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Timeline of microscopy

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! Time period !! Development summary
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| 13th century || The development of lenses in {{w|eyeglasses}} probably leads to the wide spread use of simple microscopes (single lens {{w|magnifying glass}}es) with limited magnification.<ref>Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica, Volume 30, La Fondazione-1975, page 554</ref>"<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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| 14th century || Spectacles are first made in {{w|Italy}}.<ref name="History of Microscopes">{{cite web |title=History of Microscopes |url=https://www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |website=microscope.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref>
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| 16th century || Zaccharias and Hans Janssen develop what might be considered the first microscope. |-| 17th century || Before the century, almose almost no one suspected there was life too small to see with the naked eye, with fleas thought to be the smallest possible form of life.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> {{w|Johannes Kepler}} is generally considered by neuroscentists as the first to recognize that images are projected, inverted and reversed by the eye's lens onto the {{w|retina}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/> "Then, in By the mid 17th century, an Englishman, {{w|Robert Hooke }} and a Dutchman, Anthony Van {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek took }} take the microscope to new levels"of development.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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| 18th century || Looking through lenses becomes very popular, with many having a microscope when able to afford.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/>
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| 19th century || Achromatic microscopes are invented in the first half of the century.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> By the late 1800s, effective illumination sources develop, opening the way for the modern era of microscopy.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Glassy |first1=Mark C. |title=Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BJ1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref>
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| 20th century || Early in the century, a significant alternative to traditional light microscopes is developed using electrons rather than light to generate an image.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The first electron microscope is invented by {{w|Max Knoll}} and {{w|Ernst Ruska}}, blasting past the optical limitations of the light. By the late 1930s, electron microscopes with theoretical resolutions of 10 nm are designed and produced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy">{{cite web |last1=Palucka |first1=Tim |title=Overview of Electron Microscopy |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/ElectronMicroscope/EM_HistOverview.htm |website=caltech.edu |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> The second major development for microscopes in the 20th century is the evolution of the mass market.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> The first commercial transmission electron microscopes are marketed in the 1950s.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> The 1960s through the 1990s produce many innovative instruments and trends on electron microscopy.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> In the 1970s, sufficient information on ultrastructural pathology becomes accumulated to allow the use of the {{w|electron microscope}} as a diagnostic tool.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors"/> In the 1980s, the first scanning probe microscopes are developed and are closely followed by the invention of the atomic force microscope.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/>
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| 21st century || Dino-Lite Digital microscopes , a series of handheld digital devices, become one of the more original innovations since in the 21st new century. Dino-Lite are handheld digital microscopes.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/>
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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
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| ~700 BC || Technological development || Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians start polishing quartz crystals as an attempt to replicate optical habilities of water. The {{w|Nimrud lens}} is on of the most famous examples.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration"/><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Egypt}}, {{w|Irak}}|-| 167 BC || Technological development || Simple microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize the unseen are developed in {{w|China}}.<ref name="Bardell2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bardell|first1=David|title=The Invention of the Microscope|journal=Bios|date=May 2004|volume=75|issue=2|pages=78–84|jstor=4608700}}</ref> || {{w|China}}|-| 100 AD || Technological development || {{w|Glass}} is invented and the Romans looking through the glass and test it, discovering that if helding one of these “lenses” over an object, the object would look larger.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?">{{cite web |title=Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope? |url=https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-history.aspx |website=microscopeworld.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 167 BC ~1000 AD || Technological development || Simple microscopes made of a lens and a water-filled tube to visualize Chinese elderly monks use the unseen reading stones, which are developed in considered the first vision aids.<ref name="assdfg>"{{wcite book |Chinatitle=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}.</ref><ref name="Bardell2004">{{cite journalbook |last1=BardellStein |first1=DavidHarold A |last2=Stein |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I |title=The Invention of the MicroscopeOphthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder |journalurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Bios-xnRmiZBzqwC&pg=PA154&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |datelast1=May 2004Moulton |volumefirst1=75Glen |issuetitle=2CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) |pagesurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tEC&pg=PA8&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=78–84|jstor0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=4608700false}}</ref><ref name=" History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|China}}
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| 100 ~1021 AD || Literature (book)|| Arab physicist {{w|GlassIbn al-Haytham}} is invented and the Romans looking through the glass and test it, discovering that if helding one writes his ''Book of these “lenses” over an objectOptics'', the object result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would look largereventually transform how light and vision are understood.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?">{{cite web book |last1=Holcomb, |first1=George W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D |title=Microscope History Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Who Invented the Microscope? Online + Print |url=https://wwwbooks.microscopeworldgoogle.com.ar/tbooks?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-historyHaytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M.aspx |websitetitle=microscopeworldExperimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com |accessdate.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=14 January 2019false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||{{w|Middle East}}
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| ~1000 AD 1267 || Scientific development || Chinese elderly monks use the reading stones, which are considered the first vision aids.<ref name="assdfg>"English philosopher {{cite book |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM w|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=falseRoger Bacon}}</ref><ref>suggests the idea of the {{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Harold A |last2=Stein |first2=Raymond M |last3=Freeman |first3=Melvin I |title=Ophthalmic Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder w|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-xnRmiZBzqwC&pg=PA154&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=falsetelescope}}</ref><ref>and the {{cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Glen |title=CliffsNotes Praxis II: Middle School Science (0439) w|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C3jxvcsc4tEC&pg=PA8&dq=1000+AD+%22The+first+vision+aid,+called+a+reading+stone,+is+invented&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV25GKwJDgAhUIGt8KHWoDC_wQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1000%20AD%20%22The%20first%20vision%20aid%2C%20called%20a%20reading%20stone%2C%20is%20invented&f=falsemicroscope}}</ref>.<ref name="History of MicroscopesThe Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> || {{w|ChinaUnited Kingdom}}
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| ~1021 AD 1284 || Technological development || Arab physicist Italian inventor {{w|Ibn al-HaythamSalvino D'Armati}} writes his ''Book of Optics'', is credited with inventing the result of investigations based on experimental evidence. The book would eventually transform how light and vision are understoodfirst wearable eye glasses.<ref>{{cite book |last1name=Holcomb, |first1=George W. |last2=Ostlie |first2=Daniel J |last3=Murphy |first3=Jerry D |title=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online + Print |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dWLbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+"History of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}<Microscopes"/ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sciammarella |first1=Cesar A. |last2=Sciammarella |first2=Federico M. |title=Experimental Mechanics of Solids |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VRlJ3fVvedQC&pg=PT145&dq=%221021%22+Ibn+al-Haytham+writes+his+Book+of+Optics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrI2ZvZDgAhXSVt8KHaTSAwoQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%221021%22%20Ibn%20al-Haytham%20writes%20his%20Book%20of%20Optics&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopesassdfg"/> || {{w|Middle EastItaly}}
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| 1267 14th century || Technological development || English philosopher {{w|Roger BaconSpectacle}} suggests the idea of the s are first made in {{w|telescopeItaly}} and the .<ref name="History of Microscopes">{{wcite web |title=History of Microscopes |url=https://www.microscope.com/education-center/microscopes-101/history-of-microscopes/ |website=microscope.com |accessdate=14 January 2019}}.</ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> || {{w|United KingdomItaly}}
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| 1284 1590 || Technological development || Dutch spectacle makers, {{w|Salvino D’ArmateZaccharias Janssen}} from Italy and his father Hans develop {{w|telescope}}s and what is credited considered the first microscope, while experimenting with inventing several lenses in a tube, including the first wearable eye glassespractical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine times.<ref name="Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory">{{cite book |last1=Mancini |first1=Keith |last2=Sidoriak |first2=John |title=Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bmxQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=%22in+1625%22+Giovanni+Faber+the+name+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zbG5qJbgAhXDKrkGHe5XAacQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201625%22%20Giovanni%20Faber%20the%20name%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. Birkhead, Dave J. Hosken, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of Microscopes"Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref><ref name="assdfgHair and Fibers">{{cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|ItalyNetherlands}}
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| 14th century 1609 || Technological development || Italian scientist {{w|SpectacleGalileo Galilei}}s are first made in develops a compound microscope, with a convex and a concave lenses both fitting into a tube.<ref name="BiologyBiology">{{wcite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Joan |last2=O'Brien |first2=Pat |title=Biology |Italyurl=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA5&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}.</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite web book |last1=Smolyaninov |first1=Igor I |title=History of Microscopes Hyperbolic Metamaterials |url=https://wwwbooks.microscopegoogle.com.ar/education-center/microscopes-101/historybooks?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-of-microscopes/ |websitePA1&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope.com |accessdate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=14 January 2019false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 1590 1619 || Technological development || Dutch spectacle makers, inventor {{w|Cornelius Drebbel}} presents in {{w|London}} the earliest recorded description of a {{w|Zaccharias Janssencompound microscope}} and his father Hans develop both telescopes and microscopes. The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, while experimenting with several lenses two inches in a tubediameter, including the first practical microscope with a magnification range of three times to nine timesand supported on 3 brass dolphins.<ref name="Microscope History - Who Invented the Microscope?"/><ref>Jerome Ch'en, {{cite book w|title=Sperm BiologyNicholas Tarling}}, Studies in the Social History of China and South-East Asia: An Evolutionary Perspective |edition=Tim R. BirkheadEssays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Dave J. HoskenCambridge University Press, Scott S. Pitnick |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kctYNbO1fE0C&pg=PA4&dq=1590Jun 10,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers2010,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false}}page 215</ref><refname="The Origins of the Telescope">{{cite book |author1=Albert Van Helden|author2=Sven Dupré|author3=Rob van Gent|title=Manual The Origins of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |edition=Lt Col Pankaj Talwar VSM the Telescope|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h9bIBAAAQBAJXguxYlYd-9EC&pg=PA108&dqPA24|year=1590,+two+Dutch+spectacle+makers,+Zaccharias+Janssen+and+his+father+Hans&hl2010|publisher=en&saAmsterdam University Press|isbn=X&ved978-90-6984-615-6|page=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false24}}</ref><ref name="Hair and Fibers">{{cite Cite book |last1=Wright, |first1=John D |last2=Singer |first2=Jane |title=Hair and Fibers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6FsBgAAQBAJkCSdiZcsWNsC&pg=PT115PA5&dq=1590,%22Cornelis+twoDrebbel%22+Dutch+spectacle+makersmicroscope#PPP1,M1 |title=The Microscope – Its Design,+Zaccharias+Janssen+Construction and+his+father+Hans&hlApplications by F. S. Spiers |publisher=en&saBooks.google.be |date=X&ved2008-11-30|accessdate=0ahUKEwiVrdHF0ZDgAhW3ILkGHb7IBZoQ6AEIPTAD#v2010-08-06|isbn=onepage&q=1590%2C%20two%20Dutch%20spectacle%20makers%2C%20Zaccharias%20Janssen%20and%20his%20father%20Hans&f=false978-1-4437-2594-1}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1609 1624 || Technological development || Italian scientist A {{w|Galileo Galileicompound microscope}} is exhibited in {{w|Rome}} develops a compound microscope, with a convex and a concave lenses both fitting into a tube.<ref name="BiologyBiologyRaymond J. Seeger 2016, page 24">{{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Joan |last2=O'Brien |first2=Pat |title=Biology |url=httpsRaymond J. Seeger, Men of Physics://books.google.com.ar/books?id=StPGGLN_vHgC&pg=PA5&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}, His Life and His Works, Elsevier - 2016, page 24</ref><ref name="History of MicroscopesJ. William Rosenthal 1996, page 391"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smolyaninov |first1=Igor I |title=Hyperbolic Metamaterials |url=httpsJ. William Rosenthal, Spectacles and Other Vision Aids://books.google.com.ar/books?id=zD9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1&dq=1609+Galileo+Galilei+a+compound+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7MTvpYrgAhVVIrkGHfUmCqoQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1609%20Galileo%20Galilei%20a%20compound%20microscope&f=false}}A History and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing, 1996, page 391</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 1619 1625 || Literature (book) || Earliest recorded description of a Italian scientist {{w|compound microscopeFederico Cesi}} by Dutch inventor publishes his ''{{w|Cornelius DrebbelApiarium}}, presented in {{w|London}}. The instrument ia about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, and supported on 3 brass dolphins.<ref>Jerome Ch'en', {{w|Nicholas Tarling}}, Studies in perhaps the first scientific work to which the Social History of China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, page 215</ref>microscope is applied systematically.<ref name="The Origins of the TelescopeGalileo Engineer">{{cite book|author1=Albert Van Helden|author2last1=Sven DupréValleriani |author3first1=Rob van GentMatteo |title=The Origins of the TelescopeGalileo Engineer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XguxYlYd-9EC&pg=PA24|year=2010|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-6984-615-6|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.comar/books?id=kCSdiZcsWNsC8IF6pZphWO4C&pg=PA5PA57&dq=%22Cornelis1625+Drebbel%22Giovanni+microscope#PPP1,M1 |titleFaber&hl=The Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers |publisheren&sa=Books.google.be |dateX&ved= 20080ahUKEwjeh-11-30|accessdate7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=2010-08-06|isbn1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=978-1-4437-2594-1false}}</ref> ||{{w|Italy}}
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| 1625 || Scientific development || German papal doctor {{w|Giovanni Faber}} first coins the name ''microscope''.<ref name="Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics">{{cite book |last1=Rochow |first1=Theodore G. |last2=Tucker |first2=Paul A. |title=Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ns8-RX9121sC&pg=PA2&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeh-7Os5bgAhXlGbkGHeCWAXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1625%20Giovanni%20Faber&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture">{{cite book |last1=Eamon |first1=William |title=Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rB3cIVVq-YUC&dq=1625+Giovanni+Faber&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1665 || Scientific development || English physicist {{w|Robert Hooke}} observes living cells and publishes ''Micrographia'', in which he coins the term ‘cells’ when describing tissue. The book outlines Hooke's various studies using the microscope.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> ||
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| 1675 || Scientific development || Dutch scientist {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}} manages to use a microscope with one lens to observe insects and other specimen. Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained"/> ||
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| 1830 || Technological development || British physicist {{w|Joseph Jackson Lister}} develops a method to construct lens systems avoiding the effects of spherical aberration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=North |first1=John |title=Mid-Nineteenth-Century Scientists: The Commonwealth and International Library: Liberal Studies Division |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSioBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmes |first1=John |last2=Ruston |first2=Sharon |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Science |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_DglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=1830%3A%20Joseph%20Jackson%20Lister%20discovers%20that%20using%20weak%20lenses&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ&q=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&dq=1830:+Joseph+Jackson+Lister+discovers+that+using+weak+lenses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidmuyEx5DgAhVmmuAKHSmrD18Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1830 || Technological development || [[w:Achromatic lens| Achromatic microscopes ]] are invented.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/> ||
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| 1833 || Scientific development || Scottish scientist [[w:Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] becomes the first to describe his observation of the nucleus in plant cells.<ref name="BiologyBiology"/>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1839 || Organization || The {{w|Royal Microscopical Society}} is founded in {{w|London}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Microscopical Society's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions |url=https://www.owler.com/company/royalmicroscopicalsociety |website=owler.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
| 1841 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Microscopy}}'' is first published by the {{w|Royal Microscopical Society}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=This History of the Royal Microscopical Society |url=https://www.rms.org.uk/about/history-of-the-rms.html |website=rms.org.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1850s || Technological development || American scientist {{w|John Leonard Riddell}} at {{w|Tulane University}}, develops the first practical binocular microscope.<ref name="Riddell">{{cite journal | author = Riddell JL | title = On the binocular microscope | journal = Q J Microsc Sci | volume = 2 | pages = 18–24 | year = 1854}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Address on Medical Biography: Delivered Before the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, September 5, 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=40EXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashhurst |first1=John |title=Transactions of the International medical congress of Philadelphia. 1876 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_wvYtzD27ywC&pg=PA109&dq=%221850..1859%22+John+Leonard+Riddell++first+practical+binocular+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijh_ytjYrgAhXvG7kGHRZODlMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%221850..1859%22%20John%20Leonard%20Riddell%20%20first%20practical%20binocular%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref> |||-| 1863 || Technological development || English microscopist {{w|Henry Clifton Sorby}} pioneers the use of metallurgical microscope for investigating the microstructure of a variety of materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=C. |title=Experimental Techniques in Materials and Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}|-| 1860s || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Ernst Abbe}} discovers the {{w|Abbe sine condition}}, a breakthrough in microscope design, which until then was largely based on trial and error.<ref name="From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications">{{cite book |last1=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 1878 || Scientific development || {{w|Ernst Abbe}} develops a mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelength.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 1879 || Scientific development || Using the microscope, German biologist {{w|Walter Flemming}} discovers cell {{w|mitosis}} and {{w|chromosome}}s, a scientifc achievement recognized as one of the most importants of all time.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1863 1880 || Technological development || English microscopist The first {{w|Henry Clifton Sorbymicrotome}} pioners the use of metallurgical microscope for inverstigating the microstructures of a variety of materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=C. |title=Experimental Techniques s begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in Materials and Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O7O4CRIo4KIC&pg=PA73&dq=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+order to+observe+structure+of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteoritesimprove sample.%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second Edition |edition=Arthur C. Reardon |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-YTN9aXAeIC&pg=PA150&dqname=1863+Henry+Clifton+Sorby+metallurgical+microscope+to+observe+structure+"History of+meteorites.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLpZuZjorgAhXOEbkGHcnEBhAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1863%20Henry%20Clifton%20Sorby%20metallurgical%20microscope%20to%20observe%20structure%20of%20meteorites.%22&f=false}}<Microscopes"/ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1860s 1893 || Technological development || German physicist professo {{w|Ernst AbbeAugust Köhler}} discovers achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image of the light source to illuminate the sample. The now called {{w|Abbe sine conditionKohler illumination}}turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a breakthrough in microscope designuniformly illuminated specimen, which until then was largely based on trial a bright image and errorminimal glare.<ref name="From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and ApplicationsHistory of Microscopes"/>{{cite book |last1<ref name=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS"Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Manufacturing Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and Applications |url=https:/in the Laboratory"/books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=1860s+Ernst+Abbe+Abbe+sine+condition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiyLu1wJXgAhXO1FkKHV2uCC4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1860s%20Ernst%20Abbe%20Abbe%20sine%20condition&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1878 1897 || Scientific development || American physicist {{w|Ernst AbbeR.W. Wood}} develops describes the phenomenon of the [[w:Field electron emission |field emission of electrons]], the process of emitting electrons from an extremely small area of a cathodic surface in the presence of a mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelengthstrong electric field.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|GermanyUnited States}}
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| 1879 1900 || Technological development || German biologist The theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 {{w|Walter FlemmingÅ}} discovers cell mitosis and chromosomes, a scientifc achievement recognized as one of the most importants of all time) is reached.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1880 1903 || Technological development || The first microtomes begin to be used enabling significantly thinner samples to be prepared in order to improve sampleAustrian-Hungarian chemist {{w|Richard Zsigmondy}} develops the ultra-microscope, which allows the study of objects below the wavelenght of light.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> <ref name="assdfg"/> ||{{w|Austria}}
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| 1893 1904 || Technological development || German professo {{w|August KöhlerCarl Zeiss}} achieves an almost perfect image by designing a new method introduces the first commercial UV microscope with resolution twice that of illumination which uses a perfectly defocused image of the visible light source to illuminate the sample. The now called {{w|Kohler illumination}} turns an unparalleled illumination system. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of a uniformly illuminated specimen, a bright image and minimal glaremicroscope. <ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1900 1924 || Scientific development || The theoretic limit French physicist {{w|Louis de Broglie}} develops his theory showing that particles have wave properties and very short wavelenghts. This discovery would allow the development of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 the {{w|Åelectron microscope}}) is reached. <ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> ||{{w|France}}
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| 1903 1927 || Scientific development || Austrian-Hungarian chemist German physicist {{w|Richard ZsigmondyHans Busch}} develops the ultra-microscope, which allows the study objects below the wavelenght of lightdemonstrates that a suitably shaped magnetic field could be used as a lens to create electron microscopes.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Microscopes"/><ref name="assdfgLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|AustriaGermany}}
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| 1904 1928 || Scientific development || Irish physicist {{w|Carl ZeissEdward Hutchinson Synge}} introduces publishes his theory underlying the first commercial UV {{w|near-field scanning optical microscope with resolution twice that of a visible light }}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine |edition=Alberto Diaspro, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicklaus |first1=Mischa |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref name>{{cite book |title="History of Microscopes"Progress in Optics |edition=Emil Wolf |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8C&pg=PA145&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson+Synge+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1928 1931 || Technological development || Irish German physicist {{w|Edward Hutchinson SyngeErnst Ruska}} publishes his theory underlying the along with {{w|near-field scanning optical microscopeMax Kroll}}at the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop the transmission electron microscope.<refname="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |titlelast1=Super-Resolution Imaging in Biomedicine Leong |editionfirst1=Alberto Diaspro, Marc AAnthony S. MY. J|last2=Wick |first2=Mark R. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. van Zandvoort |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CBoNDgAAQBAJcH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA51PA33&dq=1928%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+Edwardis+Hutchinsondeveloped+Syngeby+microscope%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIMzAC0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward22in%20Hutchinson201938%20Synge22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false|ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><refname="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Nicklaus Long |first1=Mischa Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Nanoelectronics The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jrVnAwAAQBAJ64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123RA2-PA3&dq=1928+Edward+Hutchinson1931+Syngeernst+microscoperuska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEIKTAA0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson1931%20Synge20ernst%20microscope20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress Advances in Optics |edition=Emil Wolf Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O4g3cT9yHp8CS2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145PA56&dq=19281931+Edwardernst+Hutchinson+Synge+microscoperuska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzvP2axZDgAhVJhuAKHSe5ARoQ6AEILjAB0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1928%20Edward%20Hutchinson1931%20Synge20ernst%20microscope20ruska&f=false}}</ref> ||{{w|Germany}}
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| 1931 1932 || Technological development || German Dutch physicist {{w|Ernst RuskaFrits Zernike}} along with {{w|Max Kroll}} at invents the phase-contrast microscope, which allows for the Berlin Technische Hochschule develop first time the transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy study of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors">{{cite book |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony S. Y. |last2=Wick |first2=Mark Rtransparent biological materials. |last3=Swanson |first3=Paul E. |title=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy By using interference rather than absorption of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors |url=https://books.google.comlight, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques.ar/books?id=cH9xuGCxS_cC&pg=PA33&dq=%22in+1938%22+%7Celectron+microscope+is+developed+by+%7B%7Bw%7CErnst+Ruska%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7Prw55XgAhVjs1kKHVJhCzMQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%7Celectron%20microscope%20is%20developed%20by%20%7B%7Bw%7CErnst%20Ruska%7D&f=false |ref=Immunohistology and Electron Microscopy of Anaplastic and Pleomorphic Tumors}}</ref><ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/><ref name="The Chemistry History of Molecular ImagingMicroscopes">{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |title=The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=64CbBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 205 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S2JSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=1931+ernst+ruska&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjppdfRg5HgAhXcJ7kGHbf7BOUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1931%20ernst%20ruska&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|GermanyNetherlands}}
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| 1932 1935 || Technological development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits Zernike}} invents the phase-contrast microscope, which allows for the The first time the study of transparent biological materialsscanning electron microscopes are introduced.<ref name="History Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of MicroscopesScience Fiction Cinema"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1932 1936 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Frits ZernikeErwin Wilhelm Müller}} develops phase contrast illumination, which allows applies the principle of field emission of electrons to a negatively charged very fine tip of tungsten wire in the imaging high vacuum of transparent samplesa cathode-ray tube. By using interference rather than absorption In this field-electron microscope, Müller obtains a pattern on the fluorescent screen that represents the array of light, transparent samples, such as cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniquesatoms.<ref name="History Introduction to Microscopy by Means of MicroscopesLight, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1936 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field emission microscope}}.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication">{{cite book |last1=Grumezescu |first1=Alexandru Mihai |title=Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WpIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref name="A Dictionary of Scientists">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&pg=PA389&dq=1936+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+emission+microscope.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_yzj4rgAhXZIbkGHe8oBq0Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1936%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20emission%20microscope.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Carl W. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA157&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1936 || Scientific development || Russian scientist {{w|Sergei Jakowlewitsch Sokolow}} proposes a device for producing magnified views of structure with 3-GHz sound waves, giving birth to the notion of {{w|acoustic microscopy}}.<ref>S. Sokolov, USSR Patent no. 49 (31 Aug. 1936), British Patent no. 477,139, 1937, and {{w|US Patent|2164125}}, 1939.</ref> || {{w|Russia}}|-| 1937 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Manfred Von Ardenne}} in {{w|Berlin}} produces the earliest scanning-transmission electron microscope.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1938 || Technological development || Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus at the {{w|University of Toronto}}, working under the direction of Eli Burton, produce the advanced Toronto Model electron microscope that would later become the basis for Radio Corporation of America's Model B, the first commercial electron microscope in {{w|North America}}.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> || {{w|Canada}}
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| 1938 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} at {{w|Siemens}} produces the firt commercial {{w|electron microscope}} in the world.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1938 || Technological development || [[w:Canadians|Canadian]]-[[w:Americans|American]] scientist and {{w|James Hillier}} designs and builds, with Albert Prebus, the first successful high-resolution {{w|electron microscope}} in {{w|North America}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Newberry, Sterling|title=Obituary: James Hillier|journal=Physics Today|date=September 2007|volume=60|issue=9|pages=87–88|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/60/9/10.1063/1.2784698|doi=10.1063/1.2784698}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
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| 1939 || Technological development || {{w|Siemens}} launches the first commercial {{w|electron microscope}}.<ref name="Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration">{{cite book |title=Visual Approaches to Cognitive Education With Technology Integration |edition=Ursyn, Anna |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MzdCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=~710+BC+%22The+Nimrud+lens&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR-Niz9YngAhXSILkGHVv1CfMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=~710%20BC%20%22The%20Nimrud%20lens&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1930 || Scientific development || Dutch physicist {{w|Frits Zernike}} discovers he could can view unstained cells using the phase angle of rays,and invents the [[w:Phase contrast microscopy|phase contrast microscope. His innovartion would not introduced until]].<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=GHOSAL |last2=SABARI |last3=AVASTHI |last4=SHARMA |first4=ANUPAMA |title=FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION, SECOND EDITION |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VJNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=In+1930+Frits+Zernike+angle+of+rays&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNx9WxhZHgAhVME7kGHYJrBhYQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=In%201930%20Frits%20Zernike%20angle%20of%20rays&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1942 || Technological development || {{w|Ernst Ruska}} improves on the transmission electron microscope (previously buil by Knoll and Ruska) by building built the first scanning electron microscope (SEM) that transmits a beam of electrons across the specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
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| 1942 || Literature (book) || E.F Canadian physicist {{w|Eli Franklin Burton }} and W.Kohl publish ''The Electron Microscope''.<ref name="The Growth of Electron Microscopy">{{cite book |title=The Growth of Electron Microscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o-IFp53_1-IC&pg=PA373&dq=1938+James+Hillier+builds+another+TEM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4zZnMgZHgAhWoHLkGHdfgDZgQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=1938%20James%20Hillier%20builds%20another%20TEM&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1942 || Organization || The {{w|Microscopy Society of America}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Microscopy Society of America |url=https://www.microscopy.org/about/history.cfm |website=microscopy.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1944 || Technological development || {{w|Electron microscope}}s with theoretical resolutions reduced to 2 nm are introduced.<ref name="Overview of Electron Microscopy"/> ||
|-
| 1949 || Organization || The {{w|German Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Volume 81 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=s6gMdNTTqG0C&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=German+Society+for+Electron+Microscopy+%221949%22&source=bl&ots=DBuKmmqJTY&sig=ACfU3U0fsUsxbifBVPFx3QezigDAoUNDYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg9OTVo5bgAhV-IrkGHVzgBaEQ6AEwBHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=German%20Society%20for%20Electron%20Microscopy%20%221949%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1948 || Organization || The {{w|Nordic Microscopy Society}} is founded in {{w|Stockholm}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nordic Microscopy Society |url=https://www.omicsonline.org/societies/nordic-microscopy-society/ |website=omicsonline.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
|-
| 1949 || Organization || The {{w|Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy}} is formed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss Society for Optics and Microscopy |url=https://naturalsciences.ch/organisations/ssom/about_us |website=naturalsciences.ch |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
|-
| 1951 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Müller}} invents the {{w|field ion microscope}} and becomes the first to see {{w|atom}}s.<ref name="The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained">{{cite book |last1=DK |title=The Science Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Z4eKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&dq=1951+Erwin+Wilhelm+M%C3%BCller+invents+the+field+ion+microscope+and+is+the+first+to+see+atoms.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkopzVlYzgAhXmHbkGHZeODXAQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1951%20Erwin%20Wilhelm%20M%C3%BCller%20invents%20the%20field%20ion%20microscope%20and%20is%20the%20first%20to%20see%20atoms.&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|Germany}}
|-
| 1951 || Organization || The {{w|International Federation of Societies for Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=IFSM, International Federation of Societies for Microscopy |url=https://council.science/members/ifsm-international-federation-of-societies-for-microscopy |website=council.science |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1953 || Recognition || {{w|Frits Zernike}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the {{w|phase contrast microscope}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1953/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1955 || Technological development || Polish physicist {{w|Georges Nomarski}} publishes the theoretical basis of {{w|Differential interference contrast microscopy}}. An optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.<ref>Nomarski, G. (1955). Microinterféromètre différentiel à ondes polarisées. J. Phys. Radium, Paris 16: 9S-11S</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigio |first1=Irving J. |last2=Fantini |first2=Sergio |title=Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, Methods, and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X7AkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Optical Shop Testing |edition=Daniel Malacara |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qMHKB1mKFr4C&pg=PA736&dq=1955+Polish+physicist+Georges+Nomarski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKzr7tu5DgAhWunOAKHVVvCNMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1955%20Polish%20physicist%20Georges%20Nomarski&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
|-
| 1956 || Organization || The {{w|Italian Society of Microscopical Sciences}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=About SISM |url=https://www.sism.it/SISM |website=sism.it |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
|-
| 1957 || Technological development || American cognitive scientist {{w|Marvin Minsky}} patents the principle of confocal imaging. Using a scanning point of light, confocal microscopy gives slightly higher resolution than conventional light microscopy and makes it easier to view ‘virtual slices’ through a thick specimen.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1957 || Organization || The Belgian Comitee of Electron Microscopy is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electron Microscopy in Belgium |url=http://microscopy.be/images/About/VanDyck.pdf |website=microscopy.be |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
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| 1962 1959 || Scientific development || {{w|Osamu Shimomura}}, Frank Johnson Dunn and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Fry perform the jellyfish ''first {{w|Aequorea victoriaacoustic microscopy}}''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to blue lightexperiments, though not at very high frequencies.<ref>{{cite book journal|last1=Cox Dunn|first1=Guy Floyd|title=Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology Ultrasonic Absorption Microscope|urljournal=https://books.google.com.ar/books?idThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=aqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg31|pages=PA169&dq632|year=1962+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Shimomura%7D%7D,+Frank+Johnson+and+Yo+Saiga&hl1959|doi=en&sa10.1121/1.1907767|issue=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1962%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga&f=false5 }}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1965 1962 || Scientific development || The {{w|Israel Society for MicroscopyOsamu Shimomura}} is founded, Frank Johnson and Yo Saiga discover green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the jellyfish ''{{w|Aequorea victoria}}''. GFP fluoresces bright green when exposed to blue light.<ref>{{cite web book |last1=Cox |first1=Guy |title=The Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology |url=httphttps://wwwbooks.ismicroscopygoogle.orgcom.ilar/ |websitebooks?id=aqrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=1962+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+%7B%7Bw%7COsamu+Shimomura%7D%7D,+Frank+Johnson+and+Yo+Saiga&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh8eS4x5XgAhUF2FkKHfWWCNYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=ismicroscopy.org.il |accessdate1962%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20%7B%7Bw%7COsamu%20Shimomura%7D%7D%2C%20Frank%20Johnson%20and%20Yo%20Saiga&f=30 January 2019false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|Israel}}
|-
| 1965 || Organization || The {{w|Israel Society for Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Israel Society for Microscopy (ISM) Website |url=http://www.ismicroscopy.org.il/ |website=ismicroscopy.org.il |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}} |-| 1965 || Technological development || The first commercial scanning electron microscope becomes available.<ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> |||-| 1967 || Technological development || {{w|Erwin Wilhelm Müller}} adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the {{w|field ion microscope}}, and develops the {{w|atom probe}} field ion microscope.<ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/><ref name="A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000"/> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1970 || Technological development || Korpel and Kessler begin to pursue a scanning laser detection system for {{w|acoustic microscopy}}.<ref>A. Korpel and L. W. Kessler, “Comparison of methods of acoustic microscopy,” in ''Acoustical Holography'', vol. 3 by A. F. Metherell, Ed., New York: Plenum, 1971, pp. 23–43.</ref> ||
|-
| 1971 || Organization || The {{w|Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy |url=http://www.temd.org/en/menu/14/tarihce |website=temd.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Turkey}}
|-
| 1972 || Technological development || English engineer {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} and South African physicist {{w|Allan Cormack}} develop the [[w:CT scan|computerized axial tomography]] (CAT) scanner (later known as {{w|CT scan}}). With the help of a computer, the device combines many {{w|X-ray}} images to generate cross-sectional views as well as three-dimensional images of internal organs and structures.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Godfrey Hounsfield |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/godfrey-hounsfield |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Medical Physics |edition=Muhammad Maqbool |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5yc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Research Developments in Computer Vision and Image Processing: Methodologies and Applications: Methodologies and Applications |edition=Srivastava, Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YOOWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=1972+%7C%7C+%7C%7C+English+engineer+%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey+Hounsfield%7D%7D+and+South+African+physicist+%7B%7Bw%7CAllan+Cormack%7D%7D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkuaE-pXgAhVO1VkKHVXjAZsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1972%20%7C%7C%20%7C%7C%20English%20engineer%20%7B%7Bw%7CGodfrey%20Hounsfield%7D%7D%20and%20South%20African%20physicist%20%7B%7Bw%7CAllan%20Cormack%7D%7D&f=false}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1974 || Technological development || R. A. Lemons and C. F. Quate at the Microwave Laboratory of {{w|Stanford University}} develop the first {{w|scanning acoustic microscope}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lemons R. A. |author2=Quate C. F. | year = 1974 | title = Acoustic microscope—scanning version | url = | journal = Appl. Phys. Lett. | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 163–165 |doi = 10.1063/1.1655136 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}|-| 1975 || Organization || The {{w|Microscopical Society of Ireland}} is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://microscopy.ie/history.php |website=microscopy.ie |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ireland}}
|-
| 1976 || Organization || The {{w|Committee of European Societies of Electron Microscopy}} is founded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 190 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Td6oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=committee+of+european+societies+of+electron+microscopy+%22in+1976%22&source=bl&ots=8fm_UBvWi9&sig=ACfU3U1S8SAoGpCHzCqyCdEz-WI5jfBLzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEiJnQpJbgAhVAGbkGHQ8cCUwQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=committee%20of%20european%20societies%20of%20electron%20microscopy%20%22in%201976%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1978 || Technological development || German scientists [[w:Thomas Cremer|Thomas]] and {{w|Christoph Cremer}} design a laser scanning process which scans an object using a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |title=Photon Upconversion Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mybUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&dq=1978+Thomas+and+Christoph+Cremer++confocal+laser+scanning+microscope,+which+scans+an+object+using+a+focused+laser+beam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT8PuBrZHgAhVeK7kGHQQqCQYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1978%20Thomas%20and%20Christoph%20Cremer%20%20confocal%20laser%20scanning%20microscope%2C%20which%20scans%20an%20object%20using%20a%20focused%20laser%20beam&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1981 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and Swiss physicist {{w|Heinrich Rohrer}} develop the {{w|scanning tunneling microscope}} (STM), used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chemistry, The Practical Science, Media Enhanced Edition |edition=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Mp8aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT410&dq=1986+%22Gerd+Binnig,+Quate,+and+Gerber+invent+the+Atomic+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0eLIr5HgAhUpJrkGHdWHDJsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1986%20%22Gerd%20Binnig%2C%20Quate%2C%20and%20Gerber%20invent%20the%20Atomic%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> The STM ‘sees’ by measuring interactions between atoms, rather than by using light or electrons. It can visualise visualize individual atoms within materials.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1981 1986 || Recognition || The {{w|Gerd BinnigNobel Prize in Physics}} and is awarded jointly to {{w|Heinrich RohrerErnst Ruska}} invent (for his work on the scanning tunneling electron microscope), making along with {{w|Gerd Binnig}} and {{w|3-DHeinrich Rohrer}} specimen images possible(for the scanning tunnelling microscope).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1986 || Technological development || The An early digital microscope is made by Japanese company {{w|Nobel Prize in PhysicsHirox}} is awarded jointly to .<ref>{{wcite web |Ernst Ruska}} (for his work title=The Dish on the electron Digital Microscope |url=https://www.microscope-detective.com/digital-microscope.html |website=microscope), along with {{w-detective.com |Gerd Binnigaccessdate=30 January 2019}} and </ref> || {{w|Heinrich RohrerJapan}} (for the scanning tunnelling microscope).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1986 || Technological development || {{w|Gerd Binnig}}, {{w|Christoph Gerber}} and {{w|Calvin Quate}} introduce the {{w|atomic force microscope}} (AFM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Anniversary issues |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2016.64 |website=nature.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Biology Run Amok!: The Life Science Lessons of Science Fiction Cinema"/> ||
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| 1988 || Technological development || {{w|Alfred Cerezo}}, {{w|Terence Godfrey}}, and {{w|George D. W. Smith}} introduce the {{w|atom probe}} tomograph, making it able to resolve materials in 3-dimensions with near-atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-atom-probe-tomography |website=ox.ac.uk |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress in the Atomic-Scale Analysis of Materials with the Three-Dimensional Atom Probe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242781581_Progress_in_the_Atomic-Scale_Analysis_of_Materials_with_the_Three-Dimensional_Atom_Probe |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some atoms I have known - origins, development and applications of atom probe tomography |url=https://player.fm/series/department-of-materials/some-atoms-i-have-known-origins-development-and-applications-of-atom-probe-tomography |website=player.fm |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1988 || Technological development || Japanese scientist {{w|Kingo Itaya}} invents the {{w|electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |url=http://www.nanodic.com/nanocharacterization/Electrochemical_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy.htm |website=nanodic.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1991 || Technological development || The {{w|Kelvin probe force microscope}} is invented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadewasser |first1=Sascha |last2=Glatzel |first2=Thilo |title=Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: From Single Charge Detection to Device Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vilarinho |first1=Paula Maria |last2=Rosenwaks |first2=Yossi |last3=Kingon |first3=Angus |title=Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scanning Probe Microscopy: Characterization, Nanofabrication and Device Application of Functional Materials, Algarve, Portugal, 1 - 13 October 2002 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SPfvTcK3CH0C&pg=PA150&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Mario |title=Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy: Applications in Nanomaterials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_EozDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=1991+Kelvin+probe+force+microscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizkNu7zpDgAhXPE7kGHaQtBXIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1991%20Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1991 || Scientific development || Japanese physicist {{w|Sumio Iijima}} discovers the presence of carbon nanotubes in soot produced by vaporization of carbon in an electric arc. The finding would spark interest in carbon nanostructures and their applications.<ref name="Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication"/> || {{w|Japan}}
|-
| 1992 || Technological development || American molecular biologist {{w|Douglas Prasher}} reports the cloning of {{w| green fluorescent protein}} (GFP). This opens , opening the way to widespread use of GFP and its derivatives as labels for fluorescence microscopy (particularly confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy).<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1993–1996 || Technological development || German physicist {{w|Stefan Hell}} pioneers a new optical microscope technology that allows the capture of images with a higher resolution than was previously thought possible. This results in a wide array of high-resolution optical methodologies, collectively termed super-resolution microscopy.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 1995 || Literature (journal) || Scientific journal ''{{w|Microscopy and Microanalysis}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KRIVANEK |first1=O. L. |last2=KUNDMANN |first2=M. K. |last3=KIMOTO |first3=K. |title=Spatial resolution in EFTEM elemental maps |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03686.x}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1998 || Organization || The {{w|European Microscopy Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Microscopy Society Celebrates its 20th Anniversary |url=https://www.imaging-git.com/news/european-microscopy-society-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary |website=imaging-git.com |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2010 || Technological development || Researchers at {{w|University of California, Los Angeles}} use a [[w:cryoelectron microscope |cryogenic electron microscopy]] to see the atoms of a virus.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
| 2013 || Technological development || The {{w|Arriscope (surgical microscope)}} is presented to the public in a prototype version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Website of the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery |url=http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055724/http://www.hno.org/en/events/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 March 2010 |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2019 }}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}|-| 2014 || Recognition || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} is awarded to {{w|Eric Betzig}}, {{w|Stefan Hell}} and {{w|William Moerner}} “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”, allowing microscopes to now ‘see’ matter smaller than 0.2 micrometres.<ref name="History of Microscopes"/> ||
|-
|}
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