62,734
edits
Changes
no edit summary
{{Attribute English Wikipedia|original-exists=yes}}
This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:poliomyelitis|poliomyelitis]]''', describing major events, such as vaccine releases, historic epidemics, and major organizations.
==Full timeline==
[[wikipedia:File:Confirmed cases of polio caused by wild virus in endemic countries for the period 2000-2007. Cumulative.png|thumb|nonecenter|400px|Confirmed cases of polio caused by wild virus in endemic countries (as of 2007) for the period 2000-2007. Cumulative.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gothefors|first1=Leif|title=The Impact of Vaccines in Low- and High-Income Countries|journal=Department of Clinical Sciences/Paediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden|doi=10.1159/000129623|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/129623|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref>]][[wikipedia:File:Confirmed cases of polio caused by wild virus in endemic and non-endemic countries for the period 2000-2007. Cumulative.png|thumb|nonecenter|400px|Confirmed cases of polio caused by wild virus in endemic and non-endemic countries for the period 2000-2007. Cumulative.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gothefors|first1=Leif|title=The Impact of Vaccines in Low- and High-Income Countries|journal=Department of Clinical Sciences/Paediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå , Sweden|doi=10.1159/000129623|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/129623|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref>]]
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location
|-
| 1955–1960 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Polish American|Polish American]] medical researcher [[wikipedia:Albert Sabin|Albert Sabin]] develops an oral [[wikipedia:polio vaccine|polio vaccine]]. Initially overlooked due to Salk vaccine success, in 1957 the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] authorizes mass vaccination of children living in areas suffering from poliomyelitis epidemics. By 1959, about 4.5 million people in Russia have received the oral vaccine, making the incidence of polio in that country decrease markedly by 1959. Due to these results, the Sabin vaccine is licensed for use in the United States <ref name="The Battle Against Polio" /> ||
|-
| 1955–1963 || Controversy || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} admits that in this period over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of a polio shot which was contaminated with a cancer-causing virus called {{w|simian vacuolating virus 40}} (SV40).<ref>{{cite web|title=CDC admits 98 million Americans were given cancer virus via the polio shot|url=http://www.vaccines.news/2015-09-23-cdc-admits-98-million-americans-were-given-cancer-virus-via-the-polio-shot.html|website=vaccines.news|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CDC ADMITS 98 MILLION AMERICANS RECEIVED POLIO VACCINE IN AN 8-YEAR SPAN WHEN IT WAS CONTAMINATED WITH CANCER VIRUS|url=https://www.cureyourowncancer.org/cdc-admits-98-million-americans-received-polio-vaccine-in-an-8-year-span-when-it-was-contaminated-with-cancer-virus.html|website=cureyourowncancer.org|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1961 || Report || As a result of the first immunization campaigns, only 161 poliomyelitis cases are recorded in the United States, down from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957.<ref name="POLIO: A REVIEW" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
| 1961 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Albert Sabin|Albert Sabin]] develops oral polio vaccine types 1 and 2. Previously grown in monkey kidney [[wikipedia:cell culture|cell culture]], the vaccine would be licensed for use in the United States.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> || United States
|-
| 1962–1970 || Medical development || The Salk vaccine is gradually replaced by the oral Sabin vaccine for most purposes because it is easier to administer and less expensive.<ref name="Salk and Sabin: poliomyelitis immunisation">{{cite journal|last1=Pearce|first1=J M S|title=Salk and Sabin: poliomyelitis immunisation|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2003.028530|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738787/pdf/v075p01552.pdf|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Persson|first1=Sheryl|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs that Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZA0v9N7S2LgC&pg=PA274&lpg=PA274&dq=%221962%22+%22salk%22+%22sabin%22+%22replaced%22+%22cheaper%22&source=bl&ots=0yteLukXBG&sig=7rdPxMenyoRAWisTm48BhPlQvJk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjN3s7Ox7bRAhUEDJAKHRn3C0UQ6AEIOzAF#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> || Worldwide
|-
| 1974 || Program launch || Polio vaccine is included in the Expanded Programme on Immunization, created by the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] in response to poor immunization levels in developing countries (less than 5% of children in 1974).<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> ||
|-
| 1979 || Program launch || [[wikipedia:Rotary International|Rotary International]] commits to provide oral polio vaccine to six million children in the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]] as part of its new '''Health, Hunger and Humanity (3-H)''' program. Following the success of the program, Rotary begins to work with [[wikipedia:Albert Sabin|Albert Sabin]] on a plan to immunize all children against poliomyelitis.<ref name="Kul Gautam – A History of Global Polio Eradication">{{cite web|title=Kul Gautam – A History of Global Polio Eradication|url=https://www.unicef.org/immunization/files/the_history_of_polio.pdf|website=unicef.org|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]]
|-
| 1979 || Infection || The last cases of wild type 1 poliovirus occur in the United States among unvaccinated [[wikipedia:Amish|Amish]] persons and members of other religious groups who did not accept vaccination.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> || United States
|-
| 1980 || Program launch || Brazil implements National Immunization Days against infantile paralysis as part of the strategy to eliminate poliomyelitis. The initial objective is to achieve high coverage to interrupt transmission of poliovirus, with an established target of vaccinating 95% of children younger than five years with oral poliovirus vaccine. By 1989, a case of poliomyelitis in Brazil is confirmed for the last time.<ref name="Participation in national polio immunization days: results of a vaccine coverage survey among children in 27 Brazilian cities">{{cite journal|last1=Rocha MelloI|first1=Maria Lúcia|last2=Moraes|first2=José Cássio|last3=Brendan|first3=Helena Aparecida|last4=Flannery|first4=Brendan|title=Participation in national polio immunization days: results of a vaccine coverage survey among children in 27 Brazilian cities|journal=Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia|doi=10.1590/S1415-790X2010000200010|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1415-790X2010000200010&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]
|-
| 1988 || Program launch || The World Health Assembly (WHA) launches a global goal to eradicate poliomyelitis by 2000. This goal is further moved to stopping transmission by end of 2005.<ref name="Kul Gautam – A History of Global Polio Eradication" /> || Worldwide
|-
| 1990 || Medical development || Ipol, an enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine, by [[wikipedia:Sanofi Pasteur|Pasteur Méérieux Vaccins et Serums]], is licensed.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> ||
|-
| 1991 || || The last case of indigenous polio in the [[wikipedia:Western Hemisphere|Western Hemisphere]] occurs in a 5-year-old Peruvian boy.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> || [[wikipedia:Peru|Peru]] ([[wikipedia:Pichanaqui|Pichanaqui]]
|-
| 1994 || Achievement || The entire Western Hemisphere is certified as "polio-free" by the International Commission for the Certification of Polio Eradication, from the [[wikipedia:WHO|World Health Organization]].<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/><ref name="Participation in national polio immunization days: results of a vaccine coverage survey among children in 27 Brazilian cities"/><ref name="History of Polio ( Poliomyelitis )">{{cite web|title=History of Polio ( Poliomyelitis )|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-polio-poliomyelitis|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Western Hemisphere|Western Hemisphere]]
|-
| 1996 || Program launch || South African politician [[wikipedia:Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela]] launches [[wikipedia:Kick Polio out of Africa|Kick Polio out of Africa]] campaign, with aims at eradicating the disease from Africa. By 2003, poliomyelitis remains in only three countries ([[wikipedia:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[wikipedia:Niger|Niger]] and [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]) out of 46.<ref name="Kul Gautam – A History of Global Polio Eradication" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Address by President Nelson Mandela at the launch of the "Kick Polio Out of Africa" Campaign|url=http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1996/960802_polio.htm|website=mandela.gov.za|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]]
|-
| 1999 1997 || Medical development || The United States [[wikipedia:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices|Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices]] (ACIP) recommends adoption of a sequential series of two doses of inactivated polio vaccine replaces (IPV) followed by two doses of oral polio vaccince as recommended method vaccine (OPV) for all infants and children to decrease the rare occurrences of polio immunization in Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio (VAPP) that were noted following the administration of live oral poliovirus vaccine.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> || United States.
|-
| 1994 1999 || Achievement Medical development || Following successful eradication programs such inactivated polio vaccine replaces oral polio vaccince as that recommended method of Brazil, poliomyelitis is confirmed eliminated polio immunization in the [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]United States.<ref name="Participation in national Whatever happened to polio immunization days: results of a vaccine coverage survey among children in 27 Brazilian cities" /><ref name="History of Polio ( Poliomyelitis )">{{cite web|title=History of Polio ( Poliomyelitis )Whatever happened to polio|url=http://wwwamhistory.historyofvaccinessi.orgedu/contentpolio/articlestimeline/history-polio-poliomyelitis|website=historyofvaccinessi.orgedu|accessdate=9 January 8 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Western Hemisphere|Western Hemisphere]]United States
|-
| 1999 || Report || The last case of wild poliovirus (WPVs) type 2 is reported.<ref name="History of Polio" /> || [[wikipedia:India|India]] ([[wikipedia:Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Aligarh]])
|-
| 1999 || || The United States [[wikipedia:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices|Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices]] (ACIP) recommends exclusive use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) for infants and children.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> || United States
|-
| 2000 || Achievement || The Western Pacific [[wikipedia:WHO Regions|WHO Region]] is certified as polio-free<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> ||
|-
| 2002 || Achievement || European [[wikipedia:WHO region|WHO region]] is certified free of poliomyelitis.<ref name="History of polio BBC" /> || [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]], [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turkey]], ex [[wikipedia:USSR|USSR]]
|-
| 2002 || Medical development || Pediarix (by [[wikipedia:GlaxoSmithKline|GlaxoSmithKline]]), a vaccine that combines the [[wikipedia:diphtheria|diphtheria]], [[wikipedia:tetanus|tetanus]], [[wikipedia:acellular pertussis|acellular pertussis]], inactivated polio, and [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] [[wikipedia:antigen|antigens]] is licensed.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/> ||
|-
| 2003 || Epidemic || Political and religious leaders of [[wikipedia:Kano|Kano]], [[wikipedia:Zamfara|Zamfara]], and [[wikipedia:Kaduna|Kaduna]] states in [[wikipedia:Nigeria|Nigeria]] bring the immunization campaign to a halt by calling on parents not to allow their children to be immunized. Polio immunization is suspended, thus leading to poliomyelitis outbreak and reinfecting at least other six countries ([[wikipedia:Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[wikipedia:Central African Republic|Central African Republic]], [[wikipedia:Chad|Chad]], [[wikipedia:Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]], [[wikipedia:Mali|Mali]], and [[wikipedia:Sudan|Sudan]]).<ref name="Kul Gautam – A History of Global Polio Eradication" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jegede|first1=Ayodele Samuel|title=What Led to the Nigerian Boycott of the Polio Vaccination Campaign?|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040073|pmc=1831725}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]]
|-
| 2012 || Report || Poliomyelitis remains officially endemic in four countries.<ref name="History of polio BBC" /> || [[wikipedia:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[wikipedia:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[wikipedia:Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[wikipedia:India|India]]
|-
| 2013 || Crisis || [[wikipedia:UNICEF|UNICEF]] and the [[wikipedia:WHO|World Health Organization]] condemn attacks on polio vaccination workers in Nigeria, where they are being killed by gunmen.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Gunmen Kill Nigerian Polio Vaccine Workers in Echo of Pakistan Attacks|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/world/africa/in-nigeria-polio-vaccine-workers-are-killed-by-gunmen.html|website=nytimes.com|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Nigeria|Nigeria]]
|-
| 2014 || || The [[wikipedia:WHO|World Health Organization]] Director-General [[wikipedia:Margaret Chan|Margaret Chan]] declares the international spread of wild poliovirus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.<ref name="Vaccine Timeline">{{cite web|title=Vaccine Timeline|url=http://www.immunize.org/timeline/|website=immunize.org|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2015 || Achievement || Poliovirus serotype WPV2 is declared eradicated worldwide.<ref name="History of Polio" /><ref name="Global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 declared">{{cite web|title=Global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 declared|url=http://polioeradication.org/news-post/global-eradication-of-wild-poliovirus-type-2-declared/|website=polioeradication.org|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref> ||
