Changes

| 13th century || The development of lenses in {{w|eyeglasses}} probably leads to the wide spread use of simple microscopes (single lens {{w|magnifying glass}}es) with limited magnification.<ref>Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica, Volume 30, La Fondazione-1975, page 554</ref>"<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>

| 16th century || Zaccharias and Hans Janssen develop what might be considered the first microscope. |-| 17th century || Before the century, almose almost no one suspected there was life too small to see with the naked eye, with fleas thought to be the smallest possible form of life.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> {{w|Johannes Kepler}} is generally considered by neuroscentists as the first to recognize that images are projected, inverted and reversed by the eye's lens onto the {{w|retina}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/> "Then, in By the mid 17th century, an Englishman, {{w|Robert Hooke }} and a Dutchman, Anthony Van {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek took }} take the microscope to new levels"of development.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>

| 19th century || Achromatic microscopes are invented in the first half of the century.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> By the late 1800s, effective illumination sources develop, opening the way for the modern era of microscopy.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Glassy |first1=Mark C. |title=Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BJ1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref>

| 20th century || Early in the century, a significant alternative to traditional light microscopes is developed using electrons rather than light to generate an image.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The first electron microscope is invented by {{w|Max Knoll}} and {{w|Ernst Ruska}}, blasting past the optical limitations of the light. By the late 1930s, electron microscopes with theoretical resolutions of 10 nm are designed and produced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy">{{cite web |last1=Palucka |first1=Tim |title=Overview of Electron Microscopy |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/ElectronMicroscope/EM_HistOverview.htm |website=caltech.edu |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> The second major development for microscopes in the 20th century is the evolution of the mass market.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> The first commercial transmission electron microscopes are marketed in the 1950s.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The 1960s through the 1990s produce many innovative instruments and trends on electron microscopy.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> In the 1970s, sufficient information on ultrastructural pathology becomes accumulated to allow the use of the {{w|electron microscope}} as a diagnostic tool.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors"/> In the 1980s, the first scanning probe microscopes are developed and are closely followed by the invention of the atomic force microscope.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/>

| 21st century || Dino-Lite Digital microscopes , a series of handheld digital devices, become one of the more original innovations since in the 21st new century. Dino-Lite are handheld digital microscopes.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>

| ~700 BC || Technological development || Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians start polishing quartz crystals as an attempt to replicate optical habilities of water. The {{w|Nimrud lens}} is on of the most famous examples.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Egypt}}, {{w|Irak}}|-| 167 BC || Technological development || Simple microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in {{w|China}}.<ref name="Bardell2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bardell|first1=David|title=The Invention of the Microscope|journal=Bios|date=May 2004|volume=75|issue=2|pages=78–84|jstor=4608700}}</ref> || {{w|China}}|-| 100 AD || Technological development || {{w|Glass}} is invented and the Romans looking through the glass and test it, discovering that if helding one of these “lenses” over an object, the object would look larger.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?">{{cite web |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope? |url=https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-history.aspx |website=microscopeworld.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| ~1000 AD || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stones, which are considered the first vision aids.<ref name="assdfg>"{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Harold A |last2=Stein |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwC&pg=PA154&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Glen |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tEC&pg=PA8&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|China}}|-| ~1021 AD || Literature (book)|| Arab physicist {{w|Ibn al-Haytham}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would eventually transform how light and vision are understood.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holcomb, |first1=George W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D |title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M. |title=Experimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Middle East}}|-| 1267 || Scientific development || English philosopher {{w|Roger Bacon}} suggests the idea of the {{w|telescope}} and the {{w|microscope}}.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}|-| 1284 || Technological development || Italian inventor {{w|Salvino D'Armati}} is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfg"/> || {{w|Italy}}

| 167 BC 14th century || Technological development || Simple microscopes {{w|Spectacle}}s are first made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in {{w|ChinaItaly}}.<ref name="Bardell2004History of Microscopes">{{cite journal|last1=Bardell|first1=Davidweb |title=The Invention History of the MicroscopeMicroscopes |journalurl=Bioshttps://www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |datewebsite=May 2004microscope.com |volumeaccessdate=75|issue=2|pages=78–84|jstor=460870014 January 2019}}</ref>" || {{w|ChinaItaly}}

| 100 AD 1590 || Technological development || Dutch spectacle makers, {{w|GlassZaccharias Janssen}} and his father Hans develop {{w|telescope}}s and what is invented and considered the Romans looking through first microscope, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, including the glass first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times.<ref name="Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and test it, discovering that if helding one in the Laboratory">{{cite book |last1=Mancini |first1=Keith |last2=Sidoriak |first2=John |title=Fundamentals of these “lenses” over an object, Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the object would look largerLaboratory |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bmxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?"/><ref>{{cite web book |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the MicroscopeSperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books? id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://wwwbooks.microscopeworldgoogle.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</t-history.aspx ref><ref name="Hair and Fibers">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |websiteurl=microscopeworldhttps://books.google.com |accessdate.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=14 January 2019false}}</ref> ||{{w|Netherlands}}

| ~1000 AD 1609 || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stonesItalian scientist {{w|Galileo Galilei}} develops a compound microscope, which are considered the first vision aidswith a convex and a concave lenses both fitting into a tube.<ref name="assdfg>BiologyBiology"{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein Solomon |first1=Harold A Joan |last2=Stein O'Brien |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I Pat |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwCStPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA154PA5&dq=10001609+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,Galileo+calledGalilei+a+reading+stone,+iscompound+inventedmicroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD1609%2020Galileo%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called20Galilei%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is20compound%20invented20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moulton Smolyaninov |first1=Glen Igor I |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) Hyperbolic Metamaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tECzD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8SA2-PA1&dq=10001609+ADGalileo+%22The+first+vision+aid,+calledGalilei+a+reading+stone,+iscompound+inventedmicroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%201609%22The20Galileo%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called20Galilei%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is20compound%20invented20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|ChinaItaly}}

| ~1021 AD 1619 || Technological development || Arab physicist Dutch inventor {{w|Ibn al-HaythamCornelius Drebbel}} presents in {{w|London}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result earliest recorded description of investigations based on experimental evidencea {{w|compound microscope}}. The book would eventually transform how light instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, and vision are understoodsupported on 3 brass dolphins.<ref>Jerome Ch'en, {{cite book w|last1=HolcombNicholas Tarling}}, Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, |first1page 215</ref><ref name=George W. |last2=Ostlie "The Origins of the Telescope">{{cite book|first2author1=Daniel J Albert Van Helden|last3author2=Murphy Sven Dupré|first3author3=Jerry D Rob van Gent|title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print The Origins of the Telescope|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJXguxYlYd-9EC&pg=PA1099&dqPA24|year=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl2010|publisher=en&saAmsterdam University Press|isbn=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al978-90-6984-615-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f6|page=false24}}</ref><ref>{{cite Cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M. |title=Experimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQCkCSdiZcsWNsC&pg=PT145PA5&dq=%22102122Cornelis+Drebbel%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hlmicroscope#PPP1,M1 |title=en&saThe Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisher=X&vedBooks.google.be |date=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v2008-11-30|accessdate=onepage&q2010-08-06|isbn=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al978-1-4437-2594-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false1}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Middle East}}

| 1267 1624 || Technological development || English philosopher A {{w|Roger Baconcompound microscope}} suggests the idea of the is exhibited in {{w|telescope}} and the {{w|microscopeRome}}.<ref name="The Science BookRaymond J. Seeger 2016, page 24">Raymond J. Seeger, Men of Physics: Big Ideas Simply ExplainedGalileo Galilei, His Life and His Works, Elsevier - 2016, page 24</ref><ref name="J. William Rosenthal 1996, page 391">J. William Rosenthal, Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing, 1996, page 391</ref> || {{w|United KingdomItaly}}

| 1284 1625 || Literature (book) || Italian scientist {{w|Salvino D’ArmateFederico Cesi}} from Italy is credited with inventing publishes his ''{{w|Apiarium}}'', perhaps the first wearable eye glassesscientific work to which the microscope is applied systematically.<ref name="History of MicroscopesGalileo Engineer">{{cite book |last1=Valleriani |first1=Matteo |title=Galileo Engineer |url=https:/>/books.google.com.ar/books?id=8IF6pZphWO4C&pg=PA57&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeh-7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=false}}</ref name="assdfg"/> || {{w|Italy}}

| 14th century 1625 || Scientific development || German papal doctor {{w|SpectacleGiovanni Faber}}s are first made in {{w|Italy}}coins the name ''microscope''.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics">{{cite web book |last1=Rochow |first1=Theodore G. |last2=Tucker |first2=Paul A. |title=History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Microscopes Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics |url=https://wwwbooks.microscopegoogle.com.ar/educationbooks?id=ns8-center/microscopesRX9121sC&pg=PA2&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeh-1017Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=false}}</history-ref><ref name="Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture">{{cite book |last1=Eamon |first1=William |title=Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of-microscopes/ Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture |websiteurl=microscopehttps://books.google.com |accessdate.ar/books?id=rB3cIVVq-YUC&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&source=14 January 2019gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> || {{w|ItalyGermany}}

| 1590 1665 || Scientific development || Dutch spectacle makers, English physicist {{w|Zaccharias JanssenRobert Hooke}} observes living cells and his father Hans develop both telescopes and microscopespublishes ''Micrographia'', while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, including which he coins the term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using the first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hair and FibersThe Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}

| 1609 1675 || Scientific development || Italian Dutch scientist {{w|Galileo GalileiAntonie van Leeuwenhoek}} develops manages to use a compound microscope, with a convex one lens to observe insects and a concave lenses both fitting into a tubeother specimen.<ref name="BiologyBiology">Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe {{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Joan w|last2=O'Brien |first2=Pat |title=Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA5&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=falsebacteria}}</ref>.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1name=Smolyaninov |first1=Igor I |title=Hyperbolic Metamaterials |url=https"The Science Book:Big Ideas Simply Explained"//books.google.com.ar/books?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}

| 1619 1830 || Technological development || Earliest recorded description of a British physicist {{w|compound microscopeJoseph Jackson Lister}} by Dutch inventor develops a method to construct lens systems avoiding the effects of spherical aberration.<ref>{{wcite book |last1=North |Cornelius Drebbel}}, presented in {{wfirst1=John |London}}. title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, Commonwealth and supported on 3 brass dolphinsInternational Library: Liberal Studies Division |url=https://books.<ref>Jerome Ch'google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en, [[Nicholas Tarling]], Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, page 215&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Origins of the Telescope">{{cite book|author1last1=Holmes |first1=Albert Van HeldenJohn |author2last2=Sven DupréRuston |author3first2=Rob van GentSharon |title=The Origins of the TelescopeRoutledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XguxYlYd-9EC_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|yearPA319&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2010|publisher0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=Amsterdam University Press|isbnonepage&q=978-90-6984-615-6|page1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=24false}}</ref><ref>{{Cite cite book|title=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kCSdiZcsWNsCFIVUAAAAMAAJ&pgq=PA51830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=%22Cornelis1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+Drebbel%22weak+microscope#PPP1,M1 |titlelenses&hl=The Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisheren&sa=Books.google.be |dateX&ved= 2008-11-30|accessdate=2010-08-06|isbn=978-1-4437-2594-10ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1625 1830 || Technological development || German papal doctor {{[[w:Achromatic lens|Giovanni Faber}} first coins the name ''microscope''Achromatic microscopes]] are invented.<ref name="History of MicroscopesBiologyBiology"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1665 1833 || Scientific development || English physicist {{Scottish scientist [[w:Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Hooke}} observes living cells and publishes ''Micrographia'', in which he coins Brown]] becomes the term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using first to describe his observation of the microscopenucleus in plant cells.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply ExplainedBiologyBiology"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1675 1839 || Organization || Dutch scientist The {{w|Antonie van LeeuwenhoekRoyal Microscopical Society}} manages to use a microscope with one lens to observe insects and other specimen. Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe founded in {{w|bacteriaLondon}}.<ref name>{{cite web |title="History Royal Microscopical Society's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Microscopes"Employees, Funding and Acquisitions |url=https:/>/www.owler.com/company/royalmicroscopicalsociety |website=owler.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1830 1841 || Literature (journal) || British physicist The ''{{w|Joseph Jackson ListerJournal of Microscopy}} develops a method to construct lens systems avoiding '' is first published by the effects of spherical aberration.<ref>{{cite book w|last1=North |first1=John |title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The Commonwealth and International Library: Liberal Studies Division |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=falseRoyal Microscopical Society}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmes |first1=John |last2=Ruston |first2=Sharon web |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science This History of the Royal Microscopical Society |url=https://bookswww.googlerms.comorg.aruk/books?id=_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}<about/ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Britannica history-of-the-rms.html |urlwebsite=https://booksrms.googleorg.com.ar/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ&q=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&veduk |accessdate=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1830 1850s || Technological development || Achromatic microscopes are inventedAmerican scientist {{w|John Leonard Riddell}} at {{w|Tulane University}}, develops the first practical binocular microscope.<ref name="BiologyBiologyRiddell">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Address on Medical Biography: Delivered Before the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Transactions of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA109&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1833 1863 || Technological development || Scottish scientist Robert Brown becomes English microscopist {{w|Henry Clifton Sorby}} pioneers the first to describe his observation use of metallurgical microscope for investigating the nucleus microstructure of a variety of materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=C. |title=Experimental Techniques in plant cellsMaterials and Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref name><ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url="BiologyBiology"https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1839 1860s || Organization Scientific development || The German physicist {{w|Royal Microscopical SocietyErnst Abbe}} is founded in discovers the {{w|LondonAbbe sine condition}}, a breakthrough in microscope design, which until then was largely based on trial and error.<ref name="From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications">{{cite book |last1=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books. google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United KingdomGermany}}

| 1841 1878 || Literature (journal) Scientific development || The {{w|Journal of Microscopy}} is first published by the {{w|Royal Microscopical SocietyErnst Abbe}}develops a mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelength. <ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|United KingdomGermany}}

| 1850s 1879 || Scientific development || American scientist Using the microscope, German biologist {{w|John Leonard RiddellWalter Flemming}} at discovers cell {{w|Tulane Universitymitosis}}, develops the first practical binocular microscope.<ref name="Riddell">and {{cite journal w| author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854chromosome}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Address on Medical Biography: Delivered Before s, a scientifc achievement recognized as one of the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscopemost importants of all time.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1name=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Transactions "History of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.arMicroscopes"/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA109&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1863 1880 || Technological development || English microscopist The first {{w|Henry Clifton Sorbymicrotome}} pioners the use of metallurgical microscope for inverstigating the microstructures of a variety of materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=C. |title=Experimental Techniques s begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in Materials and Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+order to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteoritesimprove sample.%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dqname=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+"History of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}<Microscopes"/ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1860s 1893 || Technological development || German physicist professo {{w|Ernst AbbeAugust Köhler}} discovers achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image of the light source to illuminate the sample. The now called {{w|Abbe sine conditionKohler illumination}}turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a breakthrough in microscope designuniformly illuminated specimen, which until then was largely based on trial a bright image and errorminimal glare.<ref name="From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and ApplicationsHistory of Microscopes"/>{{cite book |last1<ref name=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS"Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Manufacturing Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and Applications |url=https:/in the Laboratory"/books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1878 1897 || Scientific development || American physicist {{w|Ernst AbbeR.W. Wood}} develops describes the phenomenon of the [[w:Field electron emission |field emission of electrons]], the process of emitting electrons from an extremely small area of a cathodic surface in the presence of a mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelengthstrong electric field.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|GermanyUnited States}}

| 1879 1900 || Technological development || German biologist The theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 {{w|Walter FlemmingÅ}} discovers cell mitosis and chromosomes, a scientifc achievement recognized as one of the most importants of all time) is reached.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1880 1903 || Technological development || The first microtomes begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in order to improve sampleAustrian-Hungarian chemist {{w|Richard Zsigmondy}} develops the ultra-microscope, which allows the study of objects below the wavelenght of light.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> <ref name="assdfg"/> ||{{w|Austria}}

| 1893 1904 || Technological development || German professo {{w|August KöhlerCarl Zeiss}} achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method introduces the first commercial UV microscope with resolution twice that of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image of the visible light source to illuminate the sample. The now called {{w|Kohler illumination}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a uniformly illuminated specimen, a bright image and minimal glaremicroscope. <ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1900 1924 || Scientific development || The theoretic limit French physicist {{w|Louis de Broglie}} develops his theory showing that particles have wave properties and very short wavelenghts. This discovery would allow the development of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 the {{w|Åelectron microscope}}) is reached. <ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> ||{{w|France}}

| 1903 1927 || Scientific development || Austrian-Hungarian chemist German physicist {{w|Richard ZsigmondyHans Busch}} develops the ultra-microscope, which allows the study objects below the wavelenght of lightdemonstrates that a suitably shaped magnetic field could be used as a lens to create electron microscopes.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfgLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|AustriaGermany}}

| 1904 1928 || Scientific development || Irish physicist {{w|Carl ZeissEdward Hutchinson Synge}} introduces publishes his theory underlying the first commercial UV {{w|near-field scanning optical microscope with resolution twice that of a visible light }}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |edition=Alberto Diaspro, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicklaus |first1=Mischa |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name>{{cite book |title="History of Microscopes"Progress in Optics |edition=Emil Wolf |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA145&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1928 1931 || Technological development || Irish German physicist {{w|Edward Hutchinson SyngeErnst Ruska}} publishes his theory underlying the along with {{w|near-field scanning optical microscopeMax Kroll}}at the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the transmission electron microscope.<refname="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |titlelast1=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine Leong |editionfirst1=Alberto Diaspro, Marc AAnthony S. MY. J|last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. van Zandvoort |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJcH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA51PA33&dq=1928%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+Edwardis+Hutchinsondeveloped+Syngeby+microscope%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward22in%20Hutchinson201938%20Synge22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false|ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><refname="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Nicklaus Long |first1=Mischa Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123RA2-PA3&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson1931+Syngeernst+microscoperuska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson1931%20Synge20ernst%20microscope20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress Advances in Optics |edition=Emil Wolf Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8CS2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145PA56&dq=19281931+Edwardernst+Hutchinson+Synge+microscoperuska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson1931%20Synge20ernst%20microscope20ruska&f=false}}</ref> ||{{w|Germany}}

| 1931 1932 || Technological development || German Dutch physicist {{w|Ernst RuskaFrits Zernike}} along with {{w|Max Kroll}} at invents the phase-contrast microscope, which allows for the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop first time the transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy study of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony S. Y. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark Rtransparent biological materials. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy By using interference rather than absorption of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.comlight, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA33&dq=%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="The Chemistry History of Molecular ImagingMicroscopes">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|GermanyNetherlands}}

| 1932 1935 || Technological development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits Zernike}} invents the phase-contrast microscope, which allows for the The first time the study of transparent biological materialsscanning electron microscopes are introduced.<ref name="History Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of MicroscopesScience Fiction Cinema"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}

| 1932 1936 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeErwin Wilhelm Müller}} develops phase contrast illumination, which allows applies the principle of field emission of electrons to a negatively charged very fine tip of tungsten wire in the imaging high vacuum of transparent samplesa cathode-ray tube. By using interference rather than absorption In this field-electron microscope, Müller obtains a pattern on the fluorescent screen that represents the array of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniquesatoms.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}

| 1936 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field emission microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1936 || Scientific development || Russian scientist {{w|Sergei Jakowlewitsch Sokolow}} proposes a device for producing magnified views of structure with 3-GHz sound waves, giving birth to the notion of {{w|acoustic microscopy}}.<ref>S. Sokolov, USSR Patent no. 49 (31 Aug. 1936), British Patent no. 477,139, 1937, and {{w|US Patent|2164125}}, 1939.</ref> || {{w|Russia}}|-| 1937 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Manfred Von Ardenne}} in {{w|Berlin}} produces the earliest scanning-transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1938 || Technological development || Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus at the {{w|University of Toronto}}, working under the direction of Eli Burton, produce the advanced Toronto Model electron microscope that would later become the basis for Radio Corporation of America's Model B, the first commercial electron microscope in {{w|North America}}.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Canada}}

| 1938 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} at {{w|Siemens}} produces the firt commercial {{w|electron microscope}} in the world.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1938 || Technological development || [[w:Canadians|Canadian]]-[[w:Americans|American]] scientist and {{w|James Hillier}} designs and builds, with Albert Prebus, the first successful high-resolution {{w|electron microscope}} in {{w|North America}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Newberry, Sterling|title=Obituary: James Hillier|journal=Physics Today|date=September 2007|volume=60|issue=9|pages=87–88|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/60/9/10.1063/1.2784698|doi=10.1063/1.2784698}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}

| 1939 || Technological development || {{w|Siemens}} launches the first commercial {{w|electron microscope}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration">{{cite book |title=Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration |edition=Ursyn, Anna |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MzdCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=~710+BC+%22The+Nimrud+lens&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR-Niz9YngAhXSILkGHVv1CfMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=~710%20BC%20%22The%20Nimrud%20lens&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1930 || Scientific development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits Zernike}} discovers he could can view unstained cells using the phase angle of rays,and invents the [[w:Phase contrast microscopy|phase contrast microscope. His innovartion would not introduced until]].<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=GHOSAL |last2=SABARI |last3=AVASTHI |last4=SHARMA |first4=ANUPAMA |title=FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION, SECOND EDITION |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VJNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=In+1930+Frits+Zernike+angle+of+rays&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNx9WxhZHgAhVME7kGHYJrBhYQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=In%201930%20Frits%20Zernike%20angle%20of%20rays&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}

| 1942 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} improves on the transmission electron microscope (previously buil by Knoll and Ruska) by building built the first scanning electron microscope (SEM) that transmits a beam of electrons across the specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1942 || Literature (book) || E.F Canadian physicist {{w|Eli Franklin Burton }} and W.Kohl publish ''The Electron Microscope''.<ref name="The Growth of Electron Microscopy">{{cite book |title=The Growth of Electron Microscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-IFp53_1-IC&pg=PA373&dq=1938+James+Hillier+builds+another+TEM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4zZnMgZHgAhWoHLkGHdfgDZgQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=1938%20James%20Hillier%20builds%20another%20TEM&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1942 || Organization || The {{w|Microscopy Society of America}} is founded. <ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Microscopy Society of America |url=https://www.microscopy.org/about/history.cfm |website=microscopy.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 1944 || Technological development || {{w|Electron microscope}}s with theoretical resolutions reduced to 2 nm are introduced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> ||

| 1949 || Organization || The {{w|German Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded. <ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Volume 81 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=s6gMdNTTqG0C&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=German+Society+for+Electron+Microscopy+%221949%22&source=bl&ots=DBuKmmqJTY&sig=ACfU3U0fsUsxbifBVPFx3QezigDAoUNDYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg9OTVo5bgAhV-IrkGHVzgBaEQ6AEwBHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=German%20Society%20for%20Electron%20Microscopy%20%221949%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1948 || Organization || The {{w|Nordic Microscopy Society}} is founded in {{w|Stockholm}}. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nordic Microscopy Society |url=https://www.omicsonline.org/societies/nordic-microscopy-society/ |website=omicsonline.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}

| 1949 || Organization || The {{w|Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy}} is formed. <ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy |url=https://naturalsciences.ch/organisations/ssom/about_us |website=naturalsciences.ch |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}

| 1951 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field ion microscope}} and becomes the first to see {{w|atom}}s.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=DK |title=The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Z4eKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1951 || Organization || The {{w|International Federation of Societies for Microscopy}} is founded. <ref>{{cite web |title=IFSM, International Federation of Societies for Microscopy |url=https://council.science/members/ifsm-international-federation-of-societies-for-microscopy |website=council.science |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||

| 1953 || Recognition || {{w|Frits Zernike}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the {{w|phase contrast microscope}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1953/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref> ||

| 1955 || Technological development || Polish physicist {{w|Georges Nomarski}} publishes the theoretical basis of {{w|Differential interference contrast microscopy}}. An optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.<ref>Nomarski, G. (1955). Microinterféromètre différentiel à ondes polarisées. J. Phys. Radium, Paris 16: 9S-11S</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigio |first1=Irving J. |last2=Fantini |first2=Sergio |title=Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, Methods, and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X7AkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Optical Shop Testing |edition=Daniel Malacara |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qMHKB1mKFr4C&pg=PA736&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

| 1957 || Technological development || American cognitive scientist {{w|Marvin Minsky}} patents the principle of confocal imaging. Using a scanning point of light, confocal microscopy gives slightly higher resolution than conventional light microscopy and makes it easier to view ‘virtual slices’ through a thick specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1962 1957 || Organization || {{w|Osamu Shimomura}}, Frank Johnson and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the jellyfish ''{{w|Aequorea victoria}}''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to blue lightThe Belgian Comitee of Electron Microscopy is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Guy web |title=Optical Imaging Techniques Electron Microscopy in Cell Biology Belgium |url=httpshttp://booksmicroscopy.googlebe/images/About/VanDyck.compdf |website=microscopy.ar/books?id=aqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=1962+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Shimomura%7D%7D,+Frank+Johnson+and+Yo+Saiga&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&qbe |accessdate=1962%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga&f=false30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||{{w|Belgium}}

| 1965 1959 || Scientific development || The Dunn and Fry perform the first {{w|Israel Society for Microscopyacoustic microscopy}} is foundedexperiments, though not at very high frequencies.<ref>{{cite web journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Floyd|title=Ultrasonic Absorption Microscope|journal=The Israel Journal of the Acoustical Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website of America|volume=31|pages=632|urlyear=http://www.ismicroscopy.org.il/ 1959|websitedoi=ismicroscopy10.org1121/1.il 1907767|accessdateissue=30 January 20195 }}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}

| 1967 1962 || Scientific development || {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the {{w|field ion microscopeOsamu Shimomura}}, Frank Johnson and develops Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the jellyfish ''{{w|atom probeAequorea victoria}} field ion microscope''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to blue light.<ref name>{{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Guy |title="A Biographical Dictionary of People Optical Imaging Techniques in EngineeringCell Biology |url=https: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"//books.google.com.ar/books?id=aqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=1962+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Shimomura%7D%7D,+Frank+Johnson+and+Yo+Saiga&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1962%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary History of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000Microscopes"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1971 1965 || Organization || The {{w|Turkish Israel Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded. <ref>{{cite web |title=The Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website |url=http://www.ismicroscopy.org.il/ |website=ismicroscopy.org.il |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}

| 1972 1965 || Technological development || English engineer {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} and South African physicist {{w|Allan Cormack}} develop the [[w:CT scan|computerized axial tomography]] (CAT) scanner (later known as {{w|CT scan}}). With the help of a computer, the device combines many {{w|X-ray}} images to generate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of internal organs and structuresThe first commercial scanning electron microscope becomes available.<ref name="History Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of MicroscopesScience Fiction Cinema"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Godfrey Hounsfield |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/godfrey-hounsfield |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Medical Physics |edition=Muhammad Maqbool |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5yc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing: Methodologies and Applications: Methodologies and Applications |edition=Srivastava, Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YOOWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1973 1967 || Technological development || "John Venables {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the {{w|field ion microscope}}, and CJ Harland observe electron backscatter patterns (EBSP) in develops the scanning electron {{w|atom probe}} field ion microscope. EBSP provide quantitative microstructural information about <ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the crystallographic nature of metals, minerals, semiconductors and ceramics.Earliest Records Until 2000"/><ref name="History A Biographical Dictionary of MicroscopesPeople in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1975 1970 || Technological development || The Korpel and Kessler begin to pursue a scanning laser detection system for {{w|Microscopical Society of Irelandacoustic microscopy}} is founded. <ref>A. Korpel and L. W. Kessler, “Comparison of methods of acoustic microscopy,” in ''Acoustical Holography'', vol. 3 by A. F. Metherell, Ed., New York: Plenum, 1971, pp. 23–43.</ref> || {{w|Ireland}}

| 1976 1971 || Organization || The {{w|Committee of European Societies of Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded. <ref>{{cite web |title=Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy |url=http://www.temd.org/en/menu/14/tarihce |website=temd.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Turkey}}

| 1978 1972 || Technological development || German scientists English engineer {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} and South African physicist {{w|Allan Cormack}} develop the [[w:Thomas CremerCT scan|Thomascomputerized axial tomography]] and (CAT) scanner (later known as {{w|Christoph CremerCT scan}} design ). With the help of a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates computer, the overdevice combines many {{w|X-all picture by electronic means similar ray}} images to those used in scanning electron microscopesgenerate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of internal organs and structures.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book web |title=Godfrey Hounsfield |last1url=Zhang https://radiopaedia.org/articles/godfrey-hounsfield |first1website=Fan radiopaedia.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials An Introduction to Medical Physics |edition=Muhammad Maqbool |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ5yc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214PA224&dq=19781972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+ThomasEnglish+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+ChristophSouth+African+Cremerphysicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+confocalCormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing: Methodologies and Applications: Methodologies and Applications |edition=Srivastava, Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YOOWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=1972+laser%7C%7C+scanning%7C%7C+microscope,English+whichengineer+scans%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+anHounsfield%7D%7D+objectand+usingSouth+aAfrican+focusedphysicist+laser%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+beamCormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=19781972%20Thomas20%20and7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20Christoph20English%20Cremer20engineer%20%20confocal7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%20laser7D%20scanning7D%20microscope20and%2C20South%20which20African%20scans20physicist%20an20%20object7B%20using7Bw%20a7CAllan%20focused20Cormack%20laser7D%20beam7D&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1981 1974 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Gerd Binnig}} R. A. Lemons and Swiss physicist C. F. Quate at the Microwave Laboratory of {{w|Heinrich RohrerStanford University}} develop the first {{w|scanning tunneling acoustic microscope}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.<ref>{{cite book journal |author1=Lemons R. A. |author2=Quate C. F. | year = 1974 |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition Acoustic microscope—scanning version |editionurl =CTI Reviews |urljournal =https://booksAppl.googlePhys.comLett.ar/books?id| volume =Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg24 | issue =PT410&dq| pages =1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl163–165 |doi =en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=false10.1063/1.1655136 }}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualise individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1981 1975 || Organization || The {{w|Gerd BinnigMicroscopical Society of Ireland}} and is established.<ref>{{wcite web |title=History |url=https://microscopy.ie/history.php |website=microscopy.ie |Heinrich Rohreraccessdate=30 January 2019}} invent the scanning tunneling microscope, making </ref> || {{w|3-DIreland}} specimen images possible.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1986 1976 || Organization || The {{w|Nobel Prize in PhysicsCommittee of European Societies of Electron Microscopy}} is awarded jointly to founded.<ref>{{wcite book |Ernst Ruska}} (for his work on the electron microscope)title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, along with {{wVolume 190 |Gerd Binnigurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Td6oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=committee+of+european+societies+of+electron+microscopy+%22in+1976%22&source=bl&ots=8fm_UBvWi9&sig=ACfU3U1S8SAoGpCHzCqyCdEz-WI5jfBLzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEiJnQpJbgAhVAGbkGHQ8cCUwQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=committee%20of%20european%20societies%20of%20electron%20microscopy%20%22in%201976%22&f=false}} and {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} (for the scanning tunnelling microscope).</ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1986 1978 || Technological development || {{German scientists [[w:Thomas Cremer|Gerd Binnig}}, Thomas]] and {{w|Christoph GerberCremer}} design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes.<ref>{{wcite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |Calvin Quate}} invent the {{wtitle=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials |atomic force url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&dq=1978+Thomas+and+Christoph+Cremer++confocal+laser+scanning+microscope,+which+scans+an+object+using+a+focused+laser+beam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1978%20Thomas%20and%20Christoph%20Cremer%20%20confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscope%2C%20which%20scans%20an%20object%20using%20a%20focused%20laser%20beam&f=false}} (AFM). </ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

| 1988 1981 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Alfred CerezoGerd Binnig}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and Swiss physicist {{w|George D. W. SmithHeinrich Rohrer}} invent develop the {{w|atom probescanning tunneling microscope}} tomograph(STM), making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-used for imaging surfaces at the atomic resolutionlevel.<ref>{{cite web book |title=Some atoms I have known - originsChemistry, The Practical Science, development and applications of atom probe tomography Media Enhanced Edition |edition=CTI Reviews |url=https://podcastsbooks.oxgoogle.accom.ukar/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |websitebooks?id=ox.ac.uk |accessdateMp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |titlePT410&dq=Progress in 1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the +Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |websiteonepage&q=researchgate.net |accessdate1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=30 January 2019false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://playerrather than by using light or electrons.fm/series/department-of-It can visualize individual atoms within materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |accessdate<ref name=30 January 2019}}<"History of Microscopes"/ref> ||

| 1988 1986 || Recognition || Japanese scientist The {{w|Kingo ItayaNobel Prize in Physics}} invents is awarded jointly to {{w|Ernst Ruska}} (for his work on the electron microscope), along with {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopeGerd Binnig}}.<ref>and {{cite web w|title=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |url=http://www.nanodic.com/nanocharacterization/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm |website=nanodic.com |accessdate=30 January 2019Heinrich Rohrer}}(for the scanning tunnelling microscope).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/ref> ||

| 1991 1986 || Technological development || The An early digital microscope is made by Japanese company {{w|Kelvin probe force microscopeHirox}} is invented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadewasser |first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo web |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization The Dish on the Digital Microscope |url=https://bookswww.googlemicroscope-detective.com.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+digital-microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book .html |last1website=Vilarinho |first1=Paula Maria |last2=Rosenwaks |first2=Yossi |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |title=Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials, Algarve, Portugal, 1 microscope- 13 October 2002 |url=https://books.googledetective.com.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl|accessdate=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>|| {{cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Mario |title=Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy: Applications in Nanomaterials w|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=falseJapan}}</ref> ||

| 1991 1986 || Technological development || Japanese physicist {{w|Sumio IijimaGerd Binnig}} discovers , {{w|Christoph Gerber}} and {{w|Calvin Quate}} introduce the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc{{w|atomic force microscope}} (AFM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Anniversary issues |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2016. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applications64 |website=nature.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery SystemsBiology Run Amok!: Design and FabricationThe Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> || {{w|Japan}}

| 1992 1988 || Technological development || American molecular biologist {{w|Douglas PrasherAlfred Cerezo}} reports the cloning of , {{w| green fluorescent proteinTerence Godfrey}} (GFP), and {{w|George D. This opens W. Smith}} introduce the way {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to widespread use resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of GFP atom probe tomography |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy)-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name>{{cite web |title="History Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Microscopes"Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/> 242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |website=researchgate.net | accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{wcite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |United Statesaccessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||

| 1993–1996 1988 || Technological development || German physicist Japanese scientist {{w|Stefan HellKingo Itaya}} pioneers a new optical invents the {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope technology that allows the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possible. This results in a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy}}.<ref name>{{cite web |title=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |url=http://www.nanodic.com/nanocharacterization/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm |website="History of Microscopes"nanodic.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||

| 1995 1991 || Literature (journal) Technological development || Scientific journal ''The {{w|Microscopy and MicroanalysisKelvin probe force microscope}}'' is establishedinvented. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadewasser | first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{wcite book |last1=Vilarinho |first1=Paula Maria |last2=Rosenwaks |first2=Yossi |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |title=Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials, Algarve, Portugal, 1 - 13 October 2002 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Mario |title=Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy: Applications in Nanomaterials |United Statesurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1998 1991 || Scientific development || The Japanese physicist {{w|European Microscopy SocietySumio Iijima}} is foundeddiscovers the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applications.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/> ||{{w|Japan}}

| 2010 1992 || Technological development || Researchers at American molecular biologist {{w|University Douglas Prasher}} reports the cloning of California, Los Angeles{{w|green fluorescent protein}} (GFP), opening the way to widespread use a cryoelectron microscope to see the atoms of a virusGFP and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||{{w|United States}}

| 1993–1996 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Stefan Hell}} pioneers a new optical microscope technology that allows the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possible. This results in a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 1995 || Literature (journal) || Scientific journal ''{{w|Microscopy and Microanalysis}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KRIVANEK |first1=O. L. |last2=KUNDMANN |first2=M. K. |last3=KIMOTO |first3=K. |title=Spatial resolution in EFTEM elemental maps |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1998 || Organization || The {{w|European Microscopy Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Microscopy Society Celebrates its 20th Anniversary |url=https://www.imaging-git.com/news/european-microscopy-society-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary |website=imaging-git.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| 2010 || Technological development || Researchers at {{w|University of California, Los Angeles}} use [[w:cryoelectron microscope|cryogenic electron microscopy]] to see the atoms of a virus.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 2013 || Technological development || The {{w|Arriscope (surgical microscope)}} is presented to the public in a prototype version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Website of the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery |url=http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055724/http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 March 2010 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2019 }}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 2014 || Recognition || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} is awarded to {{w|Eric Betzig}}, {{w|Stefan Hell}} and {{w|William Moerner}} “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”, allowing microscopes to now ‘see’ matter smaller than 0.2 micrometres.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||

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