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Timeline of microscopy

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! Time period !! Development summary
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| 13th century || The development of lenses in {{w|eyeglasses}} probably leads to the wide spread use of simple microscopes (single lens {{w|magnifying glass}}es) with limited magnification.<ref>Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica, Volume 30, La Fondazione-1975, page 554</ref>"<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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| 14th century || Spectacles are first made in {{w|Italy}}.<ref name="History of Microscopes">{{cite web |title=History of Microscopes |url=https://www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |website=microscope.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref>
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| 16th century || Zaccharias and Hans Janssen develop what might be considered the first microscope. |-| 17th century || Before the century, almose almost no one suspected there was life too small to see with the naked eye, with fleas thought to be the smallest possible form of life.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> {{w|Johannes Kepler}} is generally considered by neuroscentists as the first to recognize that images are projected, inverted and reversed by the eye's lens onto the {{w|retina}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/> "Then, in By the mid 17th century, an Englishman, {{w|Robert Hooke }} and a Dutchman, Anthony Van {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek took }} take the microscope to new levels"of development.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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| 18th century || Looking through lenses becomes very popular, with many having a microscope when able to afford.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/>
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| 19th century || Achromatic microscopes are invented in the first half of the century.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> By the late 1800s, effective illumination sources develop, opening the way for the modern era of microscopy.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Glassy |first1=Mark C. |title=Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BJ1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref>
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| 20th century || Early in the century, a significant alternative to traditional light microscopes is developed using electrons rather than light to generate an image.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The first electron microscope is invented by {{w|Max Knoll}} and {{w|Ernst Ruska}}, blasting past the optical limitations of the light. By the late 1930s, electron microscopes with theoretical resolutions of 10 nm are designed and produced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy">{{cite web |last1=Palucka |first1=Tim |title=Overview of Electron Microscopy |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/ElectronMicroscope/EM_HistOverview.htm |website=caltech.edu |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> The second major development for microscopes in the 20th century is the evolution of the mass market.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> The first commercial transmission electron microscopes are marketed in the 1950s.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The 1960s through the 1990s produce many innovative instruments and trends on electron microscopy.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> In the 1970s, sufficient information on ultrastructural pathology becomes accumulated to allow the use of the {{w|electron microscope}} as a diagnostic tool.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors"/> In the 1980s, the first scanning probe microscopes are developed and are closely followed by the invention of the atomic force microscope.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/>
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| 21st century || Dino-Lite Digital microscopes , a series of handheld digital devices, become one of the more original innovations since in the 21st new century. Dino-Lite are handheld digital microscopes.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
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| ~700 BC || Technological development || Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians start polishing quartz crystals as an attempt to replicate optical habilities of water. The {{w|Nimrud lens}} is on of the most famous examples.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Egypt}}, {{w|Irak}}|-| 167 BC || Technological development || Simple microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in {{w|China}}.<ref name="Bardell2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bardell|first1=David|title=The Invention of the Microscope|journal=Bios|date=May 2004|volume=75|issue=2|pages=78–84|jstor=4608700}}</ref> || {{w|China}}|-| 100 AD || Technological development || {{w|Glass}} is invented and the Romans looking through the glass and test it, discovering that if helding one of these “lenses” over an object, the object would look larger.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?">{{cite web |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope? |url=https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-history.aspx |website=microscopeworld.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> |||-| ~1000 AD || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stones, which are considered the first vision aids.<ref name="assdfg>"{{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Harold A |last2=Stein |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwC&pg=PA154&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Glen |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tEC&pg=PA8&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|China}}|-| ~1021 AD || Literature (book)|| Arab physicist {{w|Ibn al-Haytham}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would eventually transform how light and vision are understood.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holcomb, |first1=George W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D |title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M. |title=Experimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Middle East}}|-| 1267 || Scientific development || English philosopher {{w|Roger Bacon}} suggests the idea of the {{w|telescope}} and the {{w|microscope}}.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}|-| 1284 || Technological development || Italian inventor {{w|Salvino D'Armati}} is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfg"/> || {{w|Italy}}|-| 14th century || Technological development || {{w|Spectacle}}s are first made in {{w|Italy}}.<ref name="History of Microscopes">{{cite web |title=History of Microscopes |url=https://www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |website=microscope.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 167 BC 1590 || Technological development || Simple microscopes made of a lens Dutch spectacle makers, {{w|Zaccharias Janssen}} and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in his father Hans develop {{w|Chinatelescope}}s and what is considered the first microscope, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, including the first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times.<ref name="Bardell2004Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory">{{cite journalbook |last1=BardellMancini |first1=DavidKeith |last2=Sidoriak |first2=John |title=The Invention Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bmxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="MicroscopeHistory - Who Invented the Microscope?"/><ref>{{cite book |journaltitle=BiosSperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |dateedition=May 2004Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |volumeurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=75X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |issuetitle=2Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |pagesedition=78–84Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |jstorurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=4608700onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref name=" Hair and Fibers">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|ChinaNetherlands}}
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| 100 AD 1609 || Technological development || Italian scientist {{w|GlassGalileo Galilei}} is invented develops a compound microscope, with a convex and the Romans looking through the glass and test it, discovering that if helding one of these “lenses” over an object, the object would look largera concave lenses both fitting into a tube.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?BiologyBiology">{{cite web book |last1=Solomon |first1=Joan |last2=O'Brien |first2=Pat |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope? Biology |url=https://wwwbooks.microscopeworldgoogle.com.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA5&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/t-history.aspx ><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smolyaninov |first1=Igor I |title=Hyperbolic Metamaterials |websiteurl=microscopeworldhttps://books.google.com |accessdate.ar/books?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=14 January 2019false}}</ref> ||{{w|Italy}}
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| ~1000 AD 1619 || Technological development || Chinese elderly monks use Dutch inventor {{w|Cornelius Drebbel}} presents in {{w|London}} the reading stonesearliest recorded description of a {{w|compound microscope}}. The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, which are considered the first vision aidsand supported on 3 brass dolphins.<ref name="assdfg>"Jerome Ch'en, {{cite book w|title=Manual Nicholas Tarling}}, Studies in the Social History of Assisted Reproductive Technologies China and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=httpsSouth-East Asia://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aidEssays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10,+called+a+reading+stone2010,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}page 215</ref><refname="The Origins of the Telescope">{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Harold A |last2=Stein |first2author1=Raymond M Albert Van Helden|last3author2=Freeman Sven Dupré|first3author3=Melvin I Rob van Gent|title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder The Origins of the Telescope|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XguxYlYd-xnRmiZBzqwC9EC&pg=PA154&dqPA24|year=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl2010|publisher=en&saAmsterdam University Press|isbn=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q978-90-6984-615-6|page=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false24}}</ref><ref>{{cite Cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Glen |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tECkCSdiZcsWNsC&pg=PA8PA5&dq=1000+AD%22Cornelis+Drebbel%22The22+first+vision+aidmicroscope#PPP1,+called+a+reading+stoneM1 |title=The Microscope – Its Design,+is+invented&hlConstruction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisher=en&saBooks.google.be |date=X&ved2008-11-30|accessdate=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v2010-08-06|isbn=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false978-1-4437-2594-1}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|China}}
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| ~1021 AD 1624 || Technological development || Arab physicist A {{w|Ibn al-Haythamcompound microscope}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', the result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would eventually transform how light and vision are understood.<ref>is exhibited in {{cite book |last1=Holcomb, w|first1=George W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D |title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=falseRome}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1name=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A"Raymond J. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico MSeeger 2016, page 24">Raymond J. |title=Experimental Mechanics Seeger, Men of Solids |url=httpsPhysics://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+alGalileo Galilei, His Life and His Works, Elsevier -Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}2016, page 24</ref><ref name="J. William Rosenthal 1996, page 391">J. William Rosenthal, Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History of Microscopes"and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing, 1996, page 391</ref> || {{w|Middle EastItaly}}
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| 1267 1625 || Literature (book) || English philosopher Italian scientist {{w|Roger BaconFederico Cesi}} suggests the idea of the publishes his ''{{w|telescopeApiarium}} and '', perhaps the first scientific work to which the {{w|microscope}}is applied systematically.<ref name="The Science BookGalileo Engineer">{{cite book |last1=Valleriani |first1=Matteo |title=Galileo Engineer |url=https: Big Ideas Simply Explained"//books.google.com.ar/books?id=8IF6pZphWO4C&pg=PA57&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeh-7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United KingdomItaly}}
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| 1284 1625 || Scientific development || German papal doctor {{w|Salvino D’ArmateGiovanni Faber}} from Italy is credited with inventing first coins the name ''microscope''.<ref name="Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics">{{cite book |last1=Rochow |first1=Theodore G. |last2=Tucker |first2=Paul A. |title=Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ns8-RX9121sC&pg=PA2&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeh-7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture">{{cite book |last1=Eamon |first1=William |title=Science and the first wearable eye glassesSecrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rB3cIVVq-YUC&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfgBiology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> || {{w|ItalyGermany}}
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| 14th century 1665 || Scientific development || English physicist {{w|SpectacleRobert Hooke}}observes living cells and publishes ''Micrographia'', in which he coins the term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's are first made in {{w|Italy}}various studies using the microscope.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>{{cite web |title<ref name=History of Microscopes |url=https"The Science Book:Big Ideas Simply Explained"//www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |website=microscope.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 1590 1675 || Scientific development || Dutch spectacle makers, scientist {{w|Zaccharias JanssenAntonie van Leeuwenhoek}} and his father Hans develop both telescopes and microscopes, while experimenting with several lenses in manages to use a tube, including the first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times one lens to nine timesobserve insects and other specimen.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented Leeuwenhoek is the Microscope?"/><ref>first to observe {{cite book |title=Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective w|edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=falsebacteria}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |titlename=Manual "History of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}<Microscopes"/ref><ref name="Hair and FibersThe Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1609 1830 || Technological development || Italian scientist British physicist {{w|Galileo GalileiJoseph Jackson Lister}} develops a compound microscope, with a convex and a concave lenses both fitting into a tubemethod to construct lens systems avoiding the effects of spherical aberration.<ref name="BiologyBiology">{{cite book |last1=Solomon North |first1=Joan |last2=O'Brien |first2=Pat John |title=Biology Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The Commonwealth and International Library: Liberal Studies Division |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgCcSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5PA110&dq=16091830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+Galileodiscovers+Galileithat+ausing+compoundweak+microscopelenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=16091830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20Galileo20discovers%20Galilei20that%20a20using%20compound20weak%20microscope20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smolyaninov Holmes |first1=Igor I John |last2=Ruston |first2=Sharon |title=Hyperbolic Metamaterials The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1PA319&dq=16091830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+Galileodiscovers+Galileithat+ausing+compoundweak+microscopelenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=16091830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20Galileo20discovers%20Galilei20that%20a20using%20compound20weak%20microscope20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ&q=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref> || {{w|ItalyUnited Kingdom}}
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| 1619 1830 || Technological development || Earliest recorded description of a {{w|compound microscope}} by Dutch inventor {{w|Cornelius Drebbel}}, presented in {{[[w:Achromatic lens|London}}. The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, and supported on 3 brass dolphins.<ref>Jerome Ch'en, [[Nicholas TarlingAchromatic microscopes]], Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, page 215</ref>are invented.<ref name="The Origins of the TelescopeBiologyBiology">{{cite book|author1=Albert Van Helden|author2=Sven Dupré|author3=Rob van Gent|title=The Origins of the Telescope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XguxYlYd-9EC&pg=PA24|year=2010|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-6984-615-6|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCSdiZcsWNsC&pg=PA5&dq=%22Cornelis+Drebbel%22+microscope#PPP1,M1 |title=The Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisher=Books.google.be |date= 2008-11-30|accessdate=2010-08-06|isbn=978-1-4437-2594-1}}</ref> ||
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| 1625 1833 || Scientific development || German papal doctor {{Scottish scientist [[w:Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Giovanni Faber}} Robert Brown]] becomes the first coins to describe his observation of the name ''microscope''nucleus in plant cells.<ref name="History of MicroscopesBiologyBiology"/> || {{w|GermanyUnited Kingdom}}
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| 1665 1839 || Organization || English physicist The {{w|Robert HookeRoyal Microscopical Society}} observes living cells and publishes ''Micrographia'', is founded in which he coins the term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using the microscope{{w|London}}.<ref name>{{cite web |title="History Royal Microscopical Society's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Microscopes"Employees, Funding and Acquisitions |url=https://www.owler.com/company/>royalmicroscopicalsociety |website=owler.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1675 1841 || Literature (journal) || Dutch scientist The ''{{w|Antonie van LeeuwenhoekJournal of Microscopy}} manages to use a microscope with one lens to observe insects and other specimen. Leeuwenhoek '' is first published by the first to observe {{w|bacteriaRoyal Microscopical Society}}.<ref name>{{cite web |title="This History of Microscopes"the Royal Microscopical Society |url=https://www.rms.org.uk/>about/history-of-the-rms.html |website=rms.org.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1830 1850s || Technological development || British physicist American scientist {{w|Joseph Jackson ListerJohn Leonard Riddell}} at {{w|Tulane University}}, develops a method to construct lens systems avoiding the effects of spherical aberrationfirst practical binocular microscope.<ref name="Riddell">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=North Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century ScientistsAddress on Medical Biography: The Commonwealth and Delivered Before the International Library: Liberal Studies Division Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ40EXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA110PA21&dq=1830:%221850..1859%22+JosephJohn+JacksonLeonard+ListerRiddell+discovers+thatfirst+usingpractical+weakbinocular+lensesmicroscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1830%3A221850..1859%22%20Joseph20John%20Jackson20Leonard%20Lister20Riddell%20discovers20%20that20first%20using20practical%20weak20binocular%20lenses20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmes Ashhurst |first1=John |last2=Ruston |first2=Sharon |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science Transactions of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_DglDwAAQBAJ_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA319PA109&dq=1830:%221850..1859%22+JosephJohn+JacksonLeonard+ListerRiddell+discovers+thatfirst+usingpractical+weakbinocular+lensesmicroscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A221850..1859%20Joseph22%20Jackson20John%20Lister20Leonard%20discovers20Riddell%20that20%20using20first%20weak20practical%20lenses20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ&q=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1830 1863 || Technological development || Achromatic microscopes are inventedEnglish microscopist {{w|Henry Clifton Sorby}} pioneers the use of metallurgical microscope for investigating the microstructure of a variety of materials.<ref name>{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=C. |title=Experimental Techniques in Materials and Mechanics |url="BiologyBiology"https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref> ||{{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1833 1860s || Scientific development || Scottish scientist Robert Brown becomes German physicist {{w|Ernst Abbe}} discovers the first to describe his observation of the nucleus {{w|Abbe sine condition}}, a breakthrough in plant cellsmicroscope design, which until then was largely based on trial and error.<ref name="BiologyBiologyFrom MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications">{{cite book |last1=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref>|| {{w|Germany}}
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| 1839 1878 || Organization Scientific development || The {{w|Royal Microscopical Society}} is founded in {{w|LondonErnst Abbe}}develops a mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelength. <ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|United KingdomGermany}}
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| 1841 1879 || Literature (journal) Scientific development || The Using the microscope, German biologist {{w|Journal of MicroscopyWalter Flemming}} is first published by the discovers cell {{w|Royal Microscopical Societymitosis}}. || and {{w|United Kingdomchromosome}}s, a scientifc achievement recognized as one of the most importants of all time.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1850s 1880 || Technological development || American scientist The first {{w|John Leonard Riddellmicrotome}} at {{w|Tulane University}, develops the first practical binocular microscopes begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in order to improve sample.<ref name="RiddellHistory of Microscopes">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Address on Medical Biography: Delivered Before the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Transactions of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA109&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1863 1893 || Technological development || English microscopist German professo {{w|Henry Clifton SorbyAugust Köhler}} pioners the use of metallurgical microscope for inverstigating the microstructures achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a variety perfectly defocused image of materialsthe light source to illuminate the sample.<ref>The now called {{cite book w|last1=Suryanarayana |first1=CKohler illumination}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. |title=Experimental Techniques in Materials Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a uniformly illuminated specimen, a bright image and Mechanics |url=https://booksminimal glare.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq<ref name=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+"History of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}<Microscopes"/ref><ref>{{cite book |titlename=Metallurgy "Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url=https:Laboratory"//books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United KingdomGermany}}
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| 1860s 1897 || Scientific development || German American physicist {{w|Ernst AbbeR.W. Wood}} discovers describes the phenomenon of the {{[[w:Field electron emission |Abbe sine condition}}field emission of electrons]], the process of emitting electrons from an extremely small area of a breakthrough cathodic surface in microscope design, which until then was largely based on trial and errorthe presence of a strong electric field.<ref name="From MEMS Introduction to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and ApplicationsMicroscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics">{{cite book |last1=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|GermanyUnited States}}
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| 1878 1900 || Technological development || The theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 {{w|Ernst AbbeÅ}} develops a mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelength) is reached.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1879 1903 || Technological development || German biologist Austrian-Hungarian chemist {{w|Walter FlemmingRichard Zsigmondy}} discovers cell mitosis and chromosomesdevelops the ultra-microscope, a scientifc achievement recognized as one which allows the study of objects below the most importants wavelenght of all timelight.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> <ref name="assdfg"/> ||{{w|Austria}}
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| 1880 1904 || Technological development || The {{w|Carl Zeiss}} introduces the first microtomes begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in order to improve samplecommercial UV microscope with resolution twice that of a visible light microscope.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1893 1924 || Scientific development || German professo French physicist {{w|August KöhlerLouis de Broglie}} achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image develops his theory showing that particles have wave properties and very short wavelenghts. This discovery would allow the development of the light source to illuminate the sample. The now called {{w|Kohler illuminationelectron microscope}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a uniformly illuminated specimen, a bright image and minimal glare. <ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|GermanyFrance}}
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| 1900 1927 || Scientific development || The theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 German physicist {{w|ÅHans Busch}}) is reacheddemonstrates that a suitably shaped magnetic field could be used as a lens to create electron microscopes. <ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> ||{{w|Germany}}
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| 1903 1928 || Scientific development || Austrian-Hungarian chemist Irish physicist {{w|Richard ZsigmondyEdward Hutchinson Synge}} develops publishes his theory underlying the ultra{{w|near-field scanning optical microscope, which allows the study objects below the wavelenght of light}}.<ref name>{{cite book |title=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |edition=Alberto Diaspro, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v="History of Microscopes"onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name>{{cite book |last1="assdfg"Nicklaus |first1=Mischa |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in Optics | {{wedition=Emil Wolf |Austriaurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA145&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1904 1931 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Carl ZeissErnst Ruska}} introduces along with {{w|Max Kroll}} at the first commercial UV Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the transmission electron microscope with resolution twice that .<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony S. Y. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of a visible light Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA33&dq=%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope.+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="History The Chemistry of MicroscopesMolecular Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref> ||{{w|Germany}}
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| 1928 1932 || Technological development || Irish Dutch physicist {{w|Edward Hutchinson SyngeFrits Zernike}} publishes his theory underlying invents the {{w|nearphase-field scanning optical contrast microscope}}, which allows for the first time the study of transparent biological materials. By using interference rather than absorption of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques.<ref>{{cite book |title=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |edition=Alberto Diaspro, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort |urlname=https:"History of Microscopes"//books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicklaus |first1=Mischa |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in Optics w|edition=Emil Wolf |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA145&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=falseNetherlands}}</ref> ||
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| 1931 1935 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Ernst Ruska}} along with {{w|Max Kroll}} at the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the transmission The first scanning electron microscopemicroscopes are introduced.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony S. Y. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=httpsBiology Run Amok!://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA33&dq=%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="The Chemistry Life Science Lessons of Molecular ImagingScience Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1932 1936 || Scientific development || Dutch German physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeErwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents applies the phaseprinciple of field emission of electrons to a negatively charged very fine tip of tungsten wire in the high vacuum of a cathode-ray tube. In this field-contrast electron microscope, which allows for Müller obtains a pattern on the first time fluorescent screen that represents the study array of transparent biological materialsatoms.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1932 1936 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeErwin Wilhelm Müller}} develops phase contrast illumination, which allows invents the imaging of transparent samples{{w|field emission microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope. By using interference rather than absorption of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|NetherlandsGermany}}
|-
| 1936 || Scientific development || German physicist Russian scientist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm MüllerSergei Jakowlewitsch Sokolow}} invents proposes a device for producing magnified views of structure with 3-GHz sound waves, giving birth to the notion of {{w|field emission microscopeacoustic microscopy}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://booksS.googleSokolov, USSR Patent no.com49 (31 Aug.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope), British Patent no.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">477,139, 1937, and {{cite book w|title=A Dictionary of Scientists US Patent|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false2164125}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms, 1939.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|GermanyRussia}}
|-
| 1937 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Manfred Von Ardenne}} in {{w|Berlin}} produces the earliest scanning-transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1938 || Technological development || Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus at the {{w|University of Toronto}}, working under the direction of Eli Burton, produce the advanced Toronto Model electron microscope that would later become the basis for Radio Corporation of America's Model B, the first commercial electron microscope in {{w|North America}}.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Canada}}
|-
| 1938 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} at {{w|Siemens}} produces the firt commercial {{w|electron microscope}} in the world.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1938 || Technological development || [[w:Canadians|Canadian]]-[[w:Americans|American]] scientist and {{w|James Hillier}} designs and builds, with Albert Prebus, the first successful high-resolution {{w|electron microscope}} in {{w|North America}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Newberry, Sterling|title=Obituary: James Hillier|journal=Physics Today|date=September 2007|volume=60|issue=9|pages=87–88|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/60/9/10.1063/1.2784698|doi=10.1063/1.2784698}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
|-
| 1939 || Technological development || {{w|Siemens}} launches the first commercial {{w|electron microscope}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration">{{cite book |title=Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration |edition=Ursyn, Anna |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MzdCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=~710+BC+%22The+Nimrud+lens&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR-Niz9YngAhXSILkGHVv1CfMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=~710%20BC%20%22The%20Nimrud%20lens&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1930 || Scientific development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits Zernike}} discovers he could can view unstained cells using the phase angle of rays,and invents the [[w:Phase contrast microscopy|phase contrast microscope. His innovartion would not introduced until]].<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=GHOSAL |last2=SABARI |last3=AVASTHI |last4=SHARMA |first4=ANUPAMA |title=FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION, SECOND EDITION |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VJNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=In+1930+Frits+Zernike+angle+of+rays&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNx9WxhZHgAhVME7kGHYJrBhYQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=In%201930%20Frits%20Zernike%20angle%20of%20rays&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
|-
| 1942 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} improves on the transmission electron microscope (previously buil by Knoll and Ruska) by building built the first scanning electron microscope (SEM) that transmits a beam of electrons across the specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1942 || Literature (book) || E.F Canadian physicist {{w|Eli Franklin Burton }} and W.Kohl publish ''The Electron Microscope''.<ref name="The Growth of Electron Microscopy">{{cite book |title=The Growth of Electron Microscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-IFp53_1-IC&pg=PA373&dq=1938+James+Hillier+builds+another+TEM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4zZnMgZHgAhWoHLkGHdfgDZgQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=1938%20James%20Hillier%20builds%20another%20TEM&f=false}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1942 || Organization || The {{w|Microscopy Society of America}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Microscopy Society of America |url=https://www.microscopy.org/about/history.cfm |website=microscopy.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1944 || Technological development || {{w|Electron microscope}}s with theoretical resolutions reduced to 2 nm are introduced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> ||
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| 1949 || Organization || The {{w|German Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded. <ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Volume 81 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=s6gMdNTTqG0C&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=German+Society+for+Electron+Microscopy+%221949%22&source=bl&ots=DBuKmmqJTY&sig=ACfU3U0fsUsxbifBVPFx3QezigDAoUNDYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg9OTVo5bgAhV-IrkGHVzgBaEQ6AEwBHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=German%20Society%20for%20Electron%20Microscopy%20%221949%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1948 || Organization || The {{w|Nordic Microscopy Society}} is founded in {{w|Stockholm}}. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nordic Microscopy Society |url=https://www.omicsonline.org/societies/nordic-microscopy-society/ |website=omicsonline.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 1949 || Organization || The {{w|Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy}} is formed. <ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy |url=https://naturalsciences.ch/organisations/ssom/about_us |website=naturalsciences.ch |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
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| 1951 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field ion microscope}} and becomes the first to see {{w|atom}}s.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=DK |title=The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Z4eKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1951 || Organization || The {{w|International Federation of Societies for Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=IFSM, International Federation of Societies for Microscopy |url=https://council.science/members/ifsm-international-federation-of-societies-for-microscopy |website=council.science |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1953 || Recognition || {{w|Frits Zernike}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the {{w|phase contrast microscope}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1953/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1955 || Technological development || Polish physicist {{w|Georges Nomarski}} publishes the theoretical basis of {{w|Differential interference contrast microscopy}}. An optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.<ref>Nomarski, G. (1955). Microinterféromètre différentiel à ondes polarisées. J. Phys. Radium, Paris 16: 9S-11S</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigio |first1=Irving J. |last2=Fantini |first2=Sergio |title=Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, Methods, and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X7AkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Optical Shop Testing |edition=Daniel Malacara |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qMHKB1mKFr4C&pg=PA736&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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| 1956 || Organization || The {{w|Italian Society of Microscopical Sciences}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=About SISM |url=https://www.sism.it/SISM |website=sism.it |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 1957 || Technological development || American cognitive scientist {{w|Marvin Minsky}} patents the principle of confocal imaging. Using a scanning point of light, confocal microscopy gives slightly higher resolution than conventional light microscopy and makes it easier to view ‘virtual slices’ through a thick specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1957 || Organization || The Belgian Comitee of Electron Microscopy is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electron Microscopy in Belgium |url=http://microscopy.be/images/About/VanDyck.pdf |website=microscopy.be |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
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| 1959 || Scientific development || Dunn and Fry perform the first {{w|acoustic microscopy}} experiments, though not at very high frequencies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Floyd|title=Ultrasonic Absorption Microscope|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=31|pages=632|year=1959|doi=10.1121/1.1907767|issue=5 }}</ref> |||-| 1962 || Scientific development || {{w|Osamu Shimomura}}, Frank Johnson and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the jellyfish ''{{w|Aequorea victoria}}''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to blue light.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Guy |title=Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=1962+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Shimomura%7D%7D,+Frank+Johnson+and+Yo+Saiga&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1962%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> |||-| 1965 || Organization || The {{w|Israel Society for Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website |url=http://www.ismicroscopy.org.il/ |website=ismicroscopy.org.il |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
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| 1965 || Technological development || The {{w|Israel Society for Microscopy}} is foundedfirst commercial scanning electron microscope becomes available.<ref>{{cite web |titlename="Biology Run Amok!: The Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website |url=http://www.ismicroscopy.org.ilLife Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/ |website=ismicroscopy.org.il |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
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| 1967 || Technological development || {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the {{w|field ion microscope}}, and develops the {{w|atom probe}} field ion microscope.<ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1970 || Technological development || Korpel and Kessler begin to pursue a scanning laser detection system for {{w|acoustic microscopy}}.<ref>A. Korpel and L. W. Kessler, “Comparison of methods of acoustic microscopy,” in ''Acoustical Holography'', vol. 3 by A. F. Metherell, Ed., New York: Plenum, 1971, pp. 23–43.</ref> ||
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| 1971 || Organization || The {{w|Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy |url=http://www.temd.org/en/menu/14/tarihce |website=temd.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Turkey}}
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| 1972 || Technological development || English engineer {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} and South African physicist {{w|Allan Cormack}} develop the [[w:CT scan|computerized axial tomography]] (CAT) scanner (later known as {{w|CT scan}}). With the help of a computer, the device combines many {{w|X-ray}} images to generate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of internal organs and structures.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Godfrey Hounsfield |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/godfrey-hounsfield |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Medical Physics |edition=Muhammad Maqbool |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5yc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing: Methodologies and Applications: Methodologies and Applications |edition=Srivastava, Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YOOWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1973 1974 || Technological development || "John Venables R. A. Lemons and CJ Harland observe electron backscatter patterns (EBSP) in C. F. Quate at the Microwave Laboratory of {{w|Stanford University}} develop the first {{w|scanning electron acoustic microscope}}. EBSP provide quantitative microstructural information about the crystallographic nature of metals, minerals, semiconductors and ceramics."<ref name>{{cite journal |author1=Lemons R. A. |author2=Quate C. F. | year = 1974 | title = Acoustic microscope—scanning version | url = | journal = Appl. Phys. Lett. | volume ="History of Microscopes"24 | issue = | pages = 163–165 |doi = 10.1063/1.1655136 }}</ref> ||{{w|United States}}
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| 1975 || Organization || The {{w|Microscopical Society of Ireland}} is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://microscopy.ie/history.php |website=microscopy.ie |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ireland}}
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| 1976 || Organization || The {{w|Committee of European Societies of Electron Microscopy}} is founded. <ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 190 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Td6oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=committee+of+european+societies+of+electron+microscopy+%22in+1976%22&source=bl&ots=8fm_UBvWi9&sig=ACfU3U1S8SAoGpCHzCqyCdEz-WI5jfBLzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEiJnQpJbgAhVAGbkGHQ8cCUwQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=committee%20of%20european%20societies%20of%20electron%20microscopy%20%22in%201976%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1978 || Technological development || German scientists [[w:Thomas Cremer|Thomas]] and {{w|Christoph Cremer}} design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&dq=1978+Thomas+and+Christoph+Cremer++confocal+laser+scanning+microscope,+which+scans+an+object+using+a+focused+laser+beam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1978%20Thomas%20and%20Christoph%20Cremer%20%20confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscope%2C%20which%20scans%20an%20object%20using%20a%20focused%20laser%20beam&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1981 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and Swiss physicist {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} develop the {{w|scanning tunneling microscope}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition |edition=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT410&dq=1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualise visualize individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1981 1986 || Recognition || The {{w|Gerd BinnigNobel Prize in Physics}} and is awarded jointly to {{w|Heinrich RohrerErnst Ruska}} invent (for his work on the scanning tunneling electron microscope), making along with {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and {{w|3-DHeinrich Rohrer}} specimen images possible(for the scanning tunnelling microscope).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1986 || Technological development || The An early digital microscope is made by Japanese company {{w|Nobel Prize in PhysicsHirox}} is awarded jointly to .<ref>{{wcite web |Ernst Ruska}} (for his work title=The Dish on the electron Digital Microscope |url=https://www.microscope-detective.com/digital-microscope.html |website=microscope), along with {{w-detective.com |Gerd Binnigaccessdate=30 January 2019}} and </ref> || {{w|Heinrich RohrerJapan}} (for the scanning tunnelling microscope).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1986 || Technological development || {{w|Gerd Binnig}}, {{w|Christoph Gerber}} and {{w|Calvin Quate}} invent introduce the {{w|atomic force microscope}} (AFM). <ref>{{cite web |title=Anniversary issues |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2016.64 |website=nature.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> ||
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| 1988 || Technological development || {{w|Alfred Cerezo}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and {{w|George D. W. Smith}} invent introduce the {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1988 || Technological development || Japanese scientist {{w|Kingo Itaya}} invents the {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |url=http://www.nanodic.com/nanocharacterization/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm |website=nanodic.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1991 || Technological development || The {{w|Kelvin probe force microscope}} is invented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadewasser |first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vilarinho |first1=Paula Maria |last2=Rosenwaks |first2=Yossi |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |title=Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials, Algarve, Portugal, 1 - 13 October 2002 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Mario |title=Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy: Applications in Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1991 || Scientific development || Japanese physicist {{w|Sumio Iijima}} discovers the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applications.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/> || {{w|Japan}}
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| 1992 || Technological development || American molecular biologist {{w|Douglas Prasher}} reports the cloning of {{w| green fluorescent protein}} (GFP). This opens , opening the way to widespread use of GFP and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1993–1996 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Stefan Hell}} pioneers a new optical microscope technology that allows the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possible. This results in a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1995 || Literature (journal) || Scientific journal ''{{w|Microscopy and Microanalysis}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KRIVANEK |first1=O. L. |last2=KUNDMANN |first2=M. K. |last3=KIMOTO |first3=K. |title=Spatial resolution in EFTEM elemental maps |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1998 || Organization || The {{w|European Microscopy Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Microscopy Society Celebrates its 20th Anniversary |url=https://www.imaging-git.com/news/european-microscopy-society-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary |website=imaging-git.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 2010 || Technological development || Researchers at {{w|University of California, Los Angeles}} use a [[w:cryoelectron microscope |cryogenic electron microscopy]] to see the atoms of a virus.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 2013 || Technological development || The {{w|Arriscope (surgical microscope)}} is presented to the public in a prototype version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Website of the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery |url=http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055724/http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 March 2010 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2019 }}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 2014 || Recognition || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} is awarded to {{w|Eric Betzig}}, {{w|Stefan Hell}} and {{w|William Moerner}} “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”, allowing microscopes to now ‘see’ matter smaller than 0.2 micrometres.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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|}
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* FIXMEhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/TimelinesWiki/permalink/2275246539382365/* https://www.reddit.com/r/TimelinesWiki/comments/bdq73f/timeline_of_microscopy/  * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/FungalMicroscopy/permalink/3360792857301425/ Fungal Microscopy] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/108048403331394/permalink/540018013467762/ Vintage Microscopy] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/287183662118069/permalink/786265485543215/ Vintage Microscope Market] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/735005890187138/permalink/1334140730273648/ SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1449330632041530/permalink/2377610652546852/ Medical Microbiologist and Biotechnologist] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/155359696881/permalink/10158937211301882/ Microbiology & Immunology Research] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1571123569819826/permalink/2646569315608574/ Microbiology Research Group] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2064163863629746/permalink/3343949995651120/ Microbiology Study Group] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/121052094770118/permalink/1376610875880894/ Cellular Biology, Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/560636171514842/permalink/652071692371289/ Food& water Microbiology] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/135881236793/permalink/10157601916076794/ Medical Microbiology & Immunology] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/228803238222063/permalink/323352572100462/ All World Biotechnology🔬 and Microbiology student's 🔬] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/212983514320/permalink/10158713926644321/ Microbiology & Immunology] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/mahmud.mbo/permalink/10157840716910819 Microbial World] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/169600566579960/permalink/1562736330599703/ World wide group of biological sciences and protein structure microscopy] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/364993417607379/permalink/796563654450351 Microbiology Notes] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/169600566579960/permalink/1562736330599703/ World wide group of biological sciences and protein structure microscopy] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/557934550939365/permalink/3390117917721000/ Microbiology] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/408171762558194/permalink/4313132142062117 Microbiology Dept of Abu Zaria] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1552217078407406/permalink/2403077253321380/ Hybrid (Microscopic + Endoscopic) Skull Base Neurosurgeons] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/909158072477363/permalink/3301789926547487/ Microbiota & Microbiome] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1449330632041530/permalink/2383480958626488/ Medical Microbiologist and Biotechnologist] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/126994007394292/permalink/3377111645715829/ Vintage Microscopy] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/295700253919841/permalink/2153142508175597 Microbiology, Virology , Microbial Contaminants and Bioremidiation (IDEH)] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/160814831881567/permalink/255771282385921/ Microbiology Research Group] Facebook group* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/129541257712234/permalink/612161256116896 Microbiology] Facebook group
===What the timeline is still missing===
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