62,734
edits
Changes
no edit summary
|-
| 1661 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Literature || {{w|Charles II of England}} commands writer {{w|John Evelyn}} of the {{w|Royal Society}} to publish ''Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated''; together with ''Some Remedies Humbly Proposed''<ref name="History of Air Pollution"/> ||
|-
| 1681 || General || Policy || The {{w|English Tort Law}} develops as a law concerning the compensation for harm to people's rights to health and safety, a clean environment, property, their economic interests, or their reputations. In a case happening in the year, a judge determines: “The law does not so much concern itself with the intent of the actor as with the loss and damage of the party suffering.”<ref name="Drake">{{cite web |last1=Drake |first1=Ian J. |title=The tort revolution: product liability and the rule of courts |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10809/Drake_umd_0117E_11456.pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution of Tort Law |url=https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Evolution-of-Tort-Law |website=owlcation.com |accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1793 || {{w|Water pollution}} || Crisis || The {{w|1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic}} occurs. After the crisis, {{w|Benjamin Franklin}} petitions to manage waste and to remove tanneries for clean air as a public “right”.<ref name="A Brief History of Environmentalism"/> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1824 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Research || Modern understanding of how certain atmospheric gases trap heat originates when French mathematician {{w|Joseph Fourier}} describes the {{w|greenhouse effect}}.<ref name="Why we know about the greenhouse gas effect">{{cite web |title=Why we know about the greenhouse gas effect |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/why-we-know-about-the-greenhouse-gas-effect/ |website=blogs.scientificamerican.com |accessdate=29 April 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
|-
| 1833 || General || Research || The theory preluding the {{w|tragedy of the commons}} concept originates in an essay by British economist {{w|William Forster Lloyd}}, who uses a hypothetical example of the effects of unregulated grazing on {{w|common land}} (also known as a "common") in {{w|Great Britain}} and {{w|Ireland}}.<ref name=forster>{{Cite book |title=Two lectures on the checks to population |last=Lloyd |first=William Forster |publisher=Oxford University |year=1833 |isbn= |location=England |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/twolecturesonch00lloygoog |accessdate=2016-03-13}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1850s || {{w|Air pollution}} || Crisis || {{w|Acid rain}} is first discovered. By the time it is another problem resulting from coal-powered plants.<ref name="Water and Air Pollution"/> ||
|-
| 1862 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Research || Irish physicist {{w|John Tyndall}} discovers that certain gases (water and {{w|carbon dioxide}}) help trap heat from escaping the {{w|atmosphere}}.<ref name="Why we know about the greenhouse gas effect"/> || {{w|Ireland}}
|-
| 1868 || General || Policy || {{w|Rylands v Fletcher}} is introduced in {{w|England}} as a new area of {{w|English tort law}}. The new rule defines strict liability for landowners for damage caused by dangerous substances which escapes from their land and damages others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duhaime's Law Dictionary |url=http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/R/RylandsvFletchertheRulein.aspx |website=duhaime.org |accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1874 || General || Literature || British political economist {{w|Henry Sidgwick publishes Methods of Ethics, a classical utilitarian volume which analizes {{w|externality}}-related problems with the system of natural liberty and the effects of self-interested behavior.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Medema |first1=Steven G. |title=The Hesitant Hand: Taming Self-Interest in the History of Economic Ideas |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZZwUD0mONmsC&pg=PA42&dq=%22Henry+Sidgwick%22+%22externality%22+%22in+1800..1980%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW6uyx387jAhXRsJ4KHcmeDWkQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22Henry%20Sidgwick%22%20%22externality%22%20%22in%201800..1980%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1887 || General || Literature || {{w|Henry Sidgwick}} publishes ''The Principles of Political Economy'' and gives birth to the concept of {{w|externality}} (the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit) when discussing potential divergences between individual and social utility.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moss |first1=David A. |last2=Cherington |first2=Paul Whiton |title=Socializing Security: Progressive-era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=f1BkxfN6kWoC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22Henry+Sidgwick%22+%22externality%22+%22in+1800..1980%22&source=bl&ots=gmPbTB9PsC&sig=ACfU3U34IQqrwDmEWFCxUOwPuMYlDuapiQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP_caj387jAhULy1kKHRlkBFgQ6AEwAHoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Henry%20Sidgwick%22%20%22externality%22%20%22in%201800..1980%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1892 (May 28) || General || Organization || {{w|Sierra Club}} is founded in {{w|San Francisco}}, {{w|California}}. It was one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/about|title=About the Sierra Club|work={{w|Sierra Club}}}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1895 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Research || Swedish Chemist {{w|Svante Arrhenius}} observes the infrared-absorbing properties of {{w|carbon dioxide}} and water molecules.<ref name="Why we know about the greenhouse gas effect"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
|-
| 1920 || General || Literature || British economist {{w|Arthur Cecil Pigou}} publishes ''The Economics of Welfare'', which suggests that government tax polluters an amount equivalent to the cost of the harm to others as a way to compensate the {{w|negative externality}} (the economic activity that imposes a negative effect on an unrelated third party).<ref>{{cite book |title=Finance & Development, December 2010 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rndp9vX_yj8C&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=%22+externality%22+%22pollution%22+%22in+1800..2015%22&source=bl&ots=TPV2yQcyTm&sig=ACfU3U3OEUgpABcTa9jJW6cFs2GV7uYd2g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif6em11c7jAhVHs54KHeYMDAAQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22%20externality%22%20%22pollution%22%20%22in%201800..2015%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1940s || {{w|Air pollution}} || Crisis || {{w|Los Angeles}}, becomes one of the first cities to experience severe air pollution problems then called “gas attacks.”<ref name="History of Air Pollution">{{cite web |title=History of Air Pollution |url=https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105102089/air%20pollution%20(Civil)/Module-1/1.htm |website=nptel.ac.in |accessdate=15 May 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1967 || General || Organization || The {{w|Environmental Defense Fund}} is formed as an environmental advocacy group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our story: How EDF got started |url=https://www.edf.org/about/our-history |website=edf.org |accessdate=29 April 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1968 || General || Research || The {{w|Tragedy of the commons}} starts becoming a widely known concept due to an article written by American ecologist and philosopher {{w|Garrett Hardin}}.<ref name=hardin68>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 |title=The Tragedy of the Commons |journal=Science |volume=162 |issue=3859 |pages=1243–1248 |year=1968 |pmid=5699198 |pmc= |author1=Hardin |first1=G|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/162/3859/1243.full.pdf |bibcode=1968Sci...162.1243H }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1969 || General || Organization || {{w|Greenpeace}} is formed in {{w|Vancouver}} as a nuclear war protest movement. It would be later turned into a non-governmental environmental organization.<ref name="A Brief History of Environmentalism">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Environmentalism |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/11658/a-brief-history-of-environmentalism/ |website=greenpeace.org |accessdate=29 April 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
|-
| 1982 (December 10) || {{w|Water pollution}} || Treaty || The {{w|United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea}} is signed with the purpose to lay down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Overview and full text |url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm |website=un.org |accessdate=15 May 2019}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1982 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || The Torts Branch, Environmental Tort Litigation Section (ETL) is established in the {{w|United States}} to defend the country in asbestos litigation brought against the government principally by asbestos product manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Tort Litigation Section |url=https://www.justice.gov/civil/environmental-tort-litigation-section |website=justice.gov |accessdate=31 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
|-
| 1983 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Research || According to article published in the journal ''[[w:Science (journal)|Science]]'', "{{w|soot}}" found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spengler |first=John D. |last2=Sexton |first2=K. A. |year=1983 |title=Indoor Air Pollution: A Public Health Perspective |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=221 |issue=4605 |pages=9–17 [p. 9] |doi=10.1126/science.6857273 }}</ref> ||
|-
| 1991 || {{w|Water pollution}} || Research || The {{w|United Nations}} Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimates that up to 80% of the pollution is land-based,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sheavly | first1 = S. B. | last2 = Register | first2 = K. M. | title = Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions | journal = Journal of Polymers and the Environment | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 301–305 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3}}</ref> with the remaining 20% originating from catastrophic events or maritime sources.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weiss | first1 = K.R. | title = The pileup of plastic debris is more than ugly ocean litter | journal = Knowable Magazine | year = 2017 | url = https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/sustainability/2017/pileup-plastic-debris-more-ugly-ocean-litter | doi = 10.1146/knowable-120717-211902 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100516/https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/sustainability/2017/pileup-plastic-debris-more-ugly-ocean-litter | archivedate = 9 December 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> ||
|-
| 1991 || General || Research || The '''environmental {{w|Kuznets curve}}''' (a hypothesized relationship between environmental quality and economic development) starts becoming a standard feature in the technical literature of {{w|environmental policy}}.<ref name="Yandle2002">{{cite web |vauthors=Yandle B, Vijayaraghavan M, Bhattarai M |url=http://www.perc.org/articles/article688.php |title=The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Primer |year=2002 |publisher=The Property and Environment Research Center |accessdate=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yandle |first1=Bruce |last2=Vijayaraghavan |first2=Maya |last3=Bhattarai |first3=Madhusudan |title=The Environmental Kuznets Curve |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ca8e/b9a0e139b1a52161971f3dd5ddf922cb75e9.pdf |website=pdfs.semanticscholar.org |accessdate=23 July 2019}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1992 (June 4) || General || Treaty || The {{w|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}} is signed as an intergovernmental treaty developed to address the problem of {{w|climate change}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=UN Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=https://enb.iisd.org/process/climate_atm-fcccintro.html |website=enb.iisd.org |accessdate=18 May 2019}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2001 (May 22) || General || Treaty || The {{w|Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants}} is signed as an international environmental treaty with the purpose to eliminate or restrict the production and use of {{w|persistent organic pollutants}}. It would become effective on 17 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27 |website=treaties.un.org |accessdate=18 May 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
|-
| 2002 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || ''{{w|Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd}}'' is introduced as a leading case on causation in {{w|English tort law}}. It concerns {{w|malignant mesothelioma}}, a deadly disease caused by breathing {{w|asbestos}} fibres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services [2002] |url=https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/fairchild-v-glenhaven-funeral-services-2002 |website=webstroke.co.uk |accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 2004 || {{w|Plastic pollution}}, {{w|water pollution}} || Research || A study by Richard Thompson from the {{w|University of Plymouth}} finds a great amount of microdebris on the [[w:beach pollution|beaches]] and waters in Europe, the Americas, Australia, Africa, and {{w|Antarctica}}.<ref name="Plastic Pollution">{{cite web|url=http://plastic-pollution.org/|title=When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide|last1=Le Guern|first1=Claire|date=March 2018|website=Coastal Care|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405071834/http://plastic-pollution.org/|archive-date=5 April 2018|dead-url=no|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref> ||
