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Timeline of pollution in Beijing

3,629 bytes added, 16:19, 13 June 2019
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! Time period !! Development summary
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| 1970s || Environmental protection starts in the late decade in China and Beijing.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/> |-| 1990s || Air pollution in Beijing becomes very severe.<ref name="Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study">{{cite web |title=Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464726 |website=tandfonline.com |accessdate=13 May 2019}}</ref>By the late decade, the ambient concentrations of pollutants including {{w|sulfur dioxide}} and total [[w:Suspended solids|suspended particles]] in Beijing seriously exceed Chinese national air quality standards.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 1998 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Program || Beijing begins an intensified air pollution control program, and begins to publish weekly air quality reports.<ref>{{cite web |title=A review of 20 Years’ Air Pollution Control in Beijing |url=https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/review-20-years-air-pollution-control-beijing |website=unenvironment.org |accessdate=13 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study"/>
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| 1998 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing launches the first local government air pollution control program in China. Hundreds of concrete measures are implemented targeting at key pollution sources of particulate matter and soot, namely coal consumption, industrial emissions, motor vehicle emissions, and dust.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2008–2009 || || || || Air quality in Beijing improves significantly during and after the Olympics, but most of the effect fades away by the end of October 2009.<ref name="Air Pollution Control Policies in China: A Retrospective and Prospects">{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Yana |last2=Andersson |first2=Henrik |last3=Zhang |first3=Shiqiu |title=Air Pollution Control Policies in China: A Retrospective and Prospects |doi=10.3390/ijerph13121219 |pmid=27941665 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5201360/ |pmc=5201360}}</ref>
| 2001 || January 1 || {{w|Air pollution}} || || Beijing introduces emission standard for exhaust emissions from motorcycles and mopeds.<ref name="Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study"/>
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| 2002 || March 1 || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing introduces integrated emission standard of boilers pollutants.<ref name="Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study"/> Subsidies for urban coalfired boiler renovation are introduced.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2003 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || || Euro-II emission standards are implemented for new vehicles in Beijing.<ref name="Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study"/>
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| 2003 || October 1 || {{w|Air pollution}} || || Beijing adopts emission controls and limits for oil-gas from gas stations, emission controls and measurement standard for oil-gas from fuel depots, and emission controls and measurement standard for oil-gas from tank trucks.<ref name="Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study"/>
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| 2005 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing introduces subsidies for phasing out old and used buses and taxies. Low electricity tariffs and subsidies for demonstration areas of coal-to-electricity transformation are introduced, as well as extension of the subsidies to city-wide boiler renovation.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2008 || January || {{w|Air pollution}} || || Beijing becomes the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 {{w|emission standard}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/AEM/content.asp?contentid=65589 |title=China: Beijing launches Euro 4 standards |publisher=Automotiveworld.com |date=4 January 2008 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427051912/http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/emerging-markets/65589-china-beijing-launches-euro-4-standards |archive-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>
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| 2008 || || || || Beijing holds the Olympic Games, and starts policy to eradicate cockroaches, flies, and mosquitoes in a bid to make the city cleaner and more “civilized.” <ref name="Beijing Urbanizes"/>
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| 2008 || || General || Program || A number of subsidies up to a maximum of 3 million Yuan are granted for the closing of high-polluting, energy-intensive and water-intensive enterprises and the upgrading of production processes and equipment.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2009 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing introduces subsidies for early retirement or transfer of vehicles and for resident purchase of electric heating equipment.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2010 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing introduces solar collector subsidies and expansion of subsidies to coal-fired boilers over 14MV.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2011 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing introduces subsidies for purchase of electric vehicles for taxi or postal services; battery leasing and charging subsidies for electric buses and sanitation vehicles. Authorities also introduce subsidy for loan interest for buying new clean trucks.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2012 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing increases subsidies for early retirement of vehicles.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2012 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing cumulates 18 implemented phases of the air pollution control programs based on the requirements of the five-year plan for environmental protection, including two phases for some years (heating season and non-heating season) during 1998-2010 and one phase per year during 2011-2012.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2013 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Policy || Beijing introduces subsidies for electric passenger vehicles, industry-purpose vehicles and fuel-cell vehicles. Authorities also introduce heat pump construction subsidies.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2013 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || || As part pof a campaign, Beijing starts phasing out coal-fired stoves in the city. Natural gas and other forms of clean energy are used to replace coal.<ref name="Beijing, northern China hit by worst pollution this year">{{cite web |title=Beijing, northern China hit by worst pollution this year|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/pollution/beijing-northern-china-hit-by-worst-pollution-this-year/articleshow/66618105.cms |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |accessdate=12 May 2019}}</ref>
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| 2013 || January || {{w|Air pollution}} || Crisis || "In January 2013, Beijing experienced experiences a prolonged bout of smog so severe that citizens dubbed dub it an “airpocalypse”; the concentration of hazardous particles was reaches forty times the level deemed safe by the {{w|World Health Organization (WHO)}}." <ref name="China’s Environmental Crisis">{{cite web |title=China’s Environmental Crisis |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-environmental-crisis |website=cfr.org |accessdate=13 May 2019}}</ref>|-| 2013 || || {{w|Air pollution}} || Infrastructure || A total of 35 ambient air quality monitoring stations which can monitor 6 major pollutants such as PM2.5 and O3, are installed across Beijing.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2013 || December || {{w|Air pollution}} || || A total Beijing is asked to lead the establishment of 35 ambient air quality monitoring stations which can monitor 6 major pollutants such as PM2.5 the Mechanism for Coordinated Prevention and O3, are installed across Control of Air Pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Surrounding Areas with the support of China’s State Council.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2013 2014 || December || {{w|Air pollution}} | | Policy || Beijing is asked to lead introduces subsidies for environmental-friendly technological transformation, for the establishment closing of the Mechanism polluting enterprises, and for Coordinated Prevention individual purchase of electric passenger vehicles and Control of Air Pollution in Beijingfuel-Tianjincell vehicles. Construction waste transportation vehicle reconstruction assistance is introduced. Authorities also increase subsidies for suburban coal-Hebei and Surrounding Areas with the support of China’s State Councilfired boiler renovation.<ref name="Air pollution control in Beijing"/>
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| 2015 || December || {{w|Air pollution}} || || "In December 2015, Beijing issued red alerts for severe pollution—the first since the emergency alert system was established. The municipal government closed schools, limited road traffic, halted outdoor construction, and paused factory manufacturing. "<ref name="China’s Environmental Crisis"/>
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