöhlerR.W. Wood}} achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image describes the phenomenon of the light source to illuminate the sample. The now called {{[[w:Field electron emission |Kohler illumination}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragmsfield emission of electrons]], the system provides triple benefits process of emitting electrons from an extremely small area of a uniformly illuminated specimen, cathodic surface in the presence of a bright image and minimal glarestrong electric field. <ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|GermanyUnited States}}

| 1900 || Technological development || The theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 {{w|Å}}) is reached. <ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1903 || Technological development || Austrian-Hungarian chemist {{w|Richard Zsigmondy}} develops the ultra-microscope, which allows the study of objects below the wavelenght of light.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfg"/> || {{w|Austria}}

| 1904 || Technological development || {{w|Carl Zeiss}} introduces the first commercial UV microscope with resolution twice that of a visible light microscope.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1928 1924 || Scientific development || Irish French physicist {{w|Edward Hutchinson SyngeLouis de Broglie}} publishes develops his theory underlying showing that particles have wave properties and very short wavelenghts. This discovery would allow the development of the {{w|near-field scanning optical electron microscope}}.<ref>{{cite book |titlename=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |edition=Alberto Diaspro"Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}<Rays, or Acoustics"/ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicklaus |first1=Mischa |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in Optics |edition=Emil Wolf w|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA145&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=falseFrance}}</ref> ||

| 1931 1927 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Ernst RuskaHans Busch}} along with {{w|Max Kroll}} at the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the transmission demonstrates that a suitably shaped magnetic field could be used as a lens to create electron microscopemicroscopes.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Introduction to Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony S. Y. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA33&dq=%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy Means of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=Light, Electrons, X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron PhysicsRays, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.aror Acoustics"/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1932 1928 || Scientific development || Dutch Irish physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeEdward Hutchinson Synge}} invents publishes his theory underlying the phase{{w|near-contrast field scanning optical microscope, which allows for the first time the study of transparent biological materials}}.<ref name>{{cite book |title=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |edition=Alberto Diaspro, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort |url="History of Microscopes"https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref> {{cite book |last1=Nicklaus | first1=Mischa |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{wcite book |title=Progress in Optics |edition=Emil Wolf |Netherlandsurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA145&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1932 1931 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeErnst Ruska}} develops phase contrast illumination, which allows along with {{w|Max Kroll}} at the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the imaging transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of transparent samplesAnaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony S. By using interference rather than absorption Y. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniquesAnaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA33&dq=%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="History The Chemistry of MicroscopesMolecular Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|NetherlandsGermany}}

| 1936 1932 || Technological development || German Dutch physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm MüllerFrits Zernike}} invents the {{w|field emission phase-contrast microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+, which allows for the first time the+field+emission+microscopestudy of transparent biological materials.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscopeBy using interference rather than absorption of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|GermanyNetherlands}}

| 1935 || Technological development || The first scanning electron microscopes are introduced.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> |||-| 1936 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} applies the principle of field emission of electrons to a negatively charged very fine tip of tungsten wire in the high vacuum of a cathode-ray tube. In this field-electron microscope, Müller obtains a pattern on the fluorescent screen that represents the array of atoms.<ref name="Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> |||-| 1936 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field emission microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 1936 || Scientific development || Russian scientist {{w|Sergei Jakowlewitsch Sokolow}} proposes a device for producing magnified views of structure with 3-GHz sound waves, giving birth to the notion of {{w|acoustic microscopy}}.<ref>S. Sokolov, USSR Patent no. 49 (31 Aug. 1936), British Patent no. 477,139, 1937, and {{w|US Patent|2164125}}, 1939.</ref> || {{w|Russia}}|-| 1937 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Manfred Von Ardenne}} in {{w|Berlin}} produces the earliest scanning-transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1938 || Technological development || Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus at the {{w|University of Toronto}}, working under the direction of Eli Burton, produce the advanced Toronto Model electron microscope that would later become the basis for Radio Corporation of America's Model B, the first commercial electron microscope in {{w|North America}}.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Canada}}

| 1938 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} at {{w|Siemens}} produces the firt commercial {{w|electron microscope}} in the world.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1938 || Technological development || [[w:Canadians|Canadian]]-[[w:Americans|American]] scientist and {{w|James Hillier}} designs and builds, with Albert Prebus, the first successful high-resolution {{w|electron microscope}} in {{w|North America}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Newberry, Sterling|title=Obituary: James Hillier|journal=Physics Today|date=September 2007|volume=60|issue=9|pages=87–88|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/60/9/10.1063/1.2784698|doi=10.1063/1.2784698}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}

| 1939 || Technological development || {{w|Siemens}} launches the first commercial {{w|electron microscope}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration">{{cite book |title=Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration |edition=Ursyn, Anna |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MzdCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=~710+BC+%22The+Nimrud+lens&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR-Niz9YngAhXSILkGHVv1CfMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=~710%20BC%20%22The%20Nimrud%20lens&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1930 || Scientific development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits Zernike}} discovers he could can view unstained cells using the phase angle of rays,and invents the [[w:Phase contrast microscopy|phase contrast microscope. His innovartion would not introduced until]].<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=GHOSAL |last2=SABARI |last3=AVASTHI |last4=SHARMA |first4=ANUPAMA |title=FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION, SECOND EDITION |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VJNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=In+1930+Frits+Zernike+angle+of+rays&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNx9WxhZHgAhVME7kGHYJrBhYQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=In%201930%20Frits%20Zernike%20angle%20of%20rays&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}

| 1942 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} improves on the transmission electron microscope (previously buil by Knoll and Ruska) by building built the first scanning electron microscope (SEM) that transmits a beam of electrons across the specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1942 || Literature (book) || E.F Canadian physicist {{w|Eli Franklin Burton }} and W.Kohl publish ''The Electron Microscope''.<ref name="The Growth of Electron Microscopy">{{cite book |title=The Growth of Electron Microscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-IFp53_1-IC&pg=PA373&dq=1938+James+Hillier+builds+another+TEM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4zZnMgZHgAhWoHLkGHdfgDZgQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=1938%20James%20Hillier%20builds%20another%20TEM&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1942 || Organization || The {{w|Microscopy Society of America}} is founded. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Microscopy Society of America |url=https://www.microscopy.org/about/history.cfm |website=microscopy.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 1944 || Technological development || {{w|Electron microscope}}s with theoretical resolutions reduced to 2 nm are introduced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> ||

| 1949 || Organization || The {{w|German Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded. <ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Volume 81 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=s6gMdNTTqG0C&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=German+Society+for+Electron+Microscopy+%221949%22&source=bl&ots=DBuKmmqJTY&sig=ACfU3U0fsUsxbifBVPFx3QezigDAoUNDYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg9OTVo5bgAhV-IrkGHVzgBaEQ6AEwBHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=German%20Society%20for%20Electron%20Microscopy%20%221949%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1951 1948 || Organization || German physicist The {{w|Wilhelm MüllerNordic Microscopy Society}} invents the {{w|field ion microscope}} and becomes the first to see is founded in {{w|atomStockholm}}s.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=DK web |title=The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained Nordic Microscopy Society |url=https://bookswww.googleomicsonline.com.arorg/societies/nordic-microscopy-society/books?id|website=Z4eKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atomsomicsonline.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&forg |accessdate=false30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|GermanySweden}}

| 1951 1949 || Organization || The {{w|International Federation of Societies Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy}} is foundedformed. <ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy |url=https://naturalsciences.ch/organisations/ssom/about_us |website=naturalsciences.ch |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}

| 1953 1951 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeWilhelm Müller}} is awarded invents the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physicsfield ion microscope}} "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of and becomes the first to see {{w|phase contrast microscopeatom}}s.<refname="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite web book |last1=DK |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained |url=https://wwwbooks.nobelprizegoogle.orgcom.ar/prizes/physics/1953/summary/ |websitebooks?id=Z4eKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=nobelprize1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.org |accessdate&f=26 January 2019false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> ||{{w|Germany}}

| 1955 1951 || Organization || Polish physicist The {{w|Georges Nomarski}} publishes the theoretical basis International Federation of {{w|Differential interference contrast microscopySocieties for Microscopy}}is founded. An optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.<ref>Nomarski, G. (1955). Microinterféromètre différentiel à ondes polarisées. J. Phys. Radium, Paris 16: 9S-11S</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigio |first1=Irving J. |last2=Fantini |first2=Sergio web |title=Quantitative Biomedical Optics: TheoryIFSM, Methods, and Applications International Federation of Societies for Microscopy |url=https://books.google.comcouncil.arscience/books?id=X7AkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}<members/ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Optical Shop Testing ifsm-international-federation-of-societies-for-microscopy |editionwebsite=Daniel Malacara council.science |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qMHKB1mKFr4C&pg=PA736&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&faccessdate=false30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

| 1957 1953 || Recognition || American cognitive scientist {{w|Marvin MinskyFrits Zernike}} patents is awarded the principle {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} "for his demonstration of confocal imaging. Using a scanning point the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of light, confocal microscopy gives slightly higher resolution than conventional light microscopy and makes it easier to view ‘virtual slices’ through a thick specimenthe {{w|phase contrast microscope}}.<ref name>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1953/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate="History of Microscopes"26 January 2019}}</ref> ||

| 1962 1955 || Technological development || Polish physicist {{w|Osamu ShimomuraGeorges Nomarski}}, Frank Johnson and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in publishes the jellyfish ''theoretical basis of {{w|Aequorea victoriaDifferential interference contrast microscopy}}''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed An optical microscopy technique used to blue lightenhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.<ref>Nomarski, G. (1955). Microinterféromètre différentiel à ondes polarisées. J. Phys. Radium, Paris 16: 9S-11S</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cox Bigio |first1=Guy Irving J. |last2=Fantini |first2=Sergio |title=Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, Methods, and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aqrMBQAAQBAJX7AkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169PA555&dq=19621955+%7C%7CPolish+physicist+%7C%7CGeorges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1955%7B20Polish%7Bw20physicist%7COsamu+Shimomura20Georges%7D%7D,+Frank20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Optical Shop Testing |edition=Daniel Malacara |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qMHKB1mKFr4C&pg=PA736&dq=1955+JohnsonPolish+andphysicist+YoGeorges+SaigaNomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1962%20%7C1955%7C20Polish%2020physicist%7C20Georges%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||{{w|France}}

| 1967 1956 || Organization || The {{w|Erwin Wilhelm MüllerItalian Society of Microscopical Sciences}} adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the is founded.<ref>{{wcite web |title=About SISM |url=https://www.sism.it/SISM |field ion microscope}}, and develops the {{wwebsite=sism.it |atom probeaccessdate=30 January 2019}} field ion microscope.<ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|United StatesItaly}}

| 1972 1957 || Technological development || English engineer American cognitive scientist {{w|Godfrey HounsfieldMarvin Minsky}} and South African physicist {{w|Allan Cormack}} develop patents the [[w:CT scan|computerized axial tomography]] (CAT) scanner (later known as {{w|CT scan}})principle of confocal imaging. With the help Using a scanning point of a computerlight, the device combines many {{w|X-ray}} images confocal microscopy gives slightly higher resolution than conventional light microscopy and makes it easier to generate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of internal organs and structuresview ‘virtual slices’ through a thick specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Godfrey Hounsfield |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/godfrey-hounsfield |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Medical Physics |edition=Muhammad Maqbool |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5yc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing: Methodologies and Applications: Methodologies and Applications |edition=Srivastava, Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YOOWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1973 1957 || Organization || "John Venables and CJ Harland observe electron backscatter patterns (EBSP) in the scanning electron microscope. EBSP provide quantitative microstructural information about the crystallographic nature The Belgian Comitee of metals, minerals, semiconductors and ceramicsElectron Microscopy is founded."<ref name>{{cite web |title=Electron Microscopy in Belgium |url="History of Microscopes"http://microscopy.be/images/About/VanDyck.pdf |website=microscopy.be |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||{{w|Belgium}}

| 1976 1959 || Organization Scientific development || The Dunn and Fry perform the first {{w|Committee acoustic microscopy}} experiments, though not at very high frequencies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Floyd|title=Ultrasonic Absorption Microscope|journal=The Journal of European Societies the Acoustical Society of Electron MicroscopyAmerica|volume=31|pages=632|year=1959|doi=10.1121/1.1907767|issue=5 }} is founded. </ref> ||

| 1978 1962 || Scientific development || German scientists [[{{w:Thomas Cremer|Thomas]] Osamu Shimomura}}, Frank Johnson and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the jellyfish ''{{w|Christoph CremerAequorea victoria}} design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar ''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to those used in scanning electron microscopesblue light.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang Cox |first1=Fan Guy |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJaqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214PA169&dq=19781962+Thomas%7C%7C+and%7C%7C+Christoph%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Cremer++confocal+laser+scanning+microscopeShimomura%7D%7D,+whichFrank+scansJohnson+an+object+using+aand+focusedYo+laser+beamSaiga&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=19781962%20Thomas20%20and7C%20Christoph7C%20Cremer20%207C%20confocal7C%20laser20%20scanning7B%20microscope7Bw%2C7COsamu%20which20Shimomura%20scans7D%20an7D%20object2C%20using20Frank%20a20Johnson%20focused20and%20laser20Yo%20beam20Saiga&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1981 1965 || Organization || German physicist The {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and Swiss physicist {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} develop the {{w|scanning tunneling microscopeIsrael Society for Microscopy}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic levelis founded.<ref>{{cite book web |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition |edition=CTI Reviews Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website |url=httpshttp://bookswww.googleismicroscopy.comorg.aril/books?id|website=Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT410&dq=1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&fismicroscopy.org.il |accessdate=false30 January 2019}}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualise individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||{{w|Israel}}

| 1981 1965 || Technological development || {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} invent the The first commercial scanning tunneling electron microscope, making {{w|3-D}} specimen images possiblebecomes available.<ref name="History Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of MicroscopesScience Fiction Cinema"/> ||

| 1986 1967 || Technological development || The {{w|Nobel Prize in PhysicsErwin Wilhelm Müller}} is awarded jointly adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the {{w|Ernst Ruskafield ion microscope}} (for his work on the electron microscope), along with {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and develops the {{w|Heinrich Rohreratom probe}} (for the scanning tunnelling field ion microscope).<ref name="History A Biographical Dictionary of MicroscopesPeople in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> <ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1986 1970 || Technological development || Korpel and Kessler begin to pursue a scanning laser detection system for {{w|Gerd Binnigacoustic microscopy}}.<ref>A. Korpel and L. W. Kessler, “Comparison of methods of acoustic microscopy,” in ''Acoustical Holography'', vol. 3 by A. F. Metherell, {{w|Christoph Gerber}} and {{w|Calvin Quate}} invent the {{w|atomic force microscope}} (AFM)Ed., New York: Plenum, 1971, pp. 23–43. </ref> ||

| 1988 1971 || Organization || The {{w|Alfred CerezoTurkish Society for Electron Microscopy}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and {{w|George D. W. Smith}} invent the {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolutionis founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy |url=httpshttp://podcasts.oxwww.actemd.ukorg/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}<en/ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.netmenu/publication14/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe tarihce |website=researchgatetemd.net org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>|| {{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm w|accessdate=30 January 2019Turkey}}</ref> ||

| 1988 1972 || Technological development || Japanese scientist English engineer {{w|Kingo ItayaGodfrey Hounsfield}} invents and South African physicist {{w|Allan Cormack}} develop the [[w:CT scan|computerized axial tomography]] (CAT) scanner (later known as {{w|CT scan}}). With the help of a computer, the device combines many {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopeX-ray}}images to generate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of internal organs and structures.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Godfrey Hounsfield |url=httphttps://www.nanodicradiopaedia.comorg/nanocharacterizationarticles/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm godfrey-hounsfield |website=nanodicradiopaedia.com org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Medical Physics |edition=Muhammad Maqbool |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5yc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing: Methodologies and Applications: Methodologies and Applications |edition=Srivastava, Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YOOWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1991 1974 || Technological development || The R. A. Lemons and C. F. Quate at the Microwave Laboratory of {{w|Kelvin probe force microscopeStanford University}} is invented.<ref>develop the first {{cite book w|last1=Sadewasser |first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+scanning acoustic microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite book journal |last1author1=Vilarinho Lemons R. A. |first1author2=Paula Maria Quate C. F. |last2year =Rosenwaks 1974 |first2title =Yossi Acoustic microscope—scanning version |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |titleurl =Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials, Algarve, Portugal, 1 - 13 October 2002 |urljournal =https://booksAppl.googlePhys.comLett.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1volume =Lanza 24 |first1issue =Mario |titlepages =Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy: Applications in Nanomaterials 163–165 |urldoi =https:10.1063//books.google1.com.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false1655136 }}</ref> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1991 1975 || Organization || Japanese physicist The {{w|Sumio IijimaMicroscopical Society of Ireland}} discovers the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applicationsis established.<ref name>{{cite web |title=History |url="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systemshttps: Design and Fabrication"//microscopy.ie/history.php |website=microscopy.ie |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|JapanIreland}}

| 1992 1976 || Organization || American molecular biologist The {{w|Douglas PrasherCommittee of European Societies of Electron Microscopy}} reports the cloning of is founded.<ref>{{wcite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 190 | green fluorescent protein}} (GFP)url=https://books.google.com. This opens the way to widespread use ar/books?id=Td6oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=committee+of+european+societies+of GFP and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence +electron+microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy).+%22in+1976%22&source=bl&ots=8fm_UBvWi9&sig=ACfU3U1S8SAoGpCHzCqyCdEz-WI5jfBLzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEiJnQpJbgAhVAGbkGHQ8cCUwQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=committee%20of%20european%20societies%20of%20electron%20microscopy%20%22in%201976%22&f=false}}</ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1993–1996 1978 || Technological development || German physicist scientists [[w:Thomas Cremer|Thomas]] and {{w|Stefan HellChristoph Cremer}} pioneers design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a new optical microscope technology that allows focused laser beam and creates the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possibleover-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com. This results in ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&dq=1978+Thomas+and+Christoph+Cremer++confocal+laser+scanning+microscope,+which+scans+an+object+using+a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy.+focused+laser+beam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1978%20Thomas%20and%20Christoph%20Cremer%20%20confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscope%2C%20which%20scans%20an%20object%20using%20a%20focused%20laser%20beam&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1995 1981 || Literature (journal) Technological development || Scientific journal ''German physicist {{w|Microscopy Gerd Binnig}} and MicroanalysisSwiss physicist {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}}'' is establisheddevelop the {{w|scanning tunneling microscope}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. <ref>{{cite book |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition | {{wedition=CTI Reviews |United Statesurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT410&dq=1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualize individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1998 1986 || Recognition || The {{w|European Microscopy SocietyNobel Prize in Physics}} is foundedawarded jointly to {{w|Ernst Ruska}} (for his work on the electron microscope), along with {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} (for the scanning tunnelling microscope). <ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 2010 1986 || Technological development || Researchers at An early digital microscope is made by Japanese company {{w|University of California, Los AngelesHirox}} use a cryoelectron microscope to see the atoms of a virus.<ref name>{{cite web |title=The Dish on the Digital Microscope |url=https://www.microscope-detective.com/digital-microscope.html |website="History of Microscopes"microscope-detective.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||{{w|Japan}}

| 1986 || Technological development || {{w|Gerd Binnig}}, {{w|Christoph Gerber}} and {{w|Calvin Quate}} introduce the {{w|atomic force microscope}} (AFM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Anniversary issues |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2016.64 |website=nature.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> |||-| 1988 || Technological development || {{w|Alfred Cerezo}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and {{w|George D. W. Smith}} introduce the {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| 1988 || Technological development || Japanese scientist {{w|Kingo Itaya}} invents the {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |url=http://www.nanodic.com/nanocharacterization/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm |website=nanodic.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| 1991 || Technological development || The {{w|Kelvin probe force microscope}} is invented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadewasser |first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vilarinho |first1=Paula Maria |last2=Rosenwaks |first2=Yossi |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |title=Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials, Algarve, Portugal, 1 - 13 October 2002 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Mario |title=Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy: Applications in Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> |||-| 1991 || Scientific development || Japanese physicist {{w|Sumio Iijima}} discovers the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applications.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/> || {{w|Japan}}|-| 1992 || Technological development || American molecular biologist {{w|Douglas Prasher}} reports the cloning of {{w|green fluorescent protein}} (GFP), opening the way to widespread use of GFP and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1993–1996 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Stefan Hell}} pioneers a new optical microscope technology that allows the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possible. This results in a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 1995 || Literature (journal) || Scientific journal ''{{w|Microscopy and Microanalysis}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KRIVANEK |first1=O. L. |last2=KUNDMANN |first2=M. K. |last3=KIMOTO |first3=K. |title=Spatial resolution in EFTEM elemental maps |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1998 || Organization || The {{w|European Microscopy Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Microscopy Society Celebrates its 20th Anniversary |url=https://www.imaging-git.com/news/european-microscopy-society-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary |website=imaging-git.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| 2010 || Technological development || Researchers at {{w|University of California, Los Angeles}} use [[w:cryoelectron microscope|cryogenic electron microscopy]] to see the atoms of a virus.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 2013 || Technological development || The {{w|Arriscope (surgical microscope)}} is presented to the public in a prototype version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Website of the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery |url=http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055724/http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 March 2010 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2019 }}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 2014 || Recognition || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} is awarded to {{w|Eric Betzig}}, {{w|Stefan Hell}} and {{w|William Moerner}} “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”, allowing microscopes to now ‘see’ matter smaller than 0.2 micrometres.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

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