Difference between revisions of "Timeline of robotics"

Latest revision as of 13:05, 29 May 2024

This is a timeline of robotics.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

Big picture

Summary by Decade

Time period	Development summary	More details
1950s		"By the 1950s engineers were developing machines to handle difficult or dangerous repetitive tasks for both defense and consumer manufacturing—particularly the booming automotive industry."^[1]
1960s		General Motors is one of the first manufacturers to make widespread use of robots and computers on the plant floor.^[2]
1970s		"With the arrival of microprocessors and microcomputing in the 1970s robots took another step forward in the march toward artificial intelligence. "^[3]
1980s		"By the 1980s, billions of dollars were spent by companies worldwide to automate basic tasks in their assembly plants"^[4]
1990s		"Although automation system deployment did dip in the 1990s, innovative technology has caused it to rebound."^[4]

Full timeline

Year	Month and date	Event type	Details	Country/location
3500 BC			The Greek myths of Hephaestus and Pygmalion introduce the concept of intelligent mechanisms, reflecting early human fascination with artificial beings and automation.^[5]
2500 BC			The Egyptians conceptualize the notion of "thinking machines" through their advice-giving oracles, which were statues concealing priests inside.^[5]
1500 BC			The Egyptian Water Clock, among the earliest methods of timekeeping, commonly employs bipedal humanoid figures to trigger the striking of hour bells automatically. Made of alabaster, it would be thought to have been used to mark the passage of nighttime hours. Water would slowly leak from the vessel through a small hole near the bottom, and the time is indicated by the water level, falling uniformly. The vessel's interior has twelve scales, each labeled with the name of a month, reflecting the custom of dividing daylight and darkness into twelve 'hours' that varied with the seasons.^[6] This device represents a basic application of hydraulic power, where the movement of water is harnessed to generate energy.^[7]	Egypt
800 BC			Automata, or self-operating machines, make their appearance in Homer's Iliad.^[5]
400 BC			Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum builds the first self-propelled flying device known as “The Pigeon” which is powered by steam and capable of short bursts of flight.^[7]
400 BC			Chinese engineer King-Shu Tse creates a mechanical bird and horse, showcasing early instances of automata in Chinese engineering history.^[5]
320 BC			Greek philosopher Aristotle states: If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord, could do the work that befits it... then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords.”"^[8]
300 BC			Aristotle contemplates the prospect of attaining complete human equality by replacing the prevalent institution of slavery with robots and machines.^[7]
278 BC–212 BC			Archimedes invents many mechanical systems that would be used in modern times robotics.^[9]
~270 BC			Ancient Greek engineer Ctesibus crafts organs and water clocks featuring movable figures. His clock operates on a straightforward principle: a reservoir equipped with a precise hole in the bottom, taking precisely 24 hours to empty its contents. The container is divided into 24 sections to mark the passing hours.^[9]
1206			Al-Jazari develops one of the earliest forms of programmable humanoid robots, an automaton featuring four musicians on a boat in a lake. This creation includes a programmable drum machine with pegs that activated percussion instruments. Al-Jazari's work with automatons extends beyond this creation, showcasing his innovative contributions to early robotics.^[10]
1495			Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci sketches plans for what could be considered the first humanoid robot. His design depicts a robot capable of sitting up, waving its arms, moving its head with a flexible neck, and opening and closing its jaw. However, it remains uncertain whether this design would be ever realized into a physical form. ^[8]^[9]^[7]^[10]	Italy
1533			German mathematician, astrologer and astronomer Johannes Müller von Königsberg creates an automaton eagle and fly crafted from iron. Remarkably, both of these automata are capable of flight.^[10]	Germany
1645			FFrench mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer Blaise Pascal invents the Pascaline, a calculating machine aimed at assisting his father with tax calculations. Approximately 50 Pascalines would be constructed, with a few of them later housed in museums like the Des Arts et Metiers Museum in Paris.^[9]	France
1666			English academic, diplomat, spy, inventor and mathematician Samuel Morland invents a pocket-sized version of the Pascaline, which operates "without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty."^[9]
1737			French inventor and artist Jacques de Vaucanson unveils his remarkable creation, "The Digesting Duck." This mechanical marvel can flap its wings, eat, and digest grain, showcasing over four hundred moving parts in each wing. Despite its fame, the original Duck would since vanish. Later, in 1745, Vaucanson would redirect his mechanical ingenuity towards practical innovations, pioneering the first working automatic weaving loom. His control system lays the foundation for modern programming methods like punch cards and tapes, marking a crucial step towards computerized machinery and robotics.^[9]^[10]^[11]	France
1770s			Swiss clockmaker Pierre Jacquet-Droz crafts a collection of intricate automatons, several of which remain operational today. Among his creations are a lifelike woman capable of simulated breathing while playing the harpsichord and a boy who meticulously writes with real ink sourced from a quill, demonstrating Jacquet-Droz's mastery of mechanical engineering and artistry.^[12]	Switzerland
1800			Jacques de Vaucanson devises three basic automatons: two capable of playing various musical instruments like the flute or trumpet, and a third designed as a duck capable of flapping its wings, mobility, and simulating eating.^[7]	France
1801			Joseph Marie Jacquard innovates upon Vaucanson's automated loom by introducing a machine that could be programmed to produce designs for printing onto fabric or paper. He achieves this by employing wooden blocks with punched holes to control needle patterns, significantly enhancing weaving efficiency and boosting production. The success of Jacquard's improved loom leads to widespread adoption, with over 10,000 units in France and later expansion into Great Britain following the Napoleonic wars.^[9]^[11]
1842			The Countess of Lovelace, Ada Byron, a celebrated English mathematician, writes the initial algorithm for the analytics engine. Although she would pass away before its completion, her work would stand as the earliest documented precursor to digital computers.^[7]	United Kingdom
1865			John Brainerd creates the Steam Man, purportedly used for pulling wheeled carts and other tasks.^[9]
1885			Frank Reade Jr. constructs the "Electric Man," essentially an electric version of John Brainerd's Steam Man.^[9]
1892			Mechatronics company Stäubli is founded.	Switzerland
1898			Nikola Tesla reveals a submersible operated via radio waves. When questioned if it was a remote-controlled torpedo, he clarifies it as a "mechanical man" designed to perform the laborious tasks of humanity.^[7]
1900			Lyman Frank Baum introduces one of the earliest depictions of a cybernetic human through the character of the Tin Man in his children’s book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.^[7]
1903			The first patents are awarded for the construction of a “printed wire,” which would come into use after World War II. The concept aims to replace bulky radio tubes with a more compact alternative.^[9]
1913			Henry Ford installs the world’s first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory, where a Model T can be assembled in just 93 minutes.^[8]
1917			Remote-controlled weapons and vehicles are first deployed, leveraging technology pioneered by Nikola Tesla.^[7]
1921			Czech writer Karel Čapek introduces the term 'robot' in his play "R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)," depicting machines resembling humans. The play explores a society enslaved by these robots, a theme echoed in later popular culture works like "Frankenstein," "Terminator," and "The Matrix." The term "robot" originated from the Czech word "robota," meaning work or labor. Čapek's play presents a scenario where robots created to replace humans eventually rebel against their creators, reflecting on the consequences of technological advancement and human dependency on machines.^[8]^[13]^[7]^[14]	Czechia (First Czechoslovak Republic)
1927			The science-fiction film "Metropolis" is released, featuring a robot double of a peasant girl named Maria. This robot character causes chaos in the city of Berlin in the year 2026, making it the first depiction of a robot on film. The portrayal of the robot Maria in "Metropolis" would serve as inspiration for the Art Deco look of the character C-3PO in the "Star Wars" franchise.^[13]^[7]	Germany
1929			Makoto Nishimura designs Gakutensoku, which translates to "learning from the laws of nature" in Japanese. It marks the first robot built in Japan. Gakutensoku possesses the ability to change its facial expression and move its head and hands through an air pressure mechanism.^[13]	Japan
1932			The first genuine robot toy emerges in Japan. Known as the 'Lilliput,' it is a wind-up toy capable of walking. Crafted from tinplate, it stands a mere 15cm tall.^[8]
1937			Alan Turing publishes his groundbreaking paper On Computable Numbers, marking the dawn of the computer revolution.^[8]
1939			Westinghouse unveils ELEKTRO, a humanoid robot capable of walking, talking, and even smoking, at the 1939 World's Fair.^[9]
1941			Isaac Asimov, a science fiction writer, coined the term "robotics" to describe the field of robots and anticipated the emergence of a robust robot industry.^[9]
1941			The volume of references to 'robot' first surpasses that of references to 'automaton'.^[12]
1942			Isaac Asimov formulates the "Three Laws of Robotics," later adding a "zeroth law." These laws are as follows: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law."^[9]^[7] \|\|
1942			Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund design the first programmable mechanism, a paint-sprayer, for the DeVilbiss Company.^[9]	United States
1943			Neural networks are introduced.^[15]
1944			Wolf Robotics	United States
1946			George Devol patents a general-purpose playback device for controlling machines through magnetic recordings.^[9]
1946			The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENAIC) is invented.^[7]
1946			Hokuyo Automatic Co., Ltd.^[16]^[17]	Japan
1947			The first transistor is developed as a result of an accident, during a Walter Houser Brattain's investigation into electron behavior on a semiconductor surface.^[9]	United States
1948			W. Grey Walter develops his initial robots, dubbed Elmer and Elsie or the turtle robots. Notably, these robots possess the ability to locate their charging station autonomously once their battery levels depleted.^[9]
1948			Norbert Wiener, a professor at M.I.T., releases "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal," a seminal work delineating the principles of communication and control across electronic, mechanical, and biological systems.^[18]
1950			Alan Turing suggests a test to ascertain a machine's capability for independent thought. This assessment, known as the 'Turing Test,' requires a machine to engage in conversation indistinguishable from that of a human to be deemed successful.^[8]
1950			George Devol is credited with inventing UNIMATE, the first autonomous industrial robot. UNIMATE was capable of performing tasks such as welding and die casting on assembly lines, particularly in the automotive industry.^[7]
1951			Raymond Goertz designs the inaugural tele-operated articulated arm for the Atomic Energy Commission. This achievement is widely recognized as a significant advancement in force feedback (haptic) technology.^[9]^[18]	France
1952			The initial numerically controlled (NC) machine is constructed.^[18]
1952			Autocode emerged as part of the pioneering efforts in computing, alongside the contributions of Corrado Böhm from the University of Rome.^[12]
1954			George Devol and Joe Engleberger collaborate to develop the initial programmable robotic arm, which later evolved into the first industrial robot. This innovative technology is employed by General Motors in 1962, enabling the automation of hazardous and monotonous tasks on assembly lines.^[8]^[10]
1954			During that period, a driverless electric cart, manufactured by Barrett Electronics Corporation, commences transporting loads within a grocery warehouse in South Carolina. These machines, known as AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), typically navigate by tracking signal-emitting wires embedded in concrete floors.^[19]
1956			Foster-Miller^[20]^[21]
1956			Alan Newell and Herbert Simon develop the Logic Theorist, marking the inception of the first "expert system." Its purpose is to assist in solving complex mathematical problems.^[18]
1956			Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy convene a conference in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, uniting prominent figures in robotics and machine research. The gathering introduces the term "artificial intelligence."^[18]	United States
1956			George Devol and Joseph Engelberger established the inaugural robotic company in the world.^[18]
1957			The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth, marking the start of the space race. Sputnik I, measuring 22.8 inches in diameter and weighing 183.9 pounds, represents a milestone in human technological achievement, demonstrating our capability to design and deploy sophisticated automated systems beyond Earth's atmosphere. This development of satellites like Sputnik lays the foundation for further advancements in space robotics and exploration, contributing to the evolution of robotic systems used in space missions.^[8]^[9]
1957			German industrial robot manufacturer Reis Robotics is founded.^[22]
1957			The MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory showcases one of the earliest instances of applying computer assistance to manufacturing processes in a practical manner. This demonstrates an early example of integrating computer technology with manufacturing processes, which lays foundational groundwork for the development of robotics.^[18]
1958			The integrated circuit is first created.^[12]
1959			Researchers at MIT introduce computer-assisted manufacturing.^[7]	United States
1959			George Devol and Joseph Engelberger develop Unimate, the first industrial robot. With six axes of motion and computer control, it can lift heavy objects and perform various tasks. Unimate increases productivity, improves quality, and reduces costs by automating processes previously done by humans. Its success sparks innovation in robotics, leading to diverse applications beyond manufacturing.^[23]^[24]
1960			Unimation, the company founded by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger, is acquired by Condec Corporation. This acquisition marks the beginning of the development of Unimate Robot Systems, leading to further advancements in robotic technology and automation.^[18]
1960			American Machine and Foundry (AMF) Corporation introduces the Versatran, the first cylindrical robot, created by Harry Johnson and Veljko Milenkovic.^[18]	United States
1960			Remotely operated robotic arms "Handyman" and "Man-Mate" are developed by a General Electric research team headed by Ralph Mosher.^[1]^[25]	United States
Early 1960s			One of the earliest operational industrial robots in North America debuts in the early 1960s at a candy factory located in Kitchener, Ontario.^[9]	Canada
1961			The world's first industrial robot, Unimate, is installed on a General Motors production line in New Jersey. An invention of George Devol, it is purchased by GM, marking the first integration of a robot into the workforce. UNIMATE's introduction in the 1960s lays the foundation for the modern robotics industry, symbolizing a pivotal moment in automation history. Throughout the decade, significant advancements would be made in the power and functionality of robotic arms, contributing to the rapid development and expansion of robotics technology.^[7]^[26]	United States
1961			Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This pioneering creation represents a significant advancement in robotics, demonstrating early efforts to integrate computers and mechanical systems to mimic human hand movements and dexterity.^[18]
1961			General Motors installs installs the world’s first industrial robot used on a production line at its Ternstedt plant in Trenton, New Jersey.^[2]^[18]^[4]	United States
1962			American Machine and Foundry (AMF) introduces the Versatran, the first cylindrical robot. Six Versatran robots are installed at the Ford factory in Canton, USA. Named for its versatility in transferring tasks, the Versatran marks a significant milestone in industrial robotics, demonstrating the potential for automation in manufacturing processes.^[24]	United States
1962			Unimation is founded. It is considered to be the world's first robotics company.^[27]	United States
1963			The Rancho Arm, a computer-controlled robotic arm, is invented to aid disabled patients at the California hospital Ranchos Los Amigos. Later acquired by Stanford University for research in robotics and prosthetics, it heralds a new era of human-centric robots known as "cobots." These collaborative robots are designed to work alongside humans, facilitating tasks and enhancing efficiency in various fields, particularly healthcare and rehabilitation.^[7]	United States
1964			The IBM 360 makes history as the first computer to be mass-produced. This groundbreaking development would revolutionize the computing industry by providing scalable and versatile computing solutions to a wide range of businesses and institutions.^[8]	United States
1964			Artificial intelligence research laboratories are established at several prominent institutions, including M.I.T., the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh. These laboratories would play a crucial role in advancing the field of artificial intelligence, fostering innovation, collaboration, and groundbreaking research in areas such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics.^[9]
1965			Carnegie Mellon University establishes the Robotics Institute, a pioneering research center dedicated to the advancement of robotics technology and its applications. This institution would be at the forefront of robotics research and education, contributing significantly to the development of autonomous systems, human-robot interaction, and robotics-based solutions for various industries and societal challenges.^[9]	United States
1965			The application of homogeneous transformations to robot kinematics lays the foundation for modern robotics theory. This development revolutionizes the understanding of robot motion and manipulation, providing a framework that would remain fundamental in the field of robotics. Homogeneous transformations enable precise mathematical representations of robot movements in three-dimensional space, facilitating advancements in robot design, control, and programming.^[18]
1965			"DENDRAL is the first expert system or program designed to execute the accumulated knowledge of subject experts."^[18]
1966			Shakey the robot is created as the first general-purpose mobile robot to be able to reason about its own actions.^[13]^[28]	United States
1966			German American computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, an artificial intelligence program, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). ELIZA is designed to simulate conversation by using pattern matching and scripted responses, pioneering the development of natural language processing and human-computer interaction.^[18]	United States
1967			Japan imports the Versatran robot from American Machine and Foundry (AMF), marking the first instance of a robot being imported into Japan. This event signals the beginning of Japan's entry into the field of industrial robotics and lays the foundation for its subsequent leadership in the industry.^[18]	Japan, United States
1967			The first industrial robot in Europe, a Unimate, is installed at Metallverken in Uppsala Väsby, Sweden. This marks a significant milestone in the adoption of industrial automation technology in Europe, paving the way for further advancements in manufacturing and robotics across the continent.^[24]	Sweden
1968			The University of South Carolina sees the creation of the first computer-controlled walking machine by Mcgee and Frank. This innovative development represents a significant advancement in robotics, demonstrating the potential for computers to control locomotion in mechanical systems, paving the way for further research in robotics and autonomous mobility.^[9]	United States
1968			R. Mosher creates the first manually controlled walking truck, capable of walking at speeds of up to four miles per hour. This invention represents a significant achievement in robotics and mobility, showcasing early efforts to develop walking machines capable of traversing terrain with human-like agility and speed.^[9]
1968			The Stanford Research Institute (SRI) constructs "Shakey," a pioneering mobile robot featuring a vision system and controlled by a computer that occupied the size of a room. Shakey's development marks a significant milestone in robotics, demonstrating early capabilities in autonomous navigation and perception. Despite its rudimentary design by modern standards, Shakey would lay the groundwork for subsequent advancements in mobile robotics and artificial intelligence.^[9]	United States
1968			Marvin Minsky creates his Tentacle Arm, with 12 joints which can operate independently and are powered by hydraulics.^[7]^[29]
1968			Kawasaki acquires a license for hydraulic robot designs from Unimation and initiated production in Japan. This marks a significant development in the global robotics industry, as it facilitates the expansion of robot manufacturing capabilities in Japan. The collaboration between Kawasaki and Unimation would contribute to the proliferation of industrial robots worldwide, paving the way for further advancements in automation technology.^[18]	Japan
1968			American cognitive and computer scientist Marvin Minsky develops the octopus-like wall-mounted tentacle arm. This innovative creation represents a pioneering exploration into flexible and adaptable robotic manipulators. Inspired by the dexterity and versatility of an octopus tentacle, Minsky's design aims to push the boundaries of robotic manipulation and interaction, laying the groundwork for future developments in soft robotics and bio-inspired robotics.^[18]
1969			The United States successfully utilizes cutting-edge computing, robotic, and space technology to achieve the historic moon landing, culminating in Neil Armstrong becoming the first human to set foot on the lunar surface. This monumental achievement, accomplished as part of NASA's Apollo program, represents a pinnacle of human exploration and technological prowess, showcasing the remarkable capabilities of robotics and space technology in advancing scientific discovery and pushing the boundaries of human achievement.^[8]	United States
1969			American engineer Victor Scheinman invents the Stanford Arm, marking the first successful electrically-powered and computer-controlled robot arm. With six degrees of freedom, it boasts capabilities that surpass those of earlier robots, enabling it to perform tasks previously deemed impossible. This pioneering development would open possibilities for automation and manipulation in various industries and research fields.^[9]^[4]^[4]^[30]
1969			Ichiro Kato designs the WAP-1, the first biped robot. It utilizes airbags connected to the frame to mimic artificial muscles. Subsequently, the WAP-3 is developed, capable of walking on flat surfaces, climbing stairs or slopes, and executing turns while walking. These advancements mark significant progress in robotics, particularly in the development of bipedal locomotion and mobility, laying the groundwork for future innovations in humanoid robotics.^[9]
1969			Hitachi achieves a milestone by developing the world's first vision-based fully-automatic intelligent robot capable of assembling objects from plan drawings. This innovative robot utilizes direct visual images of assembly plan drawings to construct blocks, showcasing early advancements in computer vision and robotics. The development of this technology represents a significant leap forward in automation, demonstrating the potential for robots to interpret visual information and execute complex tasks autonomously.^[24]	Japan
1969			Unimate robots make their entry into the Japanese market through a licensing agreement between Unimation and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Kawasaki recognizes the significance of developing labor-saving machines and systems and aimed to pioneer the industrial robot field in Japan. As a result, Kawasaki successfully develops the Kawasaki-Unimate 2000, marking Japan's first-ever production of an industrial robot. This collaboration between Unimation and Kawasaki would play a crucial role in advancing robotics technology in Japan and would contribute to the country's emergence as a leader in the global robotics industry.^[24]	Japan
1969			Robot vision for mobile robot guidance is demonstrated at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). This milestone showcases early advancements in the field of computer vision, enabling robots to perceive and interpret visual information for navigation and guidance purposes. The demonstration at SRI marks a significant step forward in robotics, laying the groundwork for future developments in autonomous robotics and paving the way for applications such as robotic navigation in dynamic environments.^[24]	United States
1969			General Motors installs the first spot-welding robots at its Lordstown assembly plant. These Unimation robots significantly enhance productivity and enable over 90 percent of body welding operations to be automated. In contrast to traditional manual methods dominated by large jigs and fixtures, the introduction of robots reduce the reliance on manual labor for welding tasks, which are often dirty and hazardous. This adoption of robotic technology represents a transformative shift in automotive manufacturing, demonstrating the potential of automation to improve efficiency and safety in industrial settings.^[24]	United States
1970			Waseda University in Japan builds the first anthropomorphic robot, named WABOT-1. It features a limb-control system, a vision system, and a conversation system, marking a significant milestone in robotics by mimicking human-like characteristics such as movement, perception, and communication.^[13]^[31]	Japan
1970			The convergence of weapons and robotics continue with the development of terminal guidance, a radar-based robotics system designed to direct missiles and explosives in-flight before detonation. This technology significantly enhances the destructive potential of such weapons by enabling precise targeting and control, increasing their effectiveness on the battlefield. The development of terminal guidance marks a significant advancement in military robotics, highlighting the role of robotics in modern warfare and the ongoing evolution of weapon systems to incorporate advanced automation and technology.^[7]
1970			Stanford University produces the Stanford Cart. Designed to be a line follower, it can also be controlled from a computer via radio link.^[10]^[32]	United States
1970			Shakey, developed by the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, emerges as the first mobile robot controlled by artificial intelligence (AI). Equipped with various sensors, including TV cameras, a laser rangefinder, and bump sensors, Shakey can perceive its surroundings and navigate autonomously. This pioneering achievement marks a significant milestone in robotics, as Shakey is not only capable of mobility but also possessed reasoning abilities, allowing it to make decisions based on its sensor inputs. Shakey's development lays the foundation for future advancements in AI-powered robotics and autonomous navigation systems.^[18]^[30]	United States
1970			American professor Victor Scheinman of Stanford University designs the Standard Arm, a groundbreaking robotic arm whose kinematic configuration remains known as the Standard Arm to this day. Scheinman's design would revolutionize robotics, setting a standard for robotic arm architecture that continues to influence the field's development. The Standard Arm's legacy endures as a testament to Scheinman's pioneering contributions to robotics, shaping the way robotic arms are conceptualized and designed for various applications across industries.^[18]	United States
1971			The Soviet Union lands the first robotic exploration craft on Mars, marking a pioneering achievement in the field of robotics and space technology. Despite the brief transmission period of approximately 17 seconds before malfunctioning, the successful touchdown demonstrates the feasibility of using robotic spacecraft to explore celestial bodies beyond Earth.^[7]	Soviet Union
1971			The Japanese Robot Association (JIRA, later JARA) is established, marking the formation of the first national robot association. Initially known as the Industrial Robot Conversazione, it begins as a voluntary organization. The Conversazione is later reorganized into the Japan Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) in 1972, and officially incorporated as an association in 1973. This establishment plays a pivotal role in fostering collaboration and innovation within Japan's burgeoning robotics industry, facilitating advancements and promoting the adoption of robotic technologies across various sectors.^[24]	Japan
1972			Operation Linebacker demonstrates the effectiveness of laser-guided bombs during the final stages of the Vietnam War. These precision-guided munitions, equipped with laser guidance systems, enable accurate targeting of enemy positions, infrastructure, and military installations. Operation Linebacker showcased the strategic advantage of laser-guided bombs in modern warfare, illustrating their capability to minimize collateral damage while achieving precise strikes against enemy targets. This successful military operation underscored the growing importance of advanced guidance technologies in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of aerial bombing campaigns.^[7]
1972			Japan achieves a significant milestone in robotics with the completion of the WABOT project and the deployment of WABOT-1, the world's first life-size intelligent humanoid robot. WABOT-1 showcases remarkable capabilities, including the ability to walk unaided, grasp and transport objects using tactile sensors in its hands, and communicate in Japanese. Its sophisticated cranial sensory array incorporates ears, eyes, and a mouth, enabling advanced interaction with humans. This achievement highlights Japan's pioneering role in humanoid robotics and lays the foundation for future advancements in the field.^[33]^[7]	Japan
1972			Robot production lines are installed at FIAT in Italy and Nissan in Japan. These production lines are specifically dedicated to spot-welding robots, representing a significant advancement in industrial automation. By incorporating robotic technology into manufacturing processes, these companies aim to streamline production, increase efficiency, and improve the quality of their products. This adoption of robotics marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of manufacturing, highlighting the growing role of automation in enhancing productivity and driving innovation in industries worldwide.^[24]	Italy, Japan
1973			V.S. Gurfinkel, A. Shneider, E.V. Gurfinkel, and colleagues at the Department of Motion Control at the Russian Academy of Science create the first six-legged walking vehicle. This development demonstrates the feasibility of locomotion using a hexapod configuration. The six-legged walking vehicle paves the way for further research and innovation in legged robotics, offering new possibilities for traversing challenging terrain and performing tasks in various environments.^[9]
1973			Cincinnati Milacron Corporation introduces the T3, also known as "The Tomorrow Tool," marking the debut of the first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot. Designed by Richard Hohn, this robot offers precise control and versatility in industrial applications. The T3 robot would revolutionize manufacturing processes by streamlining production tasks and enhancing productivity.^[18]^[9]	United States
1973		Organization	Comau (COnsorzio MAcchine Utensili) is founded.^[34] It is a leading company in the industrial automation field, at a global level.^[35]	Italy
1973			The Artificial Intelligence department at the University of Edinburgh unveils Freddy II, which is capable of autonomously assembling objects from a disordered pile of parts. This demonstration highlights significant progress in artificial intelligence and robotics, showcasing Freddy II's ability to perceive and manipulate objects in complex environments.^[18]
1973			Hitachi in Japan introduces the automatic bolting robot, a pioneering industrial robot designed for the concrete pile and pole industry. It is the first of its kind to incorporate dynamic vision sensors, enabling it to identify bolts on a moving mold and adjust accordingly to fasten or loosen them in synchronization with the mold's motion. This innovation showcases the integration of dynamic vision systems for real-time object recognition and manipulation in industrial settings.^[24]	Japan
1973			German manufacturer KUKA transitions from utilizing Unimate robots to developing their own robotic systems. Their creation, the Famulus, marks a milestone as the first robot to feature six electromechanically driven axes. This advancement enables greater flexibility, precision, and versatility in industrial automation. The Famulus's innovative design paves the way for future developments in robotic manipulation and control, establishing KUKA as a leading provider of advanced robotic solutions.^[24]	Germany
1974			Intel unveils the 8080 microprocessor, marking a significant advancement in computing. This chip becomes a cornerstone in robotics development due to its enhanced processing power and efficiency. The Intel 8080 empowers engineers to create more sophisticated robotic systems by providing the computational capabilities needed for tasks like motion control, sensor data processing, and decision-making. The production of the Intel 8080 chips catalyzes the integration of computing technology into robotics, shaping the landscape of robotic advancements.^[9]	United States
1974			The robotic teacher Leachim is invented with the capability to synthesize human speech. Programmed with a course curriculum, Leachim is tested on a class of 4th graders in the Bronx, New York. This innovation represents a pioneering effort in the use of robotics for educational purposes, demonstrating the potential for technology to assist in teaching and learning.^[7]	United States
1974			Victor Scheinman founds his own company and introduces the Silver Arm, a pioneering robotic system equipped with touch sensors. This innovative technology allows the Silver Arm to assemble small parts with precision and accuracy, marking a significant advancement in industrial automation. With its tactile capabilities, the Silver Arm can manipulate objects delicately, facilitating assembly tasks that previously required human dexterity. The introduction of the Silver Arm lays the groundwork for future developments in robotic manipulation and control systems.^[10]
1974			The first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot, named the T3 (The Tomorrow Tool), is introduced to the market by Richard Hohn for Cincinnati Milacron Corporation. This pioneering robot is controlled by a minicomputer, offering enhanced precision and flexibility in manufacturing operations. The T3 introduces computerized control to industrial robotics, paving the way for further innovations in the field.^[24]
1974			Hitachi develops the first precision insertion control robot, known as the "HI-T-HAND Expert." This innovative robot features a flexible wrist mechanism and a force feedback control system, allowing it to insert mechanical parts with remarkable precision, achieving a clearance of about 10 microns. The HI-T-HAND Expert represents a significant advancement in precision assembly applications, where such accuracy is essential.^[24]	Japan
1974			The first fully electric, microprocessor-controlled industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA" "With anthropomorphic design, its arm movement mimicked that of a human arm, with a payload of 6kg and 5 axis. The S1 controller was the first to use a intel 8 bit microprocessor. The memory capacity was 16KB. The controller had 16 digital I/O and was programmed trough 16 keys and a four digit LED display. The first model, IRB 6, was developed in 1972-1973 on assignment by the ASEA CEO Curt Nicolin and was shown for the first time at the end of August 1973. It was acquired by Magnussons in Genarp to wax and polish stainless steel tubes bent at 90° angles."^[24]
1974			The first arc welding robots are deployed in Japan. Kawasaki expands on the Unimate design to produce an arc-welding robot used in fabricating motorcycle frames. Additionally, they develop touch and force-sensing capabilities in their Hi-T-Hand robot, allowing it to guide pins into holes at a rate of one second per pin. These advancements mark significant progress in industrial automation, showcasing the potential of robots to enhance manufacturing processes, particularly in sectors like automotive production.^[24]
1975			Victor Scheinman develops the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm (PUMA), which becomes widely utilized in industrial operations. PUMA represents a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering programmable and versatile capabilities that make it suitable for various tasks in manufacturing and beyond. Its introduction would contribute to the expansion of robotics applications across industries, demonstrating the potential for robots to streamline production processes and perform complex manipulations with precision and efficiency.^[9]
1975			The Olivetti "SIGMA," a Cartesian-coordinate robot, emerges as one of the pioneering robots employed in assembly applications. By employing Cartesian coordinates, the SIGMA robot demonstrates enhanced precision and flexibility, enabling it to perform various assembly tasks efficiently and accurately. Its introduction reflects the growing recognition of robotics as a valuable tool for improving productivity and quality control in industrial settings.^[24]
1975			The MITS ALTAIR emerges as the first kit computer based on the 8080 chip, arguably marking the inception of the personal computer era. This milestone democratizes computing by offering enthusiasts the opportunity to assemble and program their own machines. The ALTAIR's affordability and accessibility empower individuals to explore computing outside traditional institutional settings, laying the groundwork for the widespread adoption of personal computers. Its influence on the burgeoning computer industry paves the way for subsequent innovations, shaping the trajectory of technological advancement and transforming society's relationship with computing.^[9]
1975			Hitachi develops "Mr. AROS," the first sensor-based arc welding robot. Equipped with microprocessors and gap sensors, this robot can correct its arc welding path by detecting the precise location of workpieces. This innovation represents a significant advancement in welding technology, allowing for more accurate and efficient welding processes. The integration of sensors and microprocessors enable the robot to adapt to varying workpiece positions, improving welding quality and consistency. Overall, "Mr. AROS" marks a milestone in the development of robotic welding systems, laying the foundation for future advancements in industrial automation.^[24]
1975			Swedish–Swiss multinational corporation ABB develops an industrial robot known as the IRB60, capable of handling payloads of up to 60 kg. This innovation addressed the automotive industry's need for robots with greater payload capacity and flexibility. The IRB60 is initially deployed at Saab in Sweden for welding car bodies, showcasing its capability to efficiently perform heavy-duty tasks in industrial settings. ABB's development of the IRB60 represents a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering manufacturers enhanced productivity and versatility in their production processes, particularly in sectors like automotive manufacturing where heavy lifting and precision welding are essential.^[36]	Sweden, Switzerland
1976			Japanese engineer Shigeo Hirose designs the Soft Gripper, which can wrap around objects in a snake-like fashion. This innovative gripper design represents a departure from traditional rigid grippers, offering greater flexibility and adaptability in grasping various objects. The Soft Gripper's ability to conform to the shape of different objects make it well-suited for handling delicate or irregularly shaped items, expanding the range of tasks that robots could perform effectively. Hirose's invention marks a significant advancement in robotic manipulation technology, paving the way for the development of more versatile and dexterous robotic grippers in the future.^[10]	Japan
1976		Organization (for-profit)	Hyundai Wia is founded. Member of the Hyundai Motor Group, it centers on robotics and autonomous driving technology.^[37]	South Korea
1976			Japanese robotics design company Intelligent Actuator is founded.^[38]	Japan
1976			Robotic arms are used on the Viking program space probes. Vicarm Inc. incorporates a microcomputer into the Vicarm design.^[18]	United States
1977			Dr. Devjanin, Dr. Grufinkelt, Dr. Lensky, Dr. Schneider, and their colleagues at the Russian Academy of Science create the Variante Masha, a six-legged walking machine. This innovative robot marks an important development in robotics, showcasing advancements in locomotion technology. With its six legs, the Variante Masha demonstrates enhanced stability and maneuverability, making it suitable for navigating challenging terrains and environments. The creation of this walking machine would contribute to the ongoing exploration of robotic locomotion principles and lay the foundation for future advancements in legged robot design and mobility.^[9]	Russia (Soviet Union)
1977			ASEA, a European robot company, introduces two sizes of electric-powered industrial robots. These robots utilize a microcomputer controller for programming and operation, representing a significant advancement in automation technology. The incorporation of electric power and microcomputer control enhances the robots' precision, flexibility, and efficiency in industrial applications. ASEA's offering reflects the growing demand for advanced robotic solutions in manufacturing and signals a shift towards more sophisticated automation systems capable of meeting diverse production requirements.^[18]
1977			Hitachi develops an assembly cell to assemble vacuum cleaners with 8 TV cameras and two robot arms.^[24]	Japan
1978			Shigeo Hirose develops the ACMVI (Oblix) robot, notable for its snake-like abilities. This innovative design paves the way for the MOGURA robot arm, which would find applications in various industries. Hirose's creation demonstrates the potential for robots with flexible, adaptable structures inspired by natural movements. The MOGURA robot arm's versatility and dexterity makes it suitable for tasks requiring intricate manipulations, further advancing the capabilities of industrial automation systems. This development highlights the importance of biomimicry in robotics and its impact on expanding the range of tasks that robots could perform effectively.^[9]	Japan
1978			The Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm (SCARA) is developed. This 4-axis robot arm is specifically designed for tasks such as picking up parts and relocating them, offering precision and efficiency. Introduced to assembly lines in 1981, the SCARA robot would revolutionize manufacturing processes by streamlining repetitive tasks and enhancing productivity. Its ability to manipulate objects with accuracy and speed makes it a valuable addition to industrial automation, contributing to the optimization of assembly operations across various industries.^[10]
1978			Unimation leverages technology from Vicarm to develop the Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly (PUMA). This versatile robot, known as PUMA, would remain a fixture in numerous research laboratories to this day. Its adaptability and programmable nature makes it suitable for various assembly tasks, contributing to its enduring presence in research and development environments. The PUMA's continued utilization underscores its reliability and effectiveness in facilitating assembly processes, serving as a valuable tool for innovation and experimentation in robotics research.^[18]
1979			The Stanford Cart achieved a significant milestone by autonomously crossing a room filled with chairs, facilitated by a TV camera mounted on a rail. This camera captured images from various angles, transmitting them to a computer for analysis of distances between the cart and obstacles. Hans Moravec's enhancements to the Stanford Cart's vision system in 1979 enabled greater autonomy and marked early experiments in 3D environment mapping.^[10]
1979			The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University is founded^[18] with the purpose to conduct basic and applied research in robotics technologies relevant to industrial and societal tasks.^[39]
1979			Nachi develops the first motor-driven robots. This technological advancement marks a significant shift in the robotics industry, enabling robots to perform tasks with greater precision, speed, and reliability. Motor-driven robots offer improved efficiency and versatility, opening up new possibilities for automation in various industries.	Japan
1979			German industrial robot manufacturer Reis Robotics in Obernburg develops the RE 15, the first six-axis robot with its own control system. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering enhanced precision and versatility in automated processes.^[24]	Germany
1980			Ichiro Kato at Waseda University develops WL-9DR, which achieves quasi-dynamic walking using a microcomputer as the controller. This robot can take one step every 10 seconds, marking a significant advancement in walking technology.^[9]
1980	January		Automatix^[40]^[41]	United States
1981			A milestone occurs in the field of robotics with the first use of machine vision. At the University of Rhode Island, researchers demonstrate a bin-picking robotics system capable of selecting parts from a bin regardless of their orientation or position. This breakthrough showcases the potential of machine vision to enable robots to perceive and interact with their environment, paving the way for advancements in automation and robotics technology.^[24]	United States
1981			Shigeo Hirose develops Titan II, a quadrupedal robot capable of climbing stairs. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotics, showcasing the ability of robots to navigate complex environments with uneven terrain. While the picture provided is of Titan III, which is a successor to Titan II, both robots share similar capabilities and represent Hirose's pioneering work in the field of legged robotics. The development of Titan II lays the foundation for further research and advancements in quadrupedal locomotion, contributing to the ongoing evolution of robotic mobility and versatility.^[9]
1981			Takeo Kanade invents the first "direct drive arm," an industrial robotic arm that integrates the robotic "brain" with the mechanical manipulators into one machine. This design features motors installed directly into the joints, significantly enhancing the arm's speed and accuracy compared to previous models.^[7]^[10]	Japan
1981			Cognex is founded.^[18]
1981			The first industrial robot with vision capabilities is implemented at a General Motors factory. The system, called Consight, enables robots to use visual sensors to pick out and sort auto parts moving on a conveyor belt.^[24]^[26]	United States
1982			WinSystems is founded.^[42] It designs and manufactures single board computer systems, including industrial robots.^[43]	United States
1982			CRS Robotics is founded.^[18] It would become notable in the field of automated lab systems due to their developments in high throughput and ultra high throughput automated systems.^[44]	Canada
1982			Intelitek is founded. It specializes in robotic training systems for industrial robotics.^[45]^[46]	United States
1982			IBM develops AML (A Manufacturing Language), a powerful and user-friendly programming language specifically designed for robotic applications. This innovation enables manufacturing engineers to quickly and easily create application programs using an IBM Personal Computer, enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of robotics programming.^[24]
1983			Honeybee Robotics is founded. It develops advanced robotic solutions.^[47]^[48]	United States
1983			Omron Adept is founded.^[49]^[50] Based in Pleasanton, California, it focuses on industrial automation and robotics, including software and vision guidance.	United States
1983			Salt Lake City-based robotics startup Sarcos is founded. It makes robotic systems.^[51]^[52]	United States
1983			Westinghouse releases a research report on APAS (Adaptable-Programming Assembly Systems), a pioneering project aimed at integrating robots into flexible automated assembly lines. APAS introduces innovative techniques, including the utilization of machine vision for tasks such as positioning, orienting, and inspecting component parts. This approach marks a significant advancement in manufacturing automation, enabling greater adaptability and efficiency in assembly processes. By incorporating machine vision technology, APAS demonstrates the potential to enhance the accuracy and versatility of robotic systems within industrial environments, laying the foundation for further developments in automated assembly systems.^[24]
1984			Adept introduces the AdeptOne, the first direct-drive SCARA robot.^[24]	United States
1984			Advancements in robotics see the development of more manageable form factors and refined software, facilitated by the introduction of robust programming languages like Robot Basic. These improvements make it easier to program and control robots, enhancing their versatility and usability across various applications. With the introduction of Robot Basic, programmers gain a more efficient toolset for developing sophisticated robotic functionalities, contributing to the evolution of robotics technology and its broader adoption in industrial and commercial settings.^[3]
1984			The development of WABOT-2 marks a significant advancement in robotics. This humanoid robot, equipped with precise motor and sensory control, demonstrates remarkable capabilities by playing the organ with such proficiency that it can even accompany a human musician. WABOT-2's ability to interpret and respond to musical cues showcases the progress made in robotics technology, particularly in terms of dexterity and coordination, opening new possibilities for human-robot interaction and collaboration in various domains.^[7]
1984			IEEE Robotics and Automation Society^[53]
1984			Epson Robots is established. It is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Japanese corporation Seiko Epson.^[54]	Japan
1984			Swedish company ABB produces the IRB 1000, which is recognized as the fastest assembly robot at that time. This development showcases ABB's advancements in robotic speed and efficiency for industrial applications.^[24]	Sweden
1985			General Robotics Corp. creates the RB5X, a programmable robot equipped with infrared sensors, remote audio/video transmission, bump sensors, and a voice synthesizer. It features software that allowed it to learn about its environment, marking a significant step forward in robotic capabilities and interaction.^[9]
1985			Hitachi Ltd. develops the Waseda Hitachi Leg-11 (WHL-11), a biped robot capable of static walking on flat surfaces. Notably, it can execute turns and take a step approximately every 13 seconds. This marks a significant advancement in bipedal robotics, showcasing progress towards achieving stable locomotion in robots. The WHL-11's ability to perform static walking on even terrain represents a significant milestone in robotics research, demonstrating progress towards developing robots capable of navigating real-world environments with greater efficiency and stability.^[9]	Japan
1985			Collie1, a four-legged walking machine with three degrees of freedom per leg, is developed by H. Miura at the University of Tokyo.^[9]	Japan
1985			The Melwalk3, a six-legged walking machine, is developed at Namiki Tsukuba Science City.^[9]
1985		Robot-assisted surgery	The first robot to assist in surgery is the Arthrobot, which is developed and used for the first time in Vancouver.^[55]	Canada
1985		Robot-assisted surgery	A robot, the Unimation Puma 200, is used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure.^[56]
1986			LEGO and the MIT Media Lab collaborate to introduce the first LEGO-based educational products to the market. These products, known as LEGO tc Logo, are widely adopted by elementary school teachers, offering a hands-on approach to learning programming concepts through play with LEGO bricks. This initiative makes coding and technology education accessible and engaging for students.
1986	October		Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics is established in Bangalore, with research focus in the areas of artificial intelligence, robotics, and control systems.^[57]	India
1986			Honda initiates a robot research program grounded on the principle that robots should coexist and cooperate with humans, aiming to perform tasks beyond human capabilities and enhance mobility to benefit society.^[18]
1988			The first HelpMate service robot begins operating at Danbury Hospital in Connecticut.^[9]	United States
1988			Barrett Technology is founded.^[58] It manufactures robotic arms.	United States
1989			The Robotics Laboratory at the Ministry of Transport in Japan created Aquarobot, a walking robot designed for undersea use.^[9]
1989			Kato Corporation developed the WL12RIII, the first biped walking robot capable of walking on terrain stabilized by trunk motion. It could navigate stairs and take a step approximately every 0.64 seconds.^[9]
1989			Rodney Brooks develops Ghengis, a hexapedal robot designed to navigate challenging terrain. Inspired by the physical abilities of insects, Ghengis exhibits remarkable mobility despite limited intelligence. Noteworthy for its cost-effective construction and rapid development, Ghengis sets a trend towards incremental progress in robotics, emphasizing practicality over complex programming. Brooks' creation demonstrates the effectiveness of simple, adaptable designs in overcoming obstacles, shaping future approaches to robotic development. Ghengis remains a significant milestone in robotics, highlighting the potential of bio-inspired engineering for creating agile and versatile machines.^[7]^[18]
1989			Yaskawa Electric Corporation makes a significant move in the realm of industrial robotics by establishing Yaskawa Motoman. Yaskawa Electric Corporation, a prominent Japanese company with a history dating back to 1915, is a key player in automation solutions. With the inception of Yaskawa Motoman, they introduce a brand dedicated to industrial robots, encompassing robotic arms, part positioners, and controllers. Yaskawa Motoman swiftly emerges as a frontrunner in industrial robotics, boasting millions of installations worldwide and providing solutions across diverse applications such as welding, assembly, and material handling.^[59]	Japan
1989			Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn publish a groundbreaking paper titled "Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System" in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. This paper revolutionizes rover research by shifting the focus from building one large and expensive robot to creating numerous small and affordable ones. It also makes the concept of building robots more accessible to the general public. As a result, academic efforts begin to concentrate on developing small, intelligent, and practical robots, marking a significant shift in robotics research towards more scalable and versatile solutions.^[18]^[13]^[9]
1992		Robot-assisted surgery	The ROBODOC is introduced. It would revolutionize orthopedic surgery by being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries.^[60]
1992			Wittmann, Austria introduces the CAN-Bus control system for robots. This innovation facilitates communication and control within robotic systems, enhancing their efficiency and functionality. The CAN-Bus technology allows for seamless integration and coordination of robot operations, contributing to advancements in automation across various industries.^[24]
1992			ABB introduces an open control system known as S4. This system marks a significant advancement in industrial automation technology, offering greater flexibility and compatibility for various manufacturing processes. By providing an open architecture, the S4 control system enables easier integration with other equipment and systems, enhancing efficiency and productivity in industrial settings. ABB's S4 system contributed to the evolution of automation solutions, empowering industries to optimize their operations and adapt to changing demands more effectively.^[24]	Sweden
1993			Dante, an 8-legged walking robot developed at Carnegie Mellon University, embarks on an exploration mission to Mt. Erebus in Antarctica. Unfortunately, the mission is unsuccessful due to the robot's tether breaking. However, Dante II, a more robust version, later explores Mt. Spurr in Alaska in 2004, demonstrating advancements in robotic capabilities and resilience.^[9]
1993			Carnegie Mellon University develops an eight-legged robot named Dante with the purpose of collecting data from harsh environments resembling those found on other planets. Unfortunately, Dante's mission encounters a setback when it failed to collect gases due to a broken fiber optic cable. However, in 1994, Dante II, a more robust version of its predecessor, would successfully descended into the crater of the Alaskan volcano Mount Spurr and complete its mission.^[10]	United States
1993		Competition	BEST Robotics^[61]
1993		Competition	The Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) is held, providing a platform for showcasing advancements in autonomous vehicle technology. This competition challenges participants to design and build unmanned ground vehicles capable of navigating through various terrains and completing specified tasks autonomously. The IGVC would play a role in fostering innovation and collaboration among researchers, engineers, and students interested in robotics and autonomous systems.^[62]
1993			Japanese multinational electronics company Seiko Epson develops Monsieur, a micro robot recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's smallest at the time. Monsieur represents a significant milestone in the field of robotics, showcasing the potential for creating incredibly small yet functional robots. This accomplishment opens up new possibilities for the application of micro robots in various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and entertainment.^[18]	Japan
1994	January 1		Robotics is founded. It is a robotics company offering service for industrial robot automation and its focus on simulation.^[63]	Germany
1994		Robot-assisted surgery	AESOP is introduced as the first laparoscopic camera holder to be approved by the FDA.^[64]	United States
1994			Carnegie Mellon University's eight-legged walking robot, Dante II, achieves a significant milestone by successfully descending into the crater of Mount Spurr. This volcanic expedition aims to collect samples of volcanic gas for scientific analysis. The success of Dante II's mission demonstrates the potential of robotics in exploring hazardous and challenging environments, such as active volcanoes, where human access is limited or dangerous. This achievement marks a crucial advancement in robotic exploration and highlights the importance of innovative technologies in scientific research and exploration of extreme terrains.^[8]	United States
1994			Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn publish a groundbreaking paper titled Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. This paper revolutionized rover research by shifting the focus from building one large and expensive robot to creating numerous small and affordable ones. It also made the concept of building robots more accessible to the general public. As a result, academic efforts began to concentrate on developing small, intelligent, and practical robots, marking a significant shift in robotics research towards more scalable and versatile solutions.^[7]
1994			Welltec^[65]^[66]	Denmark
1994			Marc Thorpe starts Robot Wars at Fort Mason center in San Francsico, CA.^[18]
1994			Motoman introduces the first robot control system (MRC), enabling synchronized control of two robots. This innovation marked a significant advancement in robotic technology, enhancing the capability to coordinate and manage multiple robots simultaneously for increased efficiency and productivity in various industrial applications.^[24]
1995			ActivMedia Robotics is founded. Later known as MobileRobots Inc, then sold to Adept and renamed "Adept Mobilerobots" it designs and manufactures autonomous robots, commercial service robots, robot software and navigation systems for robot developers and manufacturers.^[67] The company is now owned by Omron Automation. ^[68]^[69]	United States
1995			Automatika^[70]^[71]	United States
1995			Intuitive Surgical^[72]	United States
1995			Lynxmotion is founded as a manufacturer of robot kits.^[73]^[74]	United States
1995		Competition	International Aerial Robotics Competition
1996			David Barrett, a doctoral student at MIT, develops RoboTuna, a biomimetic robot designed to study the swimming behavior of fish, particularly resembling a bluefin tuna. This innovative robot is created as part of Barrett's doctoral thesis, aiming to understand the intricacies of fish locomotion. RoboTuna's design allows it to float and move in water, facilitating research into the swimming dynamics of aquatic creatures. This project would contribute to advancements in both robotics and aquatic biomechanics research.^[9]^[10]^[30]^[18]	United States
1996			Honda introduces the P2 humanoid robot as part of its development project for creating ASIMO. Standing for Prototype Model 2, P2 represents a significant advancement in humanoid robotics, being the first self-regulating, bipedal humanoid robot. Standing over 6 feet tall, P2 is smaller than its predecessors and exhibited more human-like motions, marking a crucial step forward in Honda's pursuit of creating sophisticated humanoid robots.^[9]^[10]	Japan
1996			Halfmann Teleskoptechnik	Germany
1996			Honda unveils its P2 prototype, a humanoid robot that can walk, climb stairs and carry loads.^[18]
1996			German company KUKA launches the first PC-based robot control system. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotics, leveraging the versatility and power of personal computers to enhance robot control and programming capabilities.^[24]	Germany
1997			Dinamation is founded. It focuses its activity in the field of automation of industrial handling and assembly processes.^[75]	Spain
1997			The first RoboCup tournament is held in Japan with the ambitious goal of having a fully automated team of robots beat the world's best soccer team by 2050.^[8]^[9]	Japan
1997		Competition	The first RoboCup games are held in Nagoya, with three competition categories: computer simulation, small robots, and midsize robots.^[76]	Japan
1997			Bluefin Robotics.^[77]	United States
1997			The robot rover Sojourner is launched to Mars. Originally expected to operate for a week, it exceeded expectations, exploring the planet for over three months before communication was lost. Sojourner collected environmental data, conducted scientific experiments, and transmitted results back to NASA. Its onboard computer enabled it to respond to unplanned events and obstacles with minimal data.^[7]
1997			NASA's Pathfinder mission successfully lands on Mars. The mission includes a wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which rolls down a ramp onto Martian soil in early July. Sojourner would continue to transmit data from the Martian surface until September, providing valuable images and information about Mars back to Earth.^[10]
1997			"IBM’s Deep Blue computer defeated chess champion Garry Kasparov, heralding a landmark achievement in robotic AI’s ability to plan and react."^[7]
1997			Honda achieves a significant milestone in robotics with the creation of the P3, marking the second major advancement in the development of their humanoid robot, ASIMO. Unlike its predecessors, the P3 has the capability to operate independently, without the need for constant human control or guidance. This breakthrough in robotics technology paves the way for further advancements in the field, demonstrating the potential for autonomous robots to perform a wide range of tasks in various environments. Honda's ASIMO project would since continue to push the boundaries of robotics innovation, aiming to create humanoid robots capable of assisting humans in diverse scenarios, from household chores to complex industrial tasks.^[9]
1997			Robotics Design Inc^[78]	Canada
1997		Competition	Federation of International Robot-soccer Association^[79]
1997			A significant development occurs with the emergence of computer programs known as "web bots." These programs gain widespread popularity and adoption across the internet for their capability to systematically explore and extract information from websites. Essentially, web bots act as automated agents, navigating through web pages, indexing content, and collecting data based on predefined criteria or user instructions. Their ability to delve into vast amounts of online information would revolutionize various fields, including web search, data mining, and market research. This marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of web technology, facilitating more efficient and comprehensive information retrieval on the burgeoning World Wide Web.^[18]
1998			robot-head.^[80]
1998		Robot-assisted surgery	ZEUS is introduced commercially, starting the idea of telerobotics or telepresence surgery where the surgeon is at a distance from the robot on a console and operates on the patient.^[81]
1998			"In 1998 Sony began providing researchers with programmable AIBOs for a new competition category; this gave teams a standard reliable prebuilt hardware platform for software experimentation."^[19]
1998			LEGO launches its first Robotics Invention System. This groundbreaking system, known as the Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System (RIS), revolutionizes how kids could interact with robotics. It combines the classic LEGO building blocks with programmable components, allowing users to design, build, and code their own robots. The RIS marks the beginning of the long-running Lego Mindstorms series, which would continue to inspire young inventors and coders until today.^[8]
1998			MIT graduate student Cynthia Breazeal makes a significant contribution to the field of robotics with Kismet, an expressive robot head designed to be a pioneer in affective computing, allowing interaction with humans through the recognition and simulation of emotions. Breazeal's work with Kismet helps pave the way for the development of more socially interactive robots.^[8]	United States
1998			LEGO introduces the MINDSTORMS robotic development product line, revolutionizing the world of robotics education and hobbyist programming. This innovative system allows users to create customizable robots using a combination of modular components and LEGO plastic bricks. MINDSTORMS provide an accessible platform for learning about robotics, programming, and engineering principles in a hands-on and engaging way. This release marks a significant milestone in making robotics education and experimentation more accessible to the general public.^[9]
1998			"Campbell Aird was fitted with the first bionic arm called the Edinburg Modular Arm System (EMAS). "^[9]
1998			Ecovacs Robotics^[82]^[83]	China
1998			Vecna Technologies is founded. It delivers automated material handling, hybrid fulfillment, and workflow optimization solutions featuring self-driving vehicles.^[84]
1998		Competition	Botball
1998			"LEGO releases their first Robotics Invention SystemTM 1.0. LEGO names the product line MINDSTORMS after Seymour Papert's seminal work of 1980."^[18]
1998			"Scottish hotel owner Campbell Aird is fitted with the world's first bionic arm."^[18]
1998			"Güdel, Switzerland, launched the “roboLoop” system, the only curved-track gantry and transfer system"^[24]
1998			"ABB, Sweden, developed the FlexPicker, the world’s fastest picking robot based on the delta robot developed by Reymond Clavel, Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL)"^[24]
1998			"Reis Robotics launches the 5. robot control generation ROBOTstar V, with one of the shortest interpolation cycle times for robot controls"^[24]
1998–2004			Alice mobile robot	Switzerland
1999			"Sony releases the first version of AIBO, a robotic dog with the ability to learn, entertain and communicate with its owner. More advanced versions have followed."^[8] "Sony released the first Aibo robotic dog. "^[9]^[7]
1999			"Mitsubishi created a robot fish. The intention was to create a robotic version of an extinct species of fish."^[9]
1999			"Personal Robots released the Cye robot. It performed a variety of household chores, such as delivering mail, carrying dishes, and vacuuming. It was created by Probotics Inc."^[9]^[80]
1999			Fastbrick Robotics^[85]	Australia
1999			"May, Sony builds Aibo, K9 the next generation. One of the first robots intended for the consumer market. It reacts on sounds and has some sort of preprogrammed behavior. It sells out within 20 minutes of going on sale."^[18]
1999			"Reis introduces integrated laser beam guiding within the robot arm"^[24]
1999			"First remote diagnosis for robots via Internet by KUKA, Germany"^[24]
2000	April 30		Siasun Robotics is founded. It is one of the largest robotics manufacturers in China.^[86]^[87]	China
2000			"MIT’s Cynthia Breazeal develops Kismet, a robot that could recognize and simulate emotions."^[88]
2000			"Honda's ASIMO robot, an artificially intelligent humanoid robot, is able to walk as fast as a human, delivering trays to customers in a restaurant setting."^[88] "Honda debuts ASIMO, the next generation in its series of humanoid robots."^[8]
2000			"Sony unveiled the Sony Dream Robots (SDR) at Robodex. SDR was able to recognize 10 different faces, expresses emotion through speech and body language, and can walk on flat as well as irregular surfaces. Image of QRIO"^[9]
2000			White Box Robotics^[89]	Canada
2000		Competition	BattleBots^[90]	United States
2000		Robot-assisted surgery	The da Vinci Surgical System obtains FDA approval for general laparscopic procedures and becomes the first operative surgical robot in the United States.^[91]	United States
2000			"October, The UN estimates that there are 742,500 industrial robots in use worldwide. More than half of these are being used in Japan."^[18]
2000–2010			Approximately 5.6 million manufacturing jobs are lost in the United States, 85% of them as a result of automation and technological change.^[80]
2001			"iRobot Packbots searched through the rubble of the world Trade Center. Subsequent versions of the Packbot robots are used in Afghanistan and Iraq."^[9]
2001			Universal Robotics^[92]	United States
2001			Perrone Robotics^[93]	United States
2001			SSRMS^[80]
2001			"MD Robotics of Canada built the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS). It was successfully launched and worked to assemble the International Space Station."^[9]	Canada
2001			"Great leaps are made in aerospace robotics: Canadarm 2 is launched and attached to the International Space Station. Heralded as the first “smart” part of the station, it plays a key role in the maintenance of the station. Furthermore, the first autonomous flying robot, known as the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Global Hawk, makes a 22 hour non-stop flight from California across the Pacific Ocean and the Eurasian supercontinent to land in Edinburgh, Scotland."^[7]
2001			MetraLabs GmbH^[94]	Germany
2001			Anybots^[95]^[96]	United States
2001			Energid Technologies^[97]	United States
2001			"LEGO releases the MINDSTORMS Ultimate Builder's Set"^[18]
2001			"Built by MD Robotics of Canada, the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) is successfully launched into orbit and begins operations to complete assembly of International Space Station."^[18]
2001			"August, the FDA clears the CyberKnife to treat tumors anywhere in the body."^[18]
2002		Competition	ABU Robocon^[98]
2002			Robotnik Automation^[99]^[100]	Spain
2002			Active Robots^[101]^[102]	United Kingdom
2002		Competition	Robo One^[103]^[104]	Japan
2002			"Honda created the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO). It is intended to be a personal assistant. It recognizes its owner's face, voice, and name. Can read email and is capable of streaming video from its camera to a PC"^[9]	Japan
2002			"iRobot released the first generation of Roomba robotic vacuum cleaners. "^[9]
2002			TOSY Robotics is founded.^[105]	Vietnam
2003	January 1		"Robotics Business Review features up-to-the-minute business and technology developments in global robotics. Framingham, Massachusetts, United States"^[106] \|\| United States
2003			Amazon Robotics is founded.^[107]^[108]	United States
2003			"As part of their mission to explore Mars, NASA launched twin robotic rovers on June 10 and July 7, 2003 called Spirit and Sojourner"^[9] "On January 3rd and 24th the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity land on the surface of Mars. Launched in 2003, the two robots will drive many times the distance originally expected, and are still operating."^[10]	United States
2003			"RobotShop Distribution Inc. was founded to provide today’s society with domestic and professional robot technology that can help increase the pleasure, knowledge liberty and security of individuals."^[9]^[109]
2003			Pioria Robotics is founded. It focuses on integrating sensors and processors to form intelligent embedded solutions for various applications.^[110]	United States
2003	September 29		Nabtesco is founded. It produces industrial robot parts.^[111]	Japan
2003		Competition	Defcon Robot Contest^[112]
2003			"Epson unveils the Monsieur II-P in April 2003."^[18]
2003			"Robocoaster, the first entertainment robot based on an articulated robot by KUKA, Germany"^[24]
2004		Competition	RoboGames launches. It is recognized as the world's largest robotics competition.^[113]	United States
2004	March 13	Competition	DARPA Grand Challenge launches as a driverless car competition in the Mojave Desert region of the United States.^[114]
2004	June 24		Japanese robotics company Cyberdyne Inc. is founded.^[115]^[116]	Japan
2004		Competition	World Robot Olympiad
2004			"Epsom release the smallest known robot, standing 7cm high and weighing just 10 grams. The robot helicopter is intended to be used as a ‘flying camera’ during natural disasters."^[8]
2004			Motoman, based in Japan, introduces the enhanced robot control system (NX100), enabling synchronized control of up to four robots with a total of 38 axes. This advancement marks a significant evolution in robotics technology, allowing for increased coordination and efficiency in industrial automation processes.^[24]	Japan
2005			"Researchers at Cornell University build the first self-replicating robot. Each ‘robot’ is made up of a small tower of computerized cubes which link together through the use of magnets."^[8]^[80]	United States
2005			TOPIO begins development by TOSY.	Vietnam
2005			Development begins on BEAR, a military robot designed for functions rather than humanoid appearance. BEAR features tank-like treads for movement and has proven effective in navigating rough terrain, carrying loads, and aiding in military operations.^[26]
2005			"The Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), created HUBO, and claims it is the smartest mobile robot in the world. This robot is linked to a computer via a high-speed wireless connection; the computer does all of the thinking for the robot."^[9]	South Korea
2005			Bossa Nova Robotics^[117]	United States
2005			Cornell University creates self-replicating robots.^[9]	United States
2005			Honda introduces an updated version of ASIMO that has new behaviors and capabilities.^[10]	Japan
2005			Universal Robots is founded in Denmark. It manufactures small flexible industrial collaborative robot arms.^[118]	Denmark
2005		Robot-assisted surgery	A surgical technique is documented in canine and cadaveric models called the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the da Vinci robot surgical system as it is the only FDA-approved robot to perform head and neck surgery.^[119]^[120]	United States
2005			" Self-driving cars become more and more possible, though they are not yet safe for road testing."^[7]
2005			Ekso Bionics^[121]^[122]	United States
2005			Neato Robotics^[123]^[124]	United States
2005			OLogic^[125]	United States
2006	January		JTEKT is founded. Based in Osaka, it produces machine tools.^[126]^[127]	Japan
2006	Late year		Willow Garage is founded to accelerate the development of non-military robotics and advance open source robotics software.^[128]	United States
2006			"A 4-legged robot called Starfish that was capable of of self modeling and learning to walk after having been damaged was created at Cornell University in 2006."^[10]
2006			ISEE (company)^[129]
2006	February	Robot as a service	The initial design and implementation of applying service-oriented computing in embedded systems and robots is presented in the 49th IFIP 10.4 Workgroups meeting.^[130]
2006			ReconRobotics, Inc. is founded.^[131] Headquartered in Edina, Minnesota, it designs, engineers, and manufactures tactical micro-robot systems for law enforcement and military personnel that increase situational awareness in order to save lives. Users of the company's robots include multiple branches of the United States Armed Forces, international friendly forces, and more than 550 federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.^[132]	United States
2006			Robot Galaxy is founded. It is a mallbased retail and entertainment company that allows children to build their own personalized robots.^[133]	United States
2006			German industrial robot manufacturer Reis Robotics emerges as the market leader for photovoltaic module production lines, marking a significant milestone in the renewable energy industry. Their innovative systems, introduced for the first time that year, would revolutionize the production process for solar panels. By leveraging advanced robotics technology, Reis Robotics facilitates the mass production of photovoltaic modules, contributing to the growth of solar energy as a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources. This achievement underscores the pivotal role of automation in advancing clean energy technologies and addressing global environmental challenges.^[24]	Germany
2006			"Motoman, Japan, launched human sized single armed (7 axis) and dual armed robot (13 axis) with all of the supply cables hidden in the robot arm"^[24]
2006			"Comau, Italy, introduced the first Wireless Teach Pendant (WiTP)"^[24]
2007	August	Robot-assisted surgery	Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performs the first robotic-assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain.^[134]	United States
2007		Competition	VEX Robotics Competition^[135]
2007			"KUKA, Germany, launched the first long range robot and heavy duty robot with a payload of 1,000 kg"^[24]
2007			"Motoman, Japan, launched super speed arc welding robots which reduces cycle times by 15%, the fastest welding robots in existence in 2007"^[24]
2008			"After being first introduced in 2002, the popular Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner has sold over 2.5 million units, proving that there is a strong demand for this type of domestic robotic technology."^[8]
2008	February	Robot-assisted surgery	Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital performs the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.^[136]	United States
2008	May 12	Robot-assisted surgery	The first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure is performed at University of Calgary by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the NeuroArm.^[137]^[138]	Canada
2008	June	Robot-assisted surgery	The German Aerospace Centre (DLR) presents a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the MiroSurge.^[139]	Germany
2008			Rethink Robotics is founded by Rodney Brooks and Ann Whittaker as a robotics company.^[140]^[141]^[142]	United States
2008			Japanese robotics company FANUC introduces a new heavy-duty robot with an impressive payload capacity of nearly 1,200 kilograms. This release marks a significant advancement in industrial robotics, as the robot is capable of handling heavy loads with precision and efficiency. The introduction of such a high-capacity robot expands the possibilities for automation in industries requiring heavy lifting and manipulation tasks, such as automotive manufacturing, logistics, and material handling. ^[24]	Japan
2009			Dexter Industries is founded. It is an educational robotics company that develops robot kits aimed at making programming accessible for users.^[143]^[144]	United States
2009			Harvest Automation^[145]^[146]	United States
2009	June?	Organization	Clearpath Robotics is founded.^[147]	Canada
2009			Canadian company Titan Meical Inc. announces its four-armed manipulator system, the Amadeus, later called SPORT.^[148]	Canada
2009			Japanese company Yaskawa Motoman unveils the enhanced robot control system known as the DX100. This innovative system represents a significant advancement in robotic control technology, offering fully synchronized control of up to eight robots with a total of 72 axes. Additionally, the DX100 system provides comprehensive integration with input/output (I/O) devices and communication protocols, enabling seamless coordination and communication between robots and external systems.^[24]	Japan
2010	September 10		ispace (Japanese company)^[149]^[150]	Japan
2010	September	Robot-assisted surgery	The Eindhoven University of Technology announces the development of the Sofie surgical system, the first surgical robot to employ force feedback.^[148]	Netherlands
2010	September	Robot-assisted surgery	The first robotic operation at the femoral vasculature is performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana by a team led by Borut Geršak.^[151]^[152]	Slovenia
2011			Robonaut-2 becomes the first humanoid robot in space when it is launched to the International Space Station (ISS). Initially serving as a training tool for roboticists, it would undergo upgrades to assist astronauts in conducting hazardous spacewalks outside the station. This advancement demonstrates the potential for robots to undertake complex tasks in challenging environments beyond Earth. Robonaut-2's presence on the ISS highlights the collaborative efforts between humans and robots in space exploration, paving the way for future missions and innovations in space robotics.^[7]^[153]
2014			Autonomous driving software company Oxbotica is founded in Oxford, England.^[154]^[155]	United Kingdom
2014	July		Starship Technologies is founded by Skype co-founders, Ahti Heinla and Janus Friis. It develops small self-driving robotic delivery vehicles.^[156]	United States
2014 (May 13)			Neuron Robotics is founded. Based in Worcester, Massachusetts, it develops a robot application that combines scripting and device management with powerful control and processing features.^[157]	United States
2015			Dobot is founded. Based in Shenzhen, it specializes in development and upgrading of lightweight desktop robotic arm solutions.^[158]	China
2015			CloudMinds is founded as a First Cloud Robots services company. Based in Santa Clara, California, it develops an ecosystem to support cloud connected smart machines.^[159]^[160]	China
2015			Genrobotics is founded. Based in Kerala, it specializes in powered exoskeletons and human-controlled robotic systems.^[161]^[162]	India
2015			Moley Robotics is founded. It designs robotic kitchens.^[163]	United Kingdom
2015	September		Donecle is founded. Located in Labege, France. It develops 100% automated UAVs with advanced image analysis algorithms to inspect aircraft.^[164]^[165]	France
2016			Starsky Robotics^[166]^[167]	United States
2017			The robot Sophia makes headlines when it is granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, marking a significant milestone in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics. This event sparks discussions about the ethical implications of granting citizenship to AI entities, as well as the broader questions surrounding the rights and responsibilities associated with advanced autonomous systems.^[7]	Saudi Arabia
2017			RoboChef restaurant in Tehran, Iran becomes the first robotic and ‘waiterless’ restaurant of the Middle East.^[168]^[169]^[170]	Iran
2018	April 13		Swift Xi	Japan
2019			University of Pennsylvania researchers achieve a breakthrough, creating millions of nanobots within weeks using semiconductor technology. These nanobots, small enough for injection into the human body, can be remotely controlled. This pioneering development holds immense potential for medical applications, including targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive procedures. However, ethical considerations regarding safety, efficacy, and privacy arise.^[7]	United States
2025			Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by this year.	Japan
2030			According to a forecast, second-generation robots with trainable mouselike minds may become a reality by this time. This advancement suggests a significant leap in artificial intelligence and robotics, potentially allowing robots to learn and adapt to their environments in a manner akin to small mammals like mice. If realized, these trainable robots could offer enhanced capabilities for tasks ranging from household chores to complex industrial operations.^[19]
2040			By this time, computing power should make third-generation robots with monkeylike minds possible.^[19]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

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FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

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[169] "PressTV-Tehran eatery serves meals by robots". presstv.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[170] "Interactive Restaurants Making Their Mark". Financial Tribune. 2017-08-13. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of robotics"

Latest revision as of 13:05, 29 May 2024

Contents

Sample questions

Big picture

Summary by Decade

Full timeline

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

Feedback and comments

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

Navigation menu

Personal tools

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==Big picture==
-=== Summary by year ===
+=== Summary by Decade===
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 |-
 | 1990s || || "Although automation system deployment did dip in the 1990s, innovative technology has caused it to rebound."<ref name="robotics.orgu"/>
-|-
-|}
-=== Summary by country ===
-{| class="wikitable"
-! Country !! Development summary
-|-
-| {{w|South Korea}} ||
-|-
-| {{w|Japan}} ||
-|-
-| {{w|Singapore}} ||
-|-
-| {{w|Germany}} ||
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 43: / Line 28: @@
 {| class="sortable wikitable"
 ! Year !! Month and date !! Event type !! Details !! Country/location
+|-
+| 3500 BC || || || The Greek myths of Hephaestus and Pygmalion introduce the concept of intelligent mechanisms, reflecting early human fascination with artificial beings and automation.<ref name="nieonline.com">{{cite web |title=Robotics timeline |url=https://nieonline.com/tbtimes/downloads/supplements/robotics_timeline.pdf |website=nieonline.com |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2500 BC || || || The Egyptians conceptualize the notion of "thinking machines" through their advice-giving oracles, which were statues concealing priests inside.<ref name="nieonline.com"/> ||
 |-
 | 1500 BC || || || The Egyptian {{w|Water Clock}}, among the earliest methods of timekeeping, commonly employs bipedal humanoid figures to trigger the striking of hour bells automatically. Made of alabaster, it would be thought to have been used to mark the passage of nighttime hours. Water would slowly leak from the vessel through a small hole near the bottom, and the time is indicated by the water level, falling uniformly. The vessel's interior has twelve scales, each labeled with the name of a month, reflecting the custom of dividing daylight and darkness into twelve 'hours' that varied with the seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Egyptian Water Clock {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co454/egyptian-water-clock-water-clock-model-representation |website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |access-date=7 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> This device represents a basic application of hydraulic power, where the movement of water is harnessed to generate energy.<ref name="learn.g2.com">{{cite web |title=An Exhaustive History of Robotics |url=https://learn.g2.com/history-of-robots |website=learn.g2.com |accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}}
+|-
+| 800 BC || || || Automata, or self-operating machines, make their appearance in {{w|Homer}}'s ''{{w|Iliad}}''.<ref name="nieonline.com"/>
 |-
 | 400 BC || || || Greek mathematician {{w|Archytas of Tarentum}} builds the first self-propelled flying device known as “The Pigeon” which is powered by steam and capable of short bursts of flight.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+|-
+| 400 BC || || || Chinese engineer King-Shu Tse creates a mechanical bird and horse, showcasing early instances of automata in Chinese engineering history.<ref name="nieonline.com"/> ||
 |-
 | 320 BC || || || Greek philosopher Aristotle states: {{quote|If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord, could do the work that befits it... then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords.”"<ref name="The History of Roboticss">{{cite web |title=The History of Robotics |url=http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/technology/historyofrobotics.html |website=sciencekids.co.nz |accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref>}}
@@ Line 55: / Line 48: @@
 | 278 BC–212 BC || || || {{w|Archimedes}} invents many mechanical systems that would be used in modern times robotics.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| ~270 BC || || || "An ancient Greek engineer named Ctesibus made organs and water clocks with movable figures. [2] The concept for his clock was fairly simple; a reservoir with a precise hole in the bottom would take 24 hours to empty its contents. The container was marked into 24 divisions. "<ref name="robotshop.coms">{{cite web |title=History of Robotics: Timeline |url=https://www.robotshop.com/media/files/PDF/timeline.pdf |website=robotshop.com |accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref> ||
+| ~270 BC || || || Ancient Greek engineer Ctesibus crafts organs and water clocks featuring movable figures. His clock operates on a straightforward principle: a reservoir equipped with a precise hole in the bottom, taking precisely 24 hours to empty its contents. The container is divided into 24 sections to mark the passing hours.<ref name="robotshop.coms">{{cite web |title=History of Robotics: Timeline |url=https://www.robotshop.com/media/files/PDF/timeline.pdf |website=robotshop.com |accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1206 || || || "In 1206 Al-Jazari created the earliest form of programmable humanoid robots which was an  automaton. This automaton  appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake and it had a programmable drum machine with pegs that bump into little levers that operated the percussion. Al-Jazari had many other automatons"<ref name="robotiksistem.coms">{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF ROBOTICS |url=http://www.robotiksistem.com/robotics_history.html |website=robotiksistem.com |accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1206 || || || Al-Jazari develops one of the earliest forms of programmable humanoid robots, an automaton featuring four musicians on a boat in a lake. This creation includes a programmable drum machine with pegs that activated percussion instruments. Al-Jazari's work with automatons extends beyond this creation, showcasing his innovative contributions to early robotics.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms">{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF ROBOTICS |url=http://www.robotiksistem.com/robotics_history.html |website=robotiksistem.com |accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1495 || || || "Around 1495 Leonardo da Vinci sketched plans for a humanoid robot."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> "Leonardo da Vinci designed what may be the first humanoid robot though it cannot be confirmed if the design was actually ever produced. The robot was designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head via a flexible neck while opening and closing its jaw"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1495 || || || Italian polymath {{w|Leonardo da Vinci}} sketches plans for what could be considered the first humanoid robot. His design depicts a robot capable of sitting up, waving its arms, moving its head with a flexible neck, and opening and closing its jaw. However, it remains uncertain whether this design would be ever realized into a physical form. <ref name="The History of Roboticss"/><ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1533 || || || "Johannes Müller von Königsberg created an automaton eagle and fly made of iron; both could fly in 1533"<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1533 || || || German mathematician, astrologer and astronomer {{w|Johannes Müller von Königsberg}} creates an automaton eagle and fly crafted from iron. Remarkably, both of these automata are capable of flight.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1645 || || || "Blaise Pascal invented a calculating machine to help his father with taxes. The device was called the Pascaline [9] and about 50 Pascalines were built. Only a few can be found in museums such as the one on display in the Des Arts et Metiers Museum in Paris."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1645 || || || FFrench mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer {{w|Blaise Pascal}} invents the Pascaline, a calculating machine aimed at assisting his father with tax calculations. Approximately 50 Pascalines would be constructed, with a few of them later housed in museums like the Des Arts et Metiers Museum in Paris.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1666 || || || "A pocket version of the Pascaline was invented by Samuel Morland [9] which worked “without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty” "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1666 || || || English academic, diplomat, spy, inventor and mathematician {{w|Samuel Morland}} invents a pocket-sized version of the Pascaline, which operates "without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1709 || || || "Jacques de Vaucanson’s most famous creation was undoubtedly "The Duck." This mechanical device could flap its wings, eat, and digest grain. Each wing contained over four hundred moving parts and even today it remains something of a mystery. The original Duck has disappeared."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1737 || || || French inventor and artist Jacques de Vaucanson unveils his remarkable creation, "The Digesting Duck." This mechanical marvel can flap its wings, eat, and digest grain, showcasing over four hundred moving parts in each wing. Despite its fame, the original Duck would since vanish. Later, in 1745, Vaucanson would redirect his mechanical ingenuity towards practical innovations, pioneering the first working automatic weaving loom. His control system lays the foundation for modern programming methods like punch cards and tapes, marking a crucial step towards computerized machinery and robotics.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/><ref name="libguides.lindahall.org">{{cite web |title=Robots: A History: Welcome- The History of Robotics |url=https://libguides.lindahall.org/robots_ahistory |website=libguides.lindahall.org |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1737 || || || "Jacques De Vaucanson created some of the most famous automatons in 1737. His most famous work was ''The Digesting Duck'' which was capable of imitating a real duck by flapping its wings, eat grain, digest it, and defecate and was powered by weights."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1770s || || || Swiss clockmaker {{w|Pierre Jacquet-Droz}} crafts a collection of intricate automatons, several of which remain operational today. Among his creations are a lifelike woman capable of simulated breathing while playing the harpsichord and a boy who meticulously writes with real ink sourced from a quill, demonstrating Jacquet-Droz's mastery of mechanical engineering and artistry.<ref name="gwsrobotics.com"/> || {{w|Switzerland}}
 |-
-| 1745 || || || "Vaucanson decided to focus his mechanical mindset to more useful & practical pieces of machinery. In 1745, he became the first to invent a working automatic weaving loom. His control system eventually gave birth to the punch cards and tapes of today, and while programming the machine was a long, complex process, once done, it could be easily changed. It is this computerization that makes a machine a robot."<ref name="libguides.lindahall.org">{{cite web |title=Robots: A History: Welcome- The History of Robotics |url=https://libguides.lindahall.org/robots_ahistory |website=libguides.lindahall.org |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1800 || || || Jacques de Vaucanson devises three basic automatons: two capable of playing various musical instruments like the flute or trumpet, and a third designed as a duck capable of flapping its wings, mobility, and simulating eating.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1770s || || || "In the 1770s, Swiss clockmaker Pierre Jacquet-Droz built a series of sophisticated robots, some of which are kept in working condition to this day. They include a breathing woman playing a harpsichord, and a boy writing a series of notes with real ink drawn from a quill""<ref name="gwsrobotics.com"/> || {{w|Switzerland}}
+| 1801 || || || Joseph Marie Jacquard innovates upon Vaucanson's automated loom by introducing a machine that could be programmed to produce designs for printing onto fabric or paper. He achieves this by employing wooden blocks with punched holes to control needle patterns, significantly enhancing weaving efficiency and boosting production. The success of Jacquard's improved loom leads to widespread adoption, with over 10,000 units in France and later expansion into Great Britain following the Napoleonic wars.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="libguides.lindahall.org"/> ||
 |-
-| 1800 || || || "The French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson created three rudimentary robots; two of which could play a variety of musical instruments such as the flute or trumpet, while the third was a duck that could flap its wings, move, and even mimic eating."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1842 || || || The Countess of Lovelace, {{w|Ada Byron}}, a celebrated English mathematician, writes the initial algorithm for the analytics engine. Although she would pass away before its completion, her work would stand as the earliest documented precursor to digital computers.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1801 || || || "Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a machine (essentially a loom) that could be programmed to create designs that could be printed onto cloth or tissue."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> " in 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard took Vaucanson’s automated loom and improved the idea by using a series of holes punched through blocks of wood to control the pattern of needles. This greatly reduced the time spent weaving and increased production output, and the loom soon had over 10,000 copies throughout France, eventually spreading into Great Britain after the end of the Napoleonic wars."<ref name="libguides.lindahall.org"/> ||
+| 1865 || || || John Brainerd creates the Steam Man, purportedly used for pulling wheeled carts and other tasks.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1842 || || || "The Countess of Lovelace and renowned English mathematician Ada Byron writes the first algorithm for the analytics engine. While the Countess died before it’s completion, it did serve as the first recorded precursor to digital computers."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1885 || || || Frank Reade Jr. constructs the "Electric Man," essentially an electric version of John Brainerd's Steam Man.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1865 || || || "John Brainerd created the Steam Man apparently used to pull wheeled carts and more. In 1885, Frank Reade Jr. built the “Electric Man” which is moreor-less an electric version of the Steam Man"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1892 || || || {{w|Mechatronics}} company {{w|Stäubli}} is founded. || {{w|Switzerland}}
 |-
-| 1898 || || || "Nikola Tesla unveils a submersible that can be controlled using radio waves. When asked if it was a remote-controlled torpedo, he replied by saying it was a “mechanical man, which will do the laborious work of the human race.”"<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1898 || || || Nikola Tesla reveals a submersible operated via radio waves. When questioned if it was a remote-controlled torpedo, he clarifies it as a "mechanical man" designed to perform the laborious tasks of humanity.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
-|-
-| 1900 || || || "Lyman Frank Braum introduces one of the first cybernetic humans in the form of the Tin Man from his children’s book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
-|-
-| 1903 || || || "The first patents were awarded for the construction of a “printed wire” which came into use after World War 2. The concept was to replace radio tube with something less bulky"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1913 || || || "Henry Ford installs the world’s first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory. A Model T can be assembled in 93 minutes."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1900 || || || Lyman Frank Baum introduces one of the earliest depictions of a cybernetic human through the character of the Tin Man in his children’s book ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1917 || || || " Remote controlled weapons and vehicles are used for the first time based on the technology developed by Nikola Tesla."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1903 || || || The first patents are awarded for the construction of a “printed wire,” which would come into use after {{w|World War II}}. The concept aims to replace bulky radio tubes with a more compact alternative.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1920 || || || "Karel Capek coins the word ‘robot’ to describe machines that resemble humans in his play called Rossums Universal Robots. The play was about a society that became enslaved by the robots that once served them. This idea is now a common theme in popular culture, ie Frankenstein, Terminator, The Matrix etc."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1913 || || || Henry Ford installs the world’s first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory, where a Model T can be assembled in just 93 minutes.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
 |-
-| 1921 || || || "Czech writer Karel Čapek introduces the word "robot" in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). The word "robot" comes from the word "robota" (work)."<ref name="forbes.coms">{{cite web |title=A Very Short History Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/12/30/a-very-short-history-of-artificial-intelligence-ai/#35827d6b6fba |website=forbes.com |accessdate=7 February 2020}}</ref> "The term "robot" was first used in a play called "R.U.R." or "Rossum's Universal Robots" by the Czech writer Karel Capek. The plot was simple: man creates a robot to replace him and then robot kills man!"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1917 || || || Remote-controlled weapons and vehicles are first deployed, leveraging technology pioneered by {{w|Nikola Tesla}}.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
-|-
-| 1921 || || || "Czech playwright Karel Capek coins the term “robot” as a way to describe automata in fiction. It comes from the Czech word “roba” which means servant or slave. The word has since evolved to encompass all forms of autonomous machinery."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1923 || || || Czech playwright {{w|Karel Čapek}} first introduces the robot concept.<ref name="Ranadive">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Dhaval |last2=Ranadive |first2=Dr Amol |title=What Gamers Want: A Framework to Predict Gaming Habits |date=31 January 2021 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xuYXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Wilhelm+Schickard++calculating+machine+capable+of+four+operations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHr4Xq1LT2AhXSpJUCHWrFBvQQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Schickard%20%20calculating%20machine%20capable%20of%20four%20operations&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Czechia}} ({{w|First Czechoslovak Republic}})
+| 1921 || || || Czech writer Karel Čapek introduces the term 'robot' in his play "R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)," depicting machines resembling humans. The play explores a society enslaved by these robots, a theme echoed in later popular culture works like "Frankenstein," "Terminator," and "The Matrix." The term "robot" originated from the Czech word "robota," meaning work or labor. Čapek's play presents a scenario where robots created to replace humans eventually rebel against their creators, reflecting on the consequences of technological advancement and human dependency on machines.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/><ref name="forbes.coms">{{cite web |title=A Very Short History Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/12/30/a-very-short-history-of-artificial-intelligence-ai/#35827d6b6fba |website=forbes.com |accessdate=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref name="Ranadive">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Dhaval |last2=Ranadive |first2=Dr Amol |title=What Gamers Want: A Framework to Predict Gaming Habits |date=31 January 2021 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xuYXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Wilhelm+Schickard++calculating+machine+capable+of+four+operations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHr4Xq1LT2AhXSpJUCHWrFBvQQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Schickard%20%20calculating%20machine%20capable%20of%20four%20operations&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Czechia}} ({{w|First Czechoslovak Republic}})
 |-
-| 1927 || || || "he science-fiction film Metropolis is released. It features a robot double of a peasant girl, Maria, which unleashes chaos in Berlin of 2026—it was the first robot depicted on film, inspiring the Art Deco look of C-3PO in Star Wars."<ref name="forbes.coms"/> "The film Metropolis is released, featuring the robot Maria, who serves as one of the primary antagonists of the story."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1927 || || || The science-fiction film "Metropolis" is released, featuring a robot double of a peasant girl named Maria. This robot character causes chaos in the city of Berlin in the year 2026, making it the first depiction of a robot on film. The portrayal of the robot Maria in "Metropolis" would serve as inspiration for the Art Deco look of the character C-3PO in the "Star Wars" franchise.<ref name="forbes.coms"/><ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1929 || || || "Makoto Nishimura designs Gakutensoku, Japanese for "learning from the laws of nature," the first robot built in Japan. It could change its facial expression and move its head and hands via an air pressure mechanism."<ref name="forbes.coms"/> ||
+| 1929 || || || Makoto Nishimura designs Gakutensoku, which translates to "learning from the laws of nature" in Japanese. It marks the first robot built in Japan. Gakutensoku possesses the ability to change its facial expression and move its head and hands through an air pressure mechanism.<ref name="forbes.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1932 || || || "The first true robot toy was produced in Japan. The ‘Lilliput’ was a wind-up toy which walked. It was made from tinplate and stood just 15cm tall."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1932 || || || The first genuine robot toy emerges in Japan. Known as the 'Lilliput,' it is a wind-up toy capable of walking. Crafted from tinplate, it stands a mere 15cm tall.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
 |-
-| 1937 || || || "Alan Turing releases his paper “On Computable Numbers” which begins the computer revolution."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1937 || || || Alan Turing publishes his groundbreaking paper ''On Computable Numbers'', marking the dawn of the computer revolution.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
 |-
-| 1939 || || || "Westinghouse creates ELEKTRO a human-like robot that could walk, talk, and smoke [4]. ELEKTRO was first unveiled at the 1939 world’s fair."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1939 || || || Westinghouse unveils ELEKTRO, a humanoid robot capable of walking, talking, and even smoking, at the 1939 World's Fair.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1941 || || || "Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov first used the word "robotics" to describe the technology of robots and predicted the rise of a powerful robot industry."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1941 || || || Isaac Asimov, a science fiction writer, coined the term "robotics" to describe the field of robots and anticipated the emergence of a robust robot industry.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1941 || || || The volume of references to 'robot' first surpasses that of references to 'automaton'.<ref name="gwsrobotics.com">{{cite web |title=The Early History of Robots and Automata |url=https://www.gwsrobotics.com/blog/history-of-robots |website=gwsrobotics.com |accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1942 || || ||  "Isaac Asimov wrote the "Three Laws of Robotics”. A zeroth law was later added (law zero below). :
+| 1942 || || || Isaac Asimov formulates the "Three Laws of Robotics," later adding a "zeroth law." These laws are as follows:
 A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
 A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1942 || || || "The first “programmable” mechanism, a paint-sprayer, was designed by Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund for the DeVilbiss Company. (US Patent No. 2,286,571)."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1942 || || || Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund design the first programmable mechanism, a paint-sprayer, for the DeVilbiss Company.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1943 || || || Neural networks are introduced.<ref name="techworld.come">{{cite web |title=A brief history of robotics - a timeline of key achievements in the fields of robotics and AI, from Azimov to AlphaGo |url=https://www.techworld.com/picture-gallery/apps-wearables/brief-history-of-robotics-timeline-of-key-achievements-in-field-since-1941-3645131/ |website=techworld.com |accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 128: / Line 113: @@
 | 1944 || || || {{w|Wolf Robotics}} || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1946 || || || "George Devol patented a general purpose playback device for controlling machines using magnetic recordings."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1946 || || || George Devol patents a general-purpose playback device for controlling machines through magnetic recordings.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1946 || || || " The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENAIC) is invented."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1946 || || || The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENAIC) is invented.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
 | 1946 || || || {{w|Hokuyo Automatic Co., Ltd.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=HOKUYO |url=https://www.hokuyo-aut.jp/company/ |website=hokuyo-aut.jp |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hokuyo Automatic Co Ltd |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/5605213Z:JP |website=bloomberg.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1947 || || || "On November 14, 1947, Walter Brattain had an accident while trying to study how electrons acted on the surface of a semiconductor. This accident brought about the creation of the first transistor."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1947 || || || The first transistor is developed as a result of an accident, during a {{w|Walter Houser Brattain}}'s investigation into {{w|electron}} behavior on a {{w|semiconductor}} surface.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1948 || || || "W. Grey Walter created his first robots; Elmer and Elsie, also known as the turtle robots. The robots were capable of finding their charging station when their battery power ran low."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1948 || || || W. Grey Walter develops his initial robots, dubbed Elmer and Elsie or the turtle robots. Notably, these robots possess the ability to locate their charging station autonomously once their battery levels depleted.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1948 || || || "Norbert Wiener, a professor at M.I.T., publishes Cybernetics or "Control and Communication in the Animal', a book which describes the concept of communications and control in electronic, mechanical, and biological systems."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1948 || || || Norbert Wiener, a professor at M.I.T., releases "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal," a seminal work delineating the principles of communication and control across electronic, mechanical, and biological systems.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1950 || || || "Alan Turing proposes a test to determine if a machine truly has the power to think for itself. To pass the test a machine must be indistinguishable from a human during conversation. It has become known as the ‘Turing Test’."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1950 || || || {{w|Alan Turing}} suggests a test to ascertain a machine's capability for independent thought. This assessment, known as the 'Turing Test,' requires a machine to engage in conversation indistinguishable from that of a human to be deemed successful.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
 |-
-| 1950 || || || "George Devol invented the first autonomous industrial robot UNIMATE which was capable of welding die casting onto cars on an assembly line."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1950 || || || George Devol is credited with inventing UNIMATE, the first autonomous industrial robot. UNIMATE was capable of performing tasks such as welding and die casting on assembly lines, particularly in the automotive industry.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1951 || || || "Raymond Goertz designed the first tele-operated articulated arm for the Atomic Energy Commission. This is generally regarded as a major milestone in force feedback (haptic) technology. (US Patent 2679940)"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1951 || || || Raymond Goertz designs the inaugural tele-operated articulated arm for the Atomic Energy Commission. This achievement is widely recognized as a significant advancement in force feedback (haptic) technology.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1952 || || || "The first NC (numerically controlled) machine is built."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1952 || || || The initial numerically controlled (NC) machine is constructed.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1952 || || || "The late Corrado Böhm of the University of Rome was an early pioneer. In the UK, a language called Autocode was developed in 1952. "<ref name="gwsrobotics.com"/> ||
+| 1952 || || || Autocode emerged as part of the pioneering efforts in computing, alongside the contributions of Corrado Böhm from the University of Rome.<ref name="gwsrobotics.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1954 || || || "George Devol and Joe Engleberger design the first programmable robot ‘arm’. This later became the first industrial robot, completing dangerous and repetitive tasks on an assembly line at General Motors (1962)."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1954 || || || George Devol and Joe Engleberger collaborate to develop the initial programmable robotic arm, which later evolved into the first industrial robot. This innovative technology is employed by General Motors in 1962, enabling the automation of hazardous and monotonous tasks on assembly lines.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1954 || || || "In that year a driverless electric cart, made by Barrett Electronics Corporation, began pulling loads around a South Carolina grocery warehouse. Such machines, dubbed AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), commonly navigate by following signal-emitting wires entrenched in concrete floors."<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Robot |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/robot-technology |website=britannica.com |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1954 || || || During that period, a driverless electric cart, manufactured by Barrett Electronics Corporation, commences transporting loads within a grocery warehouse in South Carolina. These machines, known as AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), typically navigate by tracking signal-emitting wires embedded in concrete floors.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Robot |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/robot-technology |website=britannica.com |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1956 || || || {{w|Foster-Miller}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Local plant sends robots to the rescue |url=http://archive.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2011/04/02/local_plant_sends_robots_to_the_rescue/ |website=archive.boston.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navy asks for more Foster-Miller robots |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2007/05/navy-asks-for-more-foster-miller-robots.html |website=bizjournals.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1956 || || || "Alan Newell and Herbert Simon create the Logic Theorist, the first "expert system". It is used to help solve difficult math problems."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1956 || || || Alan Newell and Herbert Simon develop the Logic Theorist, marking the inception of the first "expert system." Its purpose is to assist in solving complex mathematical problems.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
-|-
-| 1956 || || || "Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy organize a conference in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, US, which brings together the leading figures in the field of robotics and machine research. The conference coins the phrase "artificial intelligence""<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1956 || || || "Squee, the electronic robot squirrel. The two phototubes or "eyes" are at the top of the steering post; the scoop which opens and closes, or "hands", is at the front."<ref name="thocp.net"/>
+| 1956 || || || {{w|Marvin Minsky}} and [[w:John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] convene a conference in {{w|Dartmouth, Massachusetts}}, uniting prominent figures in robotics and machine research. The gathering introduces the term "artificial intelligence."<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1956 || || || "George Devol and Joseph Engelberger formed the world's first robot company."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1956 || || || George Devol and Joseph Engelberger established the inaugural robotic company in the world.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1957 || || || "The Soviet Union launches ‘Sputnik’, the first artificial orbiting satellite. This marks the beginning of the space race."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> "History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first autonomous, artificial satellite was 22.8 inches in diameter and weighed only 183.9 pounds."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1957 || || || The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth, marking the start of the space race. Sputnik I, measuring 22.8 inches in diameter and weighing 183.9 pounds, represents a milestone in human technological achievement, demonstrating our capability to design and deploy sophisticated automated systems beyond Earth's atmosphere. This development of satellites like Sputnik lays the foundation for further advancements in space robotics and exploration, contributing to the evolution of robotic systems used in space missions.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/><ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1957 || || || German industrial robot manufacturer {{w|Reis Robotics}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reis Robotics |url=https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/4891/Reis+Robotics |website=b2b.partcommunity.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1957 || || || "Servomechanisms Laboratory at MIT demonstrates one of the first practical application to computer-assisted manufacturing."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1957 || || || The MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory showcases one of the earliest instances of applying computer assistance to manufacturing processes in a practical manner. This demonstrates an early example of integrating computer technology with manufacturing processes, which lays foundational groundwork for the development of robotics.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
-|-
-| 1958 || || || ". The subsequent invention of the transistor in 1947 paved the way to space-saving tubeless solid state electronics and to the integrated circuit in 1958"<ref name="gwsrobotics.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1959 || || || "Researchers at MIT introduce computer-assisted manufacturing."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1958 || || || The integrated circuit is first created.<ref name="gwsrobotics.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1959 || || || "John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky start the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1959 || || || Researchers at MIT introduce computer-assisted manufacturing.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1959 || || || "Development of the first industrial robot by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1959 || || || George Devol and Joseph Engelberger develop Unimate, the first industrial robot. With six axes of motion and computer control, it can lift heavy objects and perform various tasks. Unimate increases productivity, improves quality, and reduces costs by automating processes previously done by humans. Its success sparks innovation in robotics, leading to diverse applications beyond manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unimate: The Fascinating Story of the First Robot in History |url=https://www.byjusfutureschool.com/blog/unimate-the-fascinating-story-of-the-first-robot-in-history/#:~:text=Together%2C%20Devol%20and%20Engelberger%20refined,named%20Unimate%2C%20to%20industrial%20customers. |website=byjusfutureschool.com |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960 || || || "Unimation is purchased by Condec Corporation and development of Unimate Robot Systems begins."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1960 || || || Unimation, the company founded by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger, is acquired by Condec Corporation. This acquisition marks the beginning of the development of Unimate Robot Systems, leading to further advancements in robotic technology and automation.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960 || || || "American Machine and Foundry, later known as AMF Corporation, markets the first cylindrical robot, called the Versatran, designed by Harry Johnson and Veljko Milenkovic."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1960 || || || American Machine and Foundry (AMF) Corporation introduces the Versatran, the first cylindrical robot, created by Harry Johnson and Veljko Milenkovic.<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1960 || || || Remotely operated robotic arms "Handyman" and "Man-Mate" are developed by a General Electric research team headed by Ralph Mosher.<ref name="encyclopedia.come"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vertut |first1=Jean |last2=Coiffet |first2=Philippe |title=Teleoperation and Robotics: Evolution and development |date=1986 |publisher=Kogan Page |isbn=978-0-13-782194-5 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xDVSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Handyman%22+and+%22Man-Mate%22+1960&dq=%22Handyman%22+and+%22Man-Mate%22+1960&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIyLnDxdP2AhUiNTUKHUe2DEoQ6AF6BAgFEAI |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| Early 1960s || || || "One of the first operational, industrial robots in North America appeared in the early 1960’s in a candy factory in Kitchener, Ontario."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| Early 1960s || || || One of the earliest operational industrial robots in North America debuts in the early 1960s at a candy factory located in Kitchener, Ontario.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|Canada}}
 |-
-| 1961 || || || "George Devol’s invention UNIMATE is sold to General Motors and becomes the first robot in the workforce and serves to this day as the foundation for the modern robotics industry. The 60’s also saw many advancements in the power and functionality of robotic arms in general."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1961 || || || The world's first industrial robot, {{w|Unimate}}, is installed on a {{w|General Motors}} production line in {{w|New Jersey}}. An invention of George Devol, it is purchased by GM, marking the first integration of a robot into the workforce. UNIMATE's introduction in the 1960s lays the foundation for the modern robotics industry, symbolizing a pivotal moment in automation history. Throughout the decade, significant advancements would be made in the power and functionality of robotic arms, contributing to the rapid development and expansion of robotics technology.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref name="How Robotics">{{cite web |title=How Robotics Got Started: A Brief History |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoC2ZGRI8a8 |website=youtube.com |access-date=24 May 2024 |date=5 March 2015}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1961 || || || "Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer operated mechanical hand at MIT."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1961 || || || Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This pioneering creation represents a significant advancement in robotics, demonstrating early efforts to integrate computers and mechanical systems to mimic human hand movements and dexterity.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
 | 1961 || || || General Motors installs installs the world’s first industrial robot used on a production line at its Ternstedt plant in {{w|Trenton, New Jersey}}.<ref name="assemblymag.com">{{cite web |title=GM Centennial: Manufacturing Innovation |url=https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/85863-gm-centennial-manufacturing-innovation |website=assemblymag.com |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="thocp.net"/><ref name="robotics.orgu">{{cite web |title=The History of Robotics in the Automotive Industry |url=https://www.robotics.org/blog-article.cfm/The-History-of-Robotics-in-the-Automotive-Industry/24 |website=robotics.org |accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1962 || || || "The first cylindrical robot, the Versatran from AMF" "6 Versatran robots were installed by American Machine and Foundry (AMF) at the Ford factory in Canton, USA. It was named the Versatran from the words "versatile transfer""<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1962 || || || American Machine and Foundry (AMF) introduces the Versatran, the first cylindrical robot. Six Versatran robots are installed at the Ford factory in Canton, USA. Named for its versatility in transferring tasks, the Versatran marks a significant milestone in industrial robotics, demonstrating the potential for automation in manufacturing processes.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1962 || || || {{w|Unimation}} is founded. It is considered to be the world's first robotics company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarangi |first1=Saswat |last2=Sharma |first2=Pankaj |title=Artificial Intelligence: Evolution, Ethics and Public Policy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5U9tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=1962+Unimation&source=bl&ots=8qELNOGUK8&sig=ACfU3U0_5v5R7vCVYMq362nhUJFJkkR4fg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRmt625oToAhUiLLkGHZD5Aw4Q6AEwGnoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1962%20Unimation&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1963 || || || "The computer-controlled Rancho Arm is invented to help disabled patients at the California hospital Ranchos Los Amigos. It is later purchased by Stanford University for use into research on robotics and prosthetics, ushering in a new form of human-centric robots known as “cobots”."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1963 || || || The Rancho Arm, a computer-controlled robotic arm, is invented to aid disabled patients at the California hospital Ranchos Los Amigos. Later acquired by Stanford University for research in robotics and prosthetics, it heralds a new era of human-centric robots known as "cobots." These collaborative robots are designed to work alongside humans, facilitating tasks and enhancing efficiency in various fields, particularly healthcare and rehabilitation.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1963 || || || "John McCarthy leaves MIT to start the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford University."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1964 || || || The IBM 360 makes history as the first computer to be mass-produced. This groundbreaking development would revolutionize the computing industry by providing scalable and versatile computing solutions to a wide range of businesses and institutions.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 1964 || || || "The IBM 360 becomes the first computer to be mass-produced."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
 |-
-| 1964 || || || "Artificial intelligence research laboratories are opened at M.I.T., Stanford Research Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1964 || || || {{w|Artificial intelligence}} research laboratories are established at several prominent institutions, including M.I.T., the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh. These laboratories would play a crucial role in advancing the field of artificial intelligence, fostering innovation, collaboration, and groundbreaking research in areas such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1965 || || || "Carnegie Mellon establishes the Robotics Institute."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1965 || || || {{w|Carnegie Mellon University}} establishes the Robotics Institute, a pioneering research center dedicated to the advancement of robotics technology and its applications. This institution would be at the forefront of robotics research and education, contributing significantly to the development of autonomous systems, human-robot interaction, and robotics-based solutions for various industries and societal challenges.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1965 || || || "Homogeneous transformations applied to robot kinematics - this remains the foundation of robotics theory today"<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1965 || || || The application of homogeneous transformations to robot kinematics lays the foundation for modern robotics theory. This development revolutionizes the understanding of robot motion and manipulation, providing a framework that would remain fundamental in the field of robotics. Homogeneous transformations enable precise mathematical representations of robot movements in three-dimensional space, facilitating advancements in robot design, control, and programming.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
 | 1965 || || || "DENDRAL is the first expert system or program designed to execute the accumulated knowledge of subject experts."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
@@ Line 212: / Line 191: @@
 | 1966 || || || {{w|Shakey the robot}} is created as the first general-purpose mobile robot to be able to reason about its own actions.<ref name="forbes.coms"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aylett |first1=Ruth |last2=Vargas |first2=Patricia A. |title=Living with Robots: What Every Anxious Human Needs to Know |date=21 September 2021 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-04581-0 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iwg_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA254&dq=Shakey+the+robot+1966&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGzfroqMz2AhWiD7kGHZDWAcoQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=Shakey%20the%20robot%201966&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1966 || || || "An artificial intelligence program named ELIZA is created at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1966 || || || German American computer scientist {{w|Joseph Weizenbaum}} creates {{w|ELIZA}}, an artificial intelligence program, at the {{w|Massachusetts Institute of Technology}} (MIT). ELIZA is designed to simulate conversation by using pattern matching and scripted responses, pioneering the development of natural language processing and human-computer interaction.<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 1967 || || || "Richard Greenblatt writes, MacHack, a program that plays chess."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
-|-
-| 1967 || || || "Japan imports the Versatran robot from AMF (the first robot imported into Japan)."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1967 || || || "The first industrial robot in Europe, a Unimate, was installed at Metallverken, Uppsland Väsby, Sweden"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1967 || || || Japan imports the Versatran robot from {{w|American Machine and Foundry}} (AMF), marking the first instance of a robot being imported into Japan. This event signals the beginning of Japan's entry into the field of industrial robotics and lays the foundation for its subsequent leadership in the industry.<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|Japan}}, {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1968 || || || "Stanley Kubrick makes Arthur C. Clark's, 2001: A Space Odyssey into a movie. It features HAL, an onboard computer that develops a mind of its own."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1967 || || || The first industrial robot in Europe, a Unimate, is installed at Metallverken in Uppsala Väsby, Sweden. This marks a significant milestone in the adoption of industrial automation technology in Europe, paving the way for further advancements in manufacturing and robotics across the continent.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 |-
-| 1968 || || || "The first computer controlled walking machine was created by Mcgee and Frank at the University of South Carolina."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1968 || || || The {{w|University of South Carolina}} sees the creation of the first computer-controlled walking machine by Mcgee and Frank. This innovative development represents a significant advancement in robotics, demonstrating the potential for computers to control locomotion in mechanical systems, paving the way for further research in robotics and autonomous mobility.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1968 || || || "The first manually controlled walking truck was made by R. Mosher. It could walk up to four miles an hour"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1968 || || || R. Mosher creates the first manually controlled walking truck, capable of walking at speeds of up to four miles per hour. This invention represents a significant achievement in robotics and mobility, showcasing early efforts to develop walking machines capable of traversing terrain with human-like agility and speed.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || || || "SRI built “Shakey”; a mobile robot equipped with a vision system and controlled by a computer the size of a room."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1968 || || || The {{w|Stanford Research Institute}} (SRI) constructs "Shakey," a pioneering mobile robot featuring a vision system and controlled by a computer that occupied the size of a room. Shakey's development marks a significant milestone in robotics, demonstrating early capabilities in autonomous navigation and perception. Despite its rudimentary design by modern standards, Shakey would lay the groundwork for subsequent advancements in mobile robotics and artificial intelligence.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1968 || || || Marvin Minsky creates his Tentacle Arm, with 12 joints which can operate independently and are powered by {{w|hydraulics}}.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref>{{cite web |title=AI History: Minsky Tentacle Arm |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuXQPdd0hjI&feature=youtu.be |website=youtube.com |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || || || "Kawasaki licenses hydraulic robot design from Unimation and starts production in Japan."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1968 || || || Kawasaki acquires a license for hydraulic robot designs from Unimation and initiated production in Japan. This marks a significant development in the global robotics industry, as it facilitates the expansion of robot manufacturing capabilities in Japan. The collaboration between Kawasaki and Unimation would contribute to the proliferation of industrial robots worldwide, paving the way for further advancements in automation technology.<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1968 || || || "The octopus-like wall mounted tentacle Arm is developed by Marvin Minsky."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1968 || || || American cognitive and computer scientist {{w|Marvin Minsky}} develops the octopus-like wall-mounted tentacle arm. This innovative creation represents a pioneering exploration into flexible and adaptable robotic manipulators. Inspired by the dexterity and versatility of an octopus tentacle, Minsky's design aims to push the boundaries of robotic manipulation and interaction, laying the groundwork for future developments in soft robotics and bio-inspired robotics.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1969 || || || "The U.S. successfully use the latest in computing, robotic and space technology to land Neil Armstrong on the moon."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1969 || || || The United States successfully utilizes cutting-edge computing, robotic, and space technology to achieve the historic moon landing, culminating in {{w|Neil Armstrong}} becoming the first human to set foot on the lunar surface. This monumental achievement, accomplished as part of NASA's Apollo program, represents a pinnacle of human exploration and technological prowess, showcasing the remarkable capabilities of robotics and space technology in advancing scientific discovery and pushing the boundaries of human achievement.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1969 || || || "Victor Scheinman created the Stanford Arm, which was the first successful electrically-powered, computer-controlled robot arm. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> "In 1969, the Stanford Arm was developed. With six degrees of freedom, it was capable of tasks earlier robots couldn’t perform."<ref name="robotics.orgu"/> "In 1969, the Stanford Arm was developed. With six degrees of freedom, it was capable of tasks earlier robots couldn’t perform."<ref name="robotics.orgu"/><ref name="roboticsacademy">{{cite web |title=History of Robots |url=https://www.roboticsacademy.com.au/history-of-robots/ |website=roboticsacademy.com.au |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1969 || || || American engineer {{w|Victor Scheinman}} invents the {{w|Stanford Arm}}, marking the first successful electrically-powered and computer-controlled robot arm. With six degrees of freedom, it boasts capabilities that surpass those of earlier robots, enabling it to perform tasks previously deemed impossible. This pioneering development would open possibilities for automation and manipulation in various industries and research fields.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="robotics.orgu"/><ref name="robotics.orgu"/><ref name="roboticsacademy">{{cite web |title=History of Robots |url=https://www.roboticsacademy.com.au/history-of-robots/ |website=roboticsacademy.com.au |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1969 || || || "WAP-1 became the first biped robot and was designed by Ichiro Kato. Air bags connected to the frame were used to stimulate artificial muscles [4]  WAP-3 was designed later and could walk on flat surfaces as well as climb up and down stairs or slopes. It could also turn while walking."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1969 || || || Ichiro Kato designs the WAP-1, the first biped robot. It utilizes airbags connected to the frame to mimic artificial muscles. Subsequently, the WAP-3 is developed, capable of walking on flat surfaces, climbing stairs or slopes, and executing turns while walking. These advancements mark significant progress in robotics, particularly in the development of bipedal locomotion and mobility, laying the groundwork for future innovations in humanoid robotics.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1969 || || || "Hitachi (Japan) developed the world’s first vision-based fully-automatic intelligent robot that assembles objects from plan drawings" "The robot could build blocks based on information created from a direct visual image of assembly plan drawings."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1969 || || || {{w|Hitachi}} achieves a milestone by developing the world's first vision-based fully-automatic intelligent robot capable of assembling objects from plan drawings. This innovative robot utilizes direct visual images of assembly plan drawings to construct blocks, showcasing early advancements in computer vision and robotics. The development of this technology represents a significant leap forward in automation, demonstrating the potential for robots to interpret visual information and execute complex tasks autonomously.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1969 || || || "Unimate robots enter Japanese market" "Unimation signs a licensing agreement with Kawasaki Heavy Industries to manufacture and market Unimate robots for the Asian market. Kawasaki regarded the development and production of labor-saving machines and systems as an important mission, and became Japan's pioneer in the industrial robot field.  In 1969, the company succeeded in developing the Kawasaki-Unimate 2000, the first industrial robot ever produced in Japan.Unimation signs a licensing agreement with Kawasaki Heavy Industries to manufacture and market Unimate robots for the Asian market. Kawasaki regarded the development and production of labor-saving machines and systems as an important mission, and became Japan's pioneer in the industrial robot field.  In 1969, the company succeeded in developing the Kawasaki-Unimate 2000, the first industrial robot ever produced in Japan."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
+| 1969 || || || Unimate robots make their entry into the Japanese market through a licensing agreement between Unimation and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Kawasaki recognizes the significance of developing labor-saving machines and systems and aimed to pioneer the industrial robot field in Japan. As a result, Kawasaki successfully develops the Kawasaki-Unimate 2000, marking Japan's first-ever production of an industrial robot. This collaboration between Unimation and Kawasaki would play a crucial role in advancing robotics technology in Japan and would contribute to the country's emergence as a leader in the global robotics industry.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1969 || || || "Robot vision, for mobile robot guidance, is demonstrated at the Stanford Research Institute"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1969 || || || Robot vision for mobile robot guidance is demonstrated at the {{w|Stanford Research Institute}} (SRI). This milestone showcases early advancements in the field of computer vision, enabling robots to perceive and interpret visual information for navigation and guidance purposes. The demonstration at SRI marks a significant step forward in robotics, laying the groundwork for future developments in autonomous robotics and paving the way for applications such as robotic navigation in dynamic environments.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1969 || || || "GM installed the first spot-welding robots at its Lordstown assembly plant" "The Unimation robots boosted productivity and allowed more than 90 percent of body welding operations to be automated vs. only 20 percent to 40 percent at traditional plants, where welding was a manual, dirty and dangerous task dominated by large jigs and fixtures"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1969 || || || {{w|General Motors}} installs the first spot-welding robots at its Lordstown assembly plant. These Unimation robots significantly enhance productivity and enable over 90 percent of body welding operations to be automated. In contrast to traditional manual methods dominated by large jigs and fixtures, the introduction of robots reduce the reliance on manual labor for welding tasks, which are often dirty and hazardous. This adoption of robotic technology represents a transformative shift in automotive manufacturing, demonstrating the potential of automation to improve efficiency and safety in industrial settings.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1970 || || || "The first anthropomorphic robot, the WABOT-1, is built at Waseda University in Japan. It consisted of a limb-control system, a vision system and a conversation system."<ref name="forbes.coms"/> ||
+| 1970 || || || {{w|Waseda University}} in Japan builds the first anthropomorphic robot, named WABOT-1. It features a limb-control system, a vision system, and a conversation system, marking a significant milestone in robotics by mimicking human-like characteristics such as movement, perception, and communication.<ref name="forbes.coms"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Humanoid History -WABOT- |url=https://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp/booklet/kato_2.html |website=www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp |access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1970 || || || " Weapons meets robotics once again with the development of terminal guidance, a radar based robotics system that helps direct missiles and explosives in-flight before they detonate, drastically increasing their destructive potential."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1970 || || || The convergence of weapons and robotics continue with the development of terminal guidance, a radar-based robotics system designed to direct missiles and explosives in-flight before detonation. This technology significantly enhances the destructive potential of such weapons by enabling precise targeting and control, increasing their effectiveness on the battlefield. The development of terminal guidance marks a significant advancement in military robotics, highlighting the role of robotics in modern warfare and the ongoing evolution of weapon systems to incorporate advanced automation and technology.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
 | 1970 || || || {{w|Stanford University}} produces the Stanford Cart. Designed to be a line follower, it can also be controlled from a computer via radio link.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sánchez-Martín |first1=F. M. |last2=Jiménez Schlegl |first2=P. |last3=Millán Rodríguez |first3=F. |last4=Salvador-Bayarri |first4=J. |last5=Monllau Font |first5=V. |last6=Palou Redorta |first6=J. |last7=Villavicencio Mavrich |first7=H. |title=Historia de la robótica: de Arquitas de Tarento al Robot da Vinci (Parte II) |url=https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0210-48062007000300002 |website=Actas Urológicas Españolas |access-date=16 March 2022 |pages=185–196 |date=March 2007}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1970 || || || "Shakey from SRI, Menlo Park USA, can see and avoid obstacles. Shakey is introduced as the first mobile robot controlled by artificial intelligence. It is produced by SRI International."<ref name="thocp.net"/> "The first mobile robot capable of reasoning about its surroundings, Shakey, was built in 1970 by the Stanford Research Institute. Shakey combined multiple sensor inputs, including TV cameras, laser rangefinder, and bump sensors to navigate."<ref name="roboticsacademy"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1970 || || || Shakey, developed by the {{w|Stanford Research Institute}} (SRI) in {{w|Menlo Park}}, emerges as the first mobile robot controlled by artificial intelligence (AI). Equipped with various sensors, including TV cameras, a laser rangefinder, and bump sensors, Shakey can perceive its surroundings and navigate autonomously. This pioneering achievement marks a significant milestone in robotics, as Shakey is not only capable of mobility but also possessed reasoning abilities, allowing it to make decisions based on its sensor inputs. Shakey's development lays the foundation for future advancements in AI-powered robotics and autonomous navigation systems.<ref name="thocp.net"/><ref name="roboticsacademy"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1970 || || || "Professor Victor Scheinman of Stanford University designs the Standard Arm. Today, its kinematic configuration remains known as the Standard Arm."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1970 || || || American professor {{w|Victor Scheinman}} of {{w|Stanford University}} designs the Standard Arm, a groundbreaking robotic arm whose kinematic configuration remains known as the Standard Arm to this day. Scheinman's design would revolutionize robotics, setting a standard for robotic arm architecture that continues to influence the field's development. The Standard Arm's legacy endures as a testament to Scheinman's pioneering contributions to robotics, shaping the way robotic arms are conceptualized and designed for various applications across industries.<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1971 || || || " The Soviet Union lands the first robotic exploration craft on Mars. It touched down on the surface and transmitted for about 17 seconds before malfunctioning."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1971 || || || The Soviet Union lands the first robotic exploration craft on Mars, marking a pioneering achievement in the field of robotics and space technology. Despite the brief transmission period of approximately 17 seconds before malfunctioning, the successful touchdown demonstrates the feasibility of using robotic spacecraft to explore celestial bodies beyond Earth.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|Soviet Union}}
 |-
-| 1971 || || || "The Japanese Robot Association (JIRA, later JARA) was established" "This was the first national robot association. The Japan Robot Association was formed in 1971 as the Industrial Robot Conversazione, a voluntary organization.  The Conversazione was reorganized into the Japan Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) in 1972, and the Association was formally incorporated in 1973."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1971 || || || The Japanese Robot Association (JIRA, later JARA) is established, marking the formation of the first national robot association. Initially known as the Industrial Robot Conversazione, it begins as a voluntary organization. The Conversazione is later reorganized into the Japan Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) in 1972, and officially incorporated as an association in 1973. This establishment plays a pivotal role in fostering collaboration and innovation within Japan's burgeoning robotics industry, facilitating advancements and promoting the adoption of robotic technologies across various sectors.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1972 || || || "Operation Linebacker proves the efficacy of laser-guided bombs in the closing years of the Vietnam War."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1972 || || || Operation Linebacker demonstrates the effectiveness of laser-guided bombs during the final stages of the Vietnam War. These precision-guided munitions, equipped with laser guidance systems, enable accurate targeting of enemy positions, infrastructure, and military installations. Operation Linebacker showcased the strategic advantage of laser-guided bombs in modern warfare, illustrating their capability to minimize collateral damage while achieving precise strikes against enemy targets. This successful military operation underscored the growing importance of advanced guidance technologies in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of aerial bombing campaigns.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1972 || || || "The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1."<ref name="javatpoint.coma">{{cite web |title=History of Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-artificial-intelligence |website=javatpoint.com |accessdate=7 February 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1972 || || || Japan achieves a significant milestone in robotics with the completion of the WABOT project and the deployment of WABOT-1, the world's first life-size intelligent humanoid robot. WABOT-1 showcases remarkable capabilities, including the ability to walk unaided, grasp and transport objects using tactile sensors in its hands, and communicate in Japanese. Its sophisticated cranial sensory array incorporates ears, eyes, and a mouth, enabling advanced interaction with humans. This achievement highlights Japan's pioneering role in humanoid robotics and lays the foundation for future advancements in the field.<ref name="javatpoint.coma">{{cite web |title=History of Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-artificial-intelligence |website=javatpoint.com |accessdate=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1972 || || || "The Japanese WABOT project is completed with the deployment of WABOT-1, the world’s first life-size intelligent human robot. It could walk unaided as well as grasp and transport objects with tactile sensors in its hands. It could also communicate in Japenese using a sophisticated cranial sensory array that included ears, eyes, and a mouth."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1972 || || || Robot production lines are installed at FIAT in Italy and Nissan in Japan. These production lines are specifically dedicated to spot-welding robots, representing a significant advancement in industrial automation. By incorporating robotic technology into manufacturing processes, these companies aim to streamline production, increase efficiency, and improve the quality of their products. This adoption of robotics marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of manufacturing, highlighting the growing role of automation in enhancing productivity and driving innovation in industries worldwide.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Italy}}, {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1972 || || || "Robot production lines installed in Europe" "FIAT in Italy and Nissan in Japan installed production lines of spot-welding robots."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1973 || || || V.S. Gurfinkel, A. Shneider, E.V. Gurfinkel, and colleagues at the Department of Motion Control at the {{w|Russian Academy of Science}} create the first six-legged walking vehicle. This development demonstrates the feasibility of locomotion using a hexapod configuration. The six-legged walking vehicle paves the way for further research and innovation in legged robotics, offering new possibilities for traversing challenging terrain and performing tasks in various environments.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1973 || || || "V.S. Gurfinkel, A. Shneider, E.V. Gurfinkel and colleagues at the department of motion control at the Russian Academy of Science create the first six-legged walking vehicle"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1973 || || || Cincinnati Milacron Corporation introduces the T3, also known as "The Tomorrow Tool," marking the debut of the first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot. Designed by Richard Hohn, this robot offers precise control and versatility in industrial applications. The T3 robot would revolutionize manufacturing processes by streamlining production tasks and enhancing productivity.<ref name="thocp.net"/><ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 1973 || || || "Cincinnati Milacron Corporation releases the T3, (The Tomorrow Tool) the first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot (designed by Richard Hohn)."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
-|-
-| 1973 || || || "Ichiro Kato created WABOT I which was the first full-scale anthropomorphic robot in the world. It had a system for controlling limbs, vision, and conversation! It was estimated that it had the mental ability of a 18 month old child"<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1973 || || || "Cincinnati Milacron released the T3, the first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot (designed by Richard Hohn)."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1973 || || Organization || {{w|Comau}} (''COnsorzio MAcchine Utensili'') is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pons |first1=José L. |title=Inclusive Robotics for a Better Society: Selected Papers from INBOTS Conference 2018, 16-18 October, 2018, Pisa, Italy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4PqlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22in+1973%22++%22Comau%22+%22italy%22&source=bl&ots=M-Y0Mju4d2&sig=ACfU3U2219e037_1_CX1a9dR1pAG-9WFRA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9zNbB6IToAhVUI7kGHboRACIQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201973%22%20%20%22Comau%22%20%22italy%22&f=false}}</ref> It is a leading company in the industrial automation field, at a global level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comau - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/comau |website=Crunchbase |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1973 || || || "The AI department at Edinburgh, UK, shows off Freddy II, a robot that could assemble objects automatically from a heap of parts"<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1973 || || || The Artificial Intelligence department at the University of Edinburgh unveils Freddy II, which is capable of autonomously assembling objects from a disordered pile of parts. This demonstration highlights significant progress in artificial intelligence and robotics, showcasing Freddy II's ability to perceive and manipulate objects in complex environments.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1973 || || || "Hitachi (Japan) developed the automatic bolting robot for concrete pile and pole industry" "This robot was the first industrial robot with dynamic vision sensors for moving objects. It recognized bolts on a mold while it is moving and fastened/loosened the bolts in synchronization with the mold motion."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1973 || || || {{w|Hitachi}} in Japan introduces the automatic bolting robot, a pioneering industrial robot designed for the concrete pile and pole industry. It is the first of its kind to incorporate dynamic vision sensors, enabling it to identify bolts on a moving mold and adjust accordingly to fasten or loosen them in synchronization with the mold's motion. This innovation showcases the integration of dynamic vision systems for real-time object recognition and manipulation in industrial settings.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1973 || || || "First robot to have six electromechanically driven axes" "KUKA moves from using Unimate robots to developing their own robots. Their robot, the Famulus was the first robot to have six electromechanically driven axes."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1973 || || || German manufacturer {{w|KUKA}} transitions from utilizing Unimate robots to developing their own robotic systems. Their creation, the Famulus, marks a milestone as the first robot to feature six electromechanically driven axes. This advancement enables greater flexibility, precision, and versatility in industrial automation. The Famulus's innovative design paves the way for future developments in robotic manipulation and control, establishing KUKA as a leading provider of advanced robotic solutions.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1974 || || || "Intel (Integrated Electronics) produced the first batch of second-generation 8080 general purpose chips. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1974 || || || Intel unveils the 8080 microprocessor, marking a significant advancement in computing. This chip becomes a cornerstone in robotics development due to its enhanced processing power and efficiency. The Intel 8080 empowers engineers to create more sophisticated robotic systems by providing the computational capabilities needed for tasks like motion control, sensor data processing, and decision-making. The production of the Intel 8080 chips catalyzes the integration of computing technology into robotics, shaping the landscape of robotic advancements.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1974 || || || "The robotic teacher Leachim has been invented with the ability to synthesize human speech. It is programmed with a course curriculum and tested on a class of 4th graders in the Bronx, New York."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1974 || || || The robotic teacher Leachim is invented with the capability to synthesize human speech. Programmed with a course curriculum, Leachim is tested on a class of 4th graders in the Bronx, New York. This innovation represents a pioneering effort in the use of robotics for educational purposes, demonstrating the potential for technology to assist in teaching and learning.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1974 || || || "Victor Scheinman formed his own company and started marketing the Silver Arm, that was capable of assembling small parts together using touch sensors in 1974."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1974 || || || {{w|Victor Scheinman}} founds his own company and introduces the Silver Arm, a pioneering robotic system equipped with touch sensors. This innovative technology allows the Silver Arm to assemble small parts with precision and accuracy, marking a significant advancement in industrial automation. With its tactile capabilities, the Silver Arm can manipulate objects delicately, facilitating assembly tasks that previously required human dexterity. The introduction of the Silver Arm lays the groundwork for future developments in robotic manipulation and control systems.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1974 || || || "The first minicomputer-controlled industrial robot comes to market" "The first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot was developed by Richard Hohn for Cincinnati Milacron Corporation. The robot was called the T3, The Tomorrow Tool."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1974 || || || The first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot, named the T3 (The Tomorrow Tool), is introduced to the market by Richard Hohn for Cincinnati Milacron Corporation. This pioneering robot is controlled by a minicomputer, offering enhanced precision and flexibility in manufacturing operations. The T3 introduces computerized control to industrial robotics, paving the way for further innovations in the field.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1974 || || || "Hitachi (Japan) developed the first precision insertion control robot “HI-T-HAND Expert”" "This robot had a flexible wrist mechanism and a force feed-back control system. Therefore it could insert mechanical parts with a clearance of about 10 micron."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1974 || || || {{w|Hitachi}} develops the first precision insertion control robot, known as the "HI-T-HAND Expert." This innovative robot features a flexible wrist mechanism and a force feedback control system, allowing it to insert mechanical parts with remarkable precision, achieving a clearance of about 10 microns. The HI-T-HAND Expert represents a significant advancement in precision assembly applications, where such accuracy is essential.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 1974 || || || The first fully electric, microprocessor-controlled industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA" "With anthropomorphic design, its arm movement mimicked that of a human arm, with a payload of 6kg and 5 axis. The S1 controller was the first to use a intel 8 bit microprocessor. The memory capacity was 16KB. The controller had 16 digital I/O and was programmed trough 16 keys and a four digit LED display. The first model, IRB 6, was developed in 1972-1973 on assignment by the ASEA CEO Curt Nicolin and was shown for the first time at the end of August 1973. It was acquired by Magnussons in Genarp to wax and polish stainless steel tubes bent at 90° angles."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1974 || || || "The first arc welding robots go to work in Japan. In Japan, Kawasaki built on the Unimate design to create an arc-welding robot, used to fabricate their motorcycle frames. They also developed touch and force-sensing capabilities in their Hi-T-Hand robot, enabling the robot to guide pins into holes at a rate of one second per pin."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1974 || || || The first arc welding robots are deployed in Japan. Kawasaki expands on the Unimate design to produce an arc-welding robot used in fabricating motorcycle frames. Additionally, they develop touch and force-sensing capabilities in their Hi-T-Hand robot, allowing it to guide pins into holes at a rate of one second per pin. These advancements mark significant progress in industrial automation, showcasing the potential of robots to enhance manufacturing processes, particularly in sectors like automotive production.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1975 || || || "Victor Schenman developed the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm (Puma). It was widely used in industrial operations."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1975 || || || Victor Scheinman develops the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm (PUMA), which becomes widely utilized in industrial operations. PUMA represents a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering programmable and versatile capabilities that make it suitable for various tasks in manufacturing and beyond. Its introduction would contribute to the expansion of robotics applications across industries, demonstrating the potential for robots to streamline production processes and perform complex manipulations with precision and efficiency.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1975 || || || "The Olivetti “SIGMA” a cartesian-coordinate robot, is one of the first used in assembly applications"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1975 || || || The Olivetti "SIGMA," a Cartesian-coordinate robot, emerges as one of the pioneering robots employed in assembly applications. By employing Cartesian coordinates, the SIGMA robot demonstrates enhanced precision and flexibility, enabling it to perform various assembly tasks efficiently and accurately. Its introduction reflects the growing recognition of robotics as a valuable tool for improving productivity and quality control in industrial settings.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1975 || || || "The MITS ALTAIR was the first 8080 chip based kit computer and is arguably the start of the personal computer. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1975 || || || The MITS ALTAIR emerges as the first kit computer based on the 8080 chip, arguably marking the inception of the personal computer era. This milestone democratizes computing by offering enthusiasts the opportunity to assemble and program their own machines. The ALTAIR's affordability and accessibility empower individuals to explore computing outside traditional institutional settings, laying the groundwork for the widespread adoption of personal computers. Its influence on the burgeoning computer industry paves the way for subsequent innovations, shaping the trajectory of technological advancement and transforming society's relationship with computing.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1975 || || || "Hitachi (Japan) developed the first sensor based arc welding robot “Mr. AROS”" "The robot is equipped with microprocessors and gap sensors to correct arc welding path by detecting precise location of workpieces"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1975 || || || {{w|Hitachi}} develops "Mr. AROS," the first sensor-based arc welding robot. Equipped with microprocessors and gap sensors, this robot can correct its arc welding path by detecting the precise location of workpieces. This innovation represents a significant advancement in welding technology, allowing for more accurate and efficient welding processes. The integration of sensors and microprocessors enable the robot to adapt to varying workpiece positions, improving welding quality and consistency. Overall, "Mr. AROS" marks a milestone in the development of robotic welding systems, laying the foundation for future advancements in industrial automation.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1975 || || || "ABB developed an industrial robot with a payload up to 60 kg" "This met the demand of the automotive industry for more payload, more flexibility. The robot, called the IRB60, was first delivered to Saab in Sweden for welding car bodies." ||
+| 1975 || || || Swedish–Swiss multinational corporation {{w|ABB}} develops an industrial robot known as the IRB60, capable of handling payloads of up to 60 kg. This innovation addressed the automotive industry's need for robots with greater payload capacity and flexibility. The IRB60 is initially deployed at Saab in Sweden for welding car bodies, showcasing its capability to efficiently perform heavy-duty tasks in industrial settings. ABB's development of the IRB60 represents a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering manufacturers enhanced productivity and versatility in their production processes, particularly in sectors like automotive manufacturing where heavy lifting and precision welding are essential.<ref>{{cite web |title=Success story |url=https://library.e.abb.com/public/55bc9c9895f0b587c125746a002c465d/56-62%202M851_ENG72dpi.pdf |website=library.e.abb.com |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}, {{w|Switzerland}}
 |-
-| 1976 || || || "Soft Gripper was designed by Shigeo Hirose to to wrap around an object in snake like fashion in 1976."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1976 || || || Japanese engineer {{w|Shigeo Hirose}} designs the Soft Gripper, which can wrap around objects in a snake-like fashion. This innovative gripper design represents a departure from traditional rigid grippers, offering greater flexibility and adaptability in grasping various objects. The Soft Gripper's ability to conform to the shape of different objects make it well-suited for handling delicate or irregularly shaped items, expanding the range of tasks that robots could perform effectively. Hirose's invention marks a significant advancement in robotic manipulation technology, paving the way for the development of more versatile and dexterous robotic grippers in the future.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 1976 || || Organization (for-profit) || {{w|Hyundai Wia}} is founded. Member of the {{w|Hyundai Motor Group}}, it centers on robotics and autonomous driving technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyundai WIA |url=https://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/group/CONT0000000000000676 |website=Hyundai Motor Group |access-date=9 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|South Korea}}
@@ Line 318: / Line 287: @@
 | 1976 || || || {{w|Robotic arm}}s are used on the {{w|Viking program}} space probes. Vicarm Inc. incorporates a microcomputer into the Vicarm design.<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1977 || || || "The Variante Masha, a six-legged walking machine, was created at the Russian academy of Science by Dr. Devjanin, Dr. Grufinkelt, Dr. Lensky, Dr. Schneider, and colleagues."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1977 || || || Dr. Devjanin, Dr. Grufinkelt, Dr. Lensky, Dr. Schneider, and their colleagues at the {{w|Russian Academy of Science}} create the Variante Masha, a six-legged walking machine. This innovative robot marks an important development in robotics, showcasing advancements in locomotion technology. With its six legs, the Variante Masha demonstrates enhanced stability and maneuverability, making it suitable for navigating challenging terrains and environments. The creation of this walking machine would contribute to the ongoing exploration of robotic locomotion principles and lay the foundation for future advancements in legged robot design and mobility.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|Russia}} ({{w|Soviet Union}})
 |-
-| 1977 || || || "ASEA, a European robot company, offers two sizes of electric powered industrial robots. Both robots use a microcomputer controller for programming and operation."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1977 || || || ASEA, a European robot company, introduces two sizes of electric-powered industrial robots. These robots utilize a microcomputer controller for programming and operation, representing a significant advancement in automation technology. The incorporation of electric power and microcomputer control enhances the robots' precision, flexibility, and efficiency in industrial applications. ASEA's offering reflects the growing demand for advanced robotic solutions in manufacturing and signals a shift towards more sophisticated automation systems capable of meeting diverse production requirements.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
 | 1977 || || || {{w|Hitachi}} develops an assembly cell to assemble vacuum cleaners with 8 TV cameras and two robot arms.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1978 || || || "Shigeo Hirose created ACMVI (Oblix) robot. It had snake-like abilities. The Oblix eventually became the MOGURA robot arm used in industry."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1978 || || || {{w|Shigeo Hirose}} develops the ACMVI (Oblix) robot, notable for its snake-like abilities. This innovative design paves the way for the MOGURA robot arm, which would find applications in various industries. Hirose's creation demonstrates the potential for robots with flexible, adaptable structures inspired by natural movements. The MOGURA robot arm's versatility and dexterity makes it suitable for tasks requiring intricate manipulations, further advancing the capabilities of industrial automation systems. This development highlights the importance of biomimicry in robotics and its impact on expanding the range of tasks that robots could perform effectively.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
-|-
-| 1978 || || || "In 1978  the 4 axis robot arm SCARA, Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm, was created. It was the best used for picking up parts and placing them in another location and it was introduced to assembly lines in 1981."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1978 || || || "Using technology from Vicarm, Unimation develops the PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly). The PUMA can still be found in many research labs today."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1978 || || || The Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm ({{w|SCARA}}) is developed. This 4-axis robot arm is specifically designed for tasks such as picking up parts and relocating them, offering precision and efficiency. Introduced to assembly lines in 1981, the SCARA robot would revolutionize manufacturing processes by streamlining repetitive tasks and enhancing productivity. Its ability to manipulate objects with accuracy and speed makes it a valuable addition to industrial automation, contributing to the optimization of assembly operations across various industries.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1978 || || || "Brooks Automation founded"<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1978 || || || Unimation leverages technology from Vicarm to develop the {{w|Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly}} (PUMA). This versatile robot, known as PUMA, would remain a fixture in numerous research laboratories to this day. Its adaptability and programmable nature makes it suitable for various assembly tasks, contributing to its enduring presence in research and development environments. The PUMA's continued utilization underscores its reliability and effectiveness in facilitating assembly processes, serving as a valuable tool for innovation and experimentation in robotics research.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1979 || || || "The Stanford Cart crossed a chair-filled room without human assistance. The cart had a TV camera mounted on a rail which took pictures from multiple angles and relayed them to a computer. The computer analyzed the distance between the cart and the obstacles."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> "The Stanford Cart built in 1970 was rebuilt by Hans Moravec by adding a more robust vision system allowing greater autonomy in 1979 These were some of the first experiments with 3D environment. mapping."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1979 || || || The Stanford Cart achieved a significant milestone by autonomously crossing a room filled with chairs, facilitated by a TV camera mounted on a rail. This camera captured images from various angles, transmitting them to a computer for analysis of distances between the cart and obstacles. Hans Moravec's enhancements to the Stanford Cart's vision system in 1979 enabled greater autonomy and marked early experiments in 3D environment mapping.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1979 || || || "Hiroshi Makino of Yamanashi University designed the Selective Compliant Articulated Robot Arm (SCARA) for assembly jobs in factories."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1979 || || || The {{w|Robotics Institute}} at {{w|Carnegie Mellon University}} is founded<ref name="thocp.net"/> with the purpose to conduct basic and applied research in robotics technologies relevant to industrial and societal tasks.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Robotics Institute |url=https://remakelearning.org/organization/robotics-institute/ |website=Remake Learning |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1979 || || || "Sankyo and IBM market the SCARA (selective compliant articulated robot arm) developed at Yamanashi University in Japan"<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1979 || || || Nachi develops the first motor-driven robots. This technological advancement marks a significant shift in the robotics industry, enabling robots to perform tasks with greater precision, speed, and reliability. Motor-driven robots offer improved efficiency and versatility, opening up new possibilities for automation in various industries. || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1979 || || || "Nachi, Japan, developed the first motor-driven robots" ||
+| 1979 || || || German industrial robot manufacturer {{w|Reis Robotics}} in {{w|Obernburg}} develops the RE 15, the first six-axis robot with its own control system. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering enhanced precision and versatility in automated processes.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1979 || || || "First six-axis robot with own control system RE 15 by Reis, Obernburg, Germany"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1980 || || || Ichiro Kato at {{w|Waseda University}} develops WL-9DR, which achieves quasi-dynamic walking using a microcomputer as the controller. This robot can take one step every 10 seconds, marking a significant advancement in walking technology.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1980 || || || "Quasi-dynamic walking was first realized by WL-9DR. It used a microcomputer as the controller. It could take one step every 10 seconds. It was developed by Ichiro Kato at the Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1980 || January || || {{w|Automatix}}<ref>{{cite book |title=SEC Docket |publisher=United States. Securities and Exchange Commission |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OMnGH_GJ794C&pg=PA1552&lpg=PA1552&dq=1980+January+Automatix&source=bl&ots=T3rL020RAX&sig=ACfU3U3W6LVMlL2T6H2weChztcdVYwBvBg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqtIXAyYvoAhVYJrkGHbHlBDoQ6AEwC3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1980%20January%20Automatix&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AUTOMATIX |url=https://www.indeed.es/cmp/Automatix |website=indeed.es |accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1981 || || || "First use of machine vision. At the University of Rhode Island, USA, a bin-picking robotics system demonstrated the picking of parts in random orientation and positions out of a bin."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1981 || || || A milestone occurs in the field of robotics with the first use of machine vision. At the {{w|University of Rhode Island}}, researchers demonstrate a bin-picking robotics system capable of selecting parts from a bin regardless of their orientation or position. This breakthrough showcases the potential of machine vision to enable robots to perceive and interact with their environment, paving the way for advancements in automation and robotics technology.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1981 || || || "Shigeo Hirose developed Titan II. It is a quadruped which could climb stairs. Picture is of Titan III, which is a successor to Titan II."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1981 || || || {{w|Shigeo Hirose}} develops Titan II, a quadrupedal robot capable of climbing stairs. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotics, showcasing the ability of robots to navigate complex environments with uneven terrain. While the picture provided is of Titan III, which is a successor to Titan II, both robots share similar capabilities and represent Hirose's pioneering work in the field of legged robotics. The development of Titan II lays the foundation for further research and advancements in quadrupedal locomotion, contributing to the ongoing evolution of robotic mobility and versatility.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1981 || || || "Takeo Kanade invents the first “direct drive arm”, an industrial robotic arm that combined the robotic “brain” with the mechanical manipulators in one machine."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> "In 1981 Takeo Kanade built the direct drive arm, that was the first to have motors installed directly into the joints of the arm. This change caused this design to become faster and much more accurate than previous robotic arms."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1981 || || || Takeo Kanade invents the first "direct drive arm," an industrial robotic arm that integrates the robotic "brain" with the mechanical manipulators into one machine. This design features motors installed directly into the joints, significantly enhancing the arm's speed and accuracy compared to previous models.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 1981 || || || Cognex is founded.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1981 || || || "GM installed “CONSIGHT”, a machine vision system" "The first production implementation of the General Motors Consight vision system at the St. Catherines, Ontario, foundry is successfully sorting up to six different castings at up to 1,400 an hour from a belt conveyor using three industrial robots in a harsh manufacturing environment. "<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1981 || || || The first industrial robot with vision capabilities is implemented at a General Motors factory. The system, called Consight, enables robots to use visual sensors to pick out and sort auto parts moving on a conveyor belt.<ref name="Robot Historys"/><ref name="How Robotics"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1982 || || || {{w|WinSystems}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Low-Cost SBCs are Ideal for Industrial and Medical Applications |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/embedded-systems/lowcost-sbcs-are-ideal-for-industrial-and-medical-applications |website=spectrum.ieee.org |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> It designs and manufactures single board computer systems, including industrial robots.<ref>{{cite web |title=WinSystems |url=https://www.sage.com/na/~/media/Company/Employer%20Solutions/Success%20Stories/SageHRMS_WinSystems_ss.pdf |website=sage.com |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 364: / Line 327: @@
 | 1982 || || || {{w|Intelitek}} is founded. It specializes in robotic training systems for industrial robotics.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROBOTICS TRAINING SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 |url=https://www.intelitek.com/robotics-home/ |website=intelitek.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Intelitek Inc |url=https://www.zoominfo.com/c/intelitek-inc/19529884 |website=zoominfo.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1982 || || || "Fanuc of Japan and General Motors form a joint venture: GM Fanuc. The new company is going to market robots in North America."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1982 || || || {{w|IBM}} develops AML (A Manufacturing Language), a powerful and user-friendly programming language specifically designed for robotic applications. This innovation enables manufacturing engineers to quickly and easily create application programs using an IBM Personal Computer, enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of robotics programming.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
-|-
-| 1982 || || || "IBM develops a programming language for robotics, AML" "AML (A Manufacturing Language), a powerful, easily used programming language was developed by IBM, USA, specifically for robotic applications. Using an IBM Personal Computer manufacturing engineers could quickly and easily create application programs."<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
 | 1983 || || || {{w|Honeybee Robotics}} is founded. It develops advanced robotic solutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honeybee Robotics Acquired by Ensign-Bickford Industries |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/07/07/honeybee-robotics-acquired-ensignbickford-industries/ |website=parabolicarc.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Honeybee |url=https://honeybeerobotics.com/about-us/history/ |website=honeybeerobotics.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 374: / Line 335: @@
 | 1983 || || || {{w|Salt Lake City}}-based robotics startup {{w|Sarcos}} is founded. It makes robotic systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft invests in $30M round for Raytheon robotics spinout Sarcos |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/microsoft-invests-30m-round-raytheon-robotics-spinout-sarcos/ |website=geekwire.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Caterpillar, Microsoft, and GE Ventures Invest $10.5M with Sarcos |url=https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/manufacturing/caterpillar-microsoft-ge-ventures-invest-10-5m-sacros/ |website=roboticsbusinessreview.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1983 || || || "Westinghouse issues a research report on APAS, or adaptable-programming assembly systems, a pilot project for using robots in a more flexible automated assembly line environment. The approach uses machine vision in the positioning, orienting and inspection of the component parts"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1983 || || || Westinghouse releases a research report on APAS (Adaptable-Programming Assembly Systems), a pioneering project aimed at integrating robots into flexible automated assembly lines. APAS introduces innovative techniques, including the utilization of machine vision for tasks such as positioning, orienting, and inspecting component parts. This approach marks a significant advancement in manufacturing automation, enabling greater adaptability and efficiency in assembly processes. By incorporating machine vision technology, APAS demonstrates the potential to enhance the accuracy and versatility of robotic systems within industrial environments, laying the foundation for further developments in automated assembly systems.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
-|-
-| 1983 || || || [[w:Omron Adept|Adept]] is founded.<ref name="thocp.net"/> It provides industrial robots for automation applications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adept Robotics {{!}} ONExia Inc. |url=http://onexia.com/adept/index.html |website=onexia.com |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1984 || || || [[w:Omron Adept|Adept]] introduces the AdeptOne, the first direct-drive {{w|SCARA}} robot.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1984 || || || "Form factors were made more manageable and software refined through the development of more robust programming languages such as Robot Basic in 1984."<ref name="A brief history of robots"/> ||
+| 1984 || || || Advancements in robotics see the development of more manageable form factors and refined software, facilitated by the introduction of robust programming languages like Robot Basic. These improvements make it easier to program and control robots, enhancing their versatility and usability across various applications. With the introduction of Robot Basic, programmers gain a more efficient toolset for developing sophisticated robotic functionalities, contributing to the evolution of robotics technology and its broader adoption in industrial and commercial settings.<ref name="A brief history of robots"/> ||
 |-
-| 1984 || || || "WABOT-2 is completed. It has motor and sensory control fine enough to allow it to read and play the organ, to the point it could even accompany a human musician."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1984 || || || The development of WABOT-2 marks a significant advancement in robotics. This humanoid robot, equipped with precise motor and sensory control, demonstrates remarkable capabilities by playing the organ with such proficiency that it can even accompany a human musician. WABOT-2's ability to interpret and respond to musical cues showcases the progress made in robotics technology, particularly in terms of dexterity and coordination, opening new possibilities for human-robot interaction and collaboration in various domains.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
 | 1984 || || || {{w|IEEE Robotics and Automation Society}}<ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE Robotics and Automation Society |url=https://www.ieee-ras.org/about-ras/history-of-the-society |website=ieee-ras.org |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 388: / Line 347: @@
 | 1984 || || || {{w|Epson Robots}} is established. It is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Japanese corporation {{w|Seiko Epson}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Epson Robots |url=https://epson.com/about-robots |website=epson.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1984 || || || "Joseph Engelberger starts Transition Robotics, later renamed Helpmates, to develop service robots."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1984 || || || Swedish company ABB produces the IRB 1000, which is recognized as the fastest assembly robot at that time. This development showcases ABB's advancements in robotic speed and efficiency for industrial applications.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
-|-
-| 1984 || || || "ABB, Sweden produced the fastest assembly robot (IRB 1000)"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1985 || || || "Created by the General Robotics Corp. the RB5X was a programmable robot equipped with infrared sensors, remote audio/video transmission, bump sensors, and a voice synthesizer. It had software that could enable it to learn about its environment."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1985 || || || General Robotics Corp. creates the RB5X, a programmable robot equipped with infrared sensors, remote audio/video transmission, bump sensors, and a voice synthesizer. It features software that allowed it to learn about its environment, marking a significant step forward in robotic capabilities and interaction.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1985 || || || "Waseda Hitachi Leg-11 (WHL-11) was a biped robot developed by Hitachi Ltd. It was capable of static walking on a flat surface. It was able to turn and could take a step every 13 seconds."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1985 || || || Hitachi Ltd. develops the Waseda Hitachi Leg-11 (WHL-11), a biped robot capable of static walking on flat surfaces. Notably, it can execute turns and take a step approximately every 13 seconds. This marks a significant advancement in bipedal robotics, showcasing progress towards achieving stable locomotion in robots. The WHL-11's ability to perform static walking on even terrain represents a significant milestone in robotics research, demonstrating progress towards developing robots capable of navigating real-world environments with greater efficiency and stability.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1985 || || || "A four legged walking machine, Collie1, was developed by H. Miura at the University of Tokyo. The machine had 3 degrees of freedom per leg."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1985 || || || Collie1, a four-legged walking machine with three degrees of freedom per leg, is developed by H. Miura at the University of Tokyo.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1985 || || || "The Melwalk3 was developed at Namiki Tsukuba Science City and was a sixlegged walking machine. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1985 || || || The Melwalk3, a six-legged walking machine, is developed at Namiki Tsukuba Science City.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1985 || || {{w|Robot-assisted surgery}} || The first robot to assist in surgery is the ''Arthrobot'', which is developed and used for the first time in {{w|Vancouver}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianday.ca/imagez/1051_28738.pdf |title=Medical Post 23:1985 }}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
@@ Line 404: / Line 361: @@
 | 1985 || || {{w|Robot-assisted surgery}} || A robot, the [[w:Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly|Unimation Puma 200]], is used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwoh YS, Hou J, Jonckheere EA, Hayati S | title = A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery | journal = IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 153–60 | date = February 1988 | pmid = 3280462 | doi = 10.1109/10.1354 }}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1985 || || || {{w|ST Robotics}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=ST Robotics |url=http://strobotics.com/profile.htm |website=strobotics.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> It designs and manufactures Cartesian robots and low-cost bench-top industrial robot arms.<ref>{{cite web |title=ST Robotics |url=https://www.cambridgeonline.co.uk/listings/60755/ |website=Cambridge Online |access-date=17 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1986 || || || LEGO and the MIT Media Lab collaborate to introduce the first LEGO-based educational products to the market. These products, known as LEGO tc Logo, are widely adopted by elementary school teachers, offering a hands-on approach to learning programming concepts through play with LEGO bricks. This initiative makes coding and technology education accessible and engaging for students. ||
-|-
-| 1986 || || || "The first LEGO based educational products are put on the market and Honda launches a project to build a walking humanoid robot."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> "In 1986 LEGO and the MIT Media Lab colaborated to bring the first LEGO based educational products to market. LEGO tc Logo was used by in the classrooms of thousands of elementary school teachers. In the same year Honda began its humanoid research and development program to create robots capable of interacting successfully with humans."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1986 || || || "LEGO and the MIT Media Lab collaborate to bring the first LEGO based educational products to market."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
-|-
 | 1986 || October || || {{w|Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics}} is established in {{w|Bangalore}}, with research focus in the areas of {{w|artificial intelligence}}, {{w|robotics}}, and control systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) |url=https://www.epicos.com/company/13386/centre-artificial-intelligence-and-robotics-cair |website=epicos.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 |-
-| 1986 || || || "Honda begins a robot research program that's starts with the premise that the robot "should coexist and cooperate with human beings, by doing what a person cannot do and by cultivating a new dimension in mobility to ultimately benefit society.""<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1986 || || || Honda initiates a robot research program grounded on the principle that robots should coexist and cooperate with humans, aiming to perform tasks beyond human capabilities and enhance mobility to benefit society.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
-|-
-| 1986 || || || "With Unimation license terminated, Kawasaki develops and produces its own line of electric robots."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1988 || || || "The first HelpMate service robot went to work at Danbury Hospital in Connecticut. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1988 || || || The first HelpMate service robot begins operating at Danbury Hospital in Connecticut.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1988 || || || {{w|Barrett Technology}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barrett Technology |url=https://advanced.barrett.com/about-us |website=advanced.barrett.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> It manufactures robotic arms. || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1989 || || || "Aquarobot, a walking robot for undersea use, was created at the Robotics Laboratory at the Ministry of Transport in Japan."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1989 || || || The Robotics Laboratory at the Ministry of Transport in Japan created Aquarobot, a walking robot designed for undersea use.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1989 || || || "Developed by Kato Corporation, the WL12RIII was the first biped walking robot which was able to walk on a terrain stabilized by trunk motion. It could walk up and down stairs and could take a single step every 0.64 seconds. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1989 || || || " Rodney Brooks creates Ghengis, a hexapedal robot meant to traverse difficult terrain. Ghengis was modeled after organic insects, who have very limited intelligence but possess relatively incredible physical aptitude. It was notable for its cheap construction and development time, which has given rise to a trend of incremental development in robotics."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
-|-
-| 1989 || || || {{w|Motoman}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaskawa Motoman |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/motoman/?originalSubdomain=ar |website=linkedin.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1989 || || || "A walking robot named Genghis is unveiled by the Mobile Robots Group at MIT. It becomes known for the way it walks, popularly referred to as the "Genghis gait"."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1989 || || || Kato Corporation developed the WL12RIII, the first biped walking robot capable of walking on terrain stabilized by trunk motion. It could navigate stairs and take a step approximately every 0.64 seconds.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1989 || || || "At MIT Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn publish the paper "Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System" in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. The paper changes rover research from building the one, big, expensive robot to building lots of little cheap ones. The paper also makes the idea of building a robot somewhat more accessible to the average person. Academics start to concentrate on small, smart useful robots rather than simulated people."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1989 || || || Rodney Brooks develops Ghengis, a hexapedal robot designed to navigate challenging terrain. Inspired by the physical abilities of insects, Ghengis exhibits remarkable mobility despite limited intelligence. Noteworthy for its cost-effective construction and rapid development, Ghengis sets a trend towards incremental progress in robotics, emphasizing practicality over complex programming. Brooks' creation demonstrates the effectiveness of simple, adaptable designs in overcoming obstacles, shaping future approaches to robotic development. Ghengis remains a significant milestone in robotics, highlighting the potential of bio-inspired engineering for creating agile and versatile machines.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1989 || || || "Computer Motion founded."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1989 || || || Yaskawa Electric Corporation makes a significant move in the realm of industrial robotics by establishing Yaskawa Motoman. Yaskawa Electric Corporation, a prominent Japanese company with a history dating back to 1915, is a key player in automation solutions. With the inception of Yaskawa Motoman, they introduce a brand dedicated to industrial robots, encompassing robotic arms, part positioners, and controllers. Yaskawa Motoman swiftly emerges as a frontrunner in industrial robotics, boasting millions of installations worldwide and providing solutions across diverse applications such as welding, assembly, and material handling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaskawa Motoman |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/motoman/?originalSubdomain=ar |website=linkedin.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1989 || || || "Barrett Technology founded"<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1989 || || || Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn publish a groundbreaking paper titled "Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System" in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. This paper revolutionizes rover research by shifting the focus from building one large and expensive robot to creating numerous small and affordable ones. It also makes the concept of building robots more accessible to the general public. As a result, academic efforts begin to concentrate on developing small, intelligent, and practical robots, marking a significant shift in robotics research towards more scalable and versatile solutions.<ref name="thocp.net"/><ref name="forbes.coms"/><ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1990 || || || "Rodney Brooks publishes “Elephants Don’t Play Chess,” proposing a new approach to AI—building intelligent systems, specifically robots, from the ground up and on the basis of ongoing physical interaction with the environment: “The world is its own best model… The trick is to sense it appropriately and often enough.”"<ref name="forbes.coms"/> "iRobot Corporation was founded by Rodney Brooks, Colin Angle and Helen Greiner and produced domestic and military robots."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
-|-
-| 1992 || || || "Demaurex, Switzerland, sold its first Delta robot packaging application to Roland"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
-|-
-| 1992 || || || {{w|DOK-ING}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DOK-ING |url=http://www.army-guide.com/eng/firm3812.html |website=army-guide.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Croatia}}
-|-
-| 1992 || || || {{w|Boston Dynamics}}<ref>{{cite web |title=From BigDog to SpotMini: Tracing the evolution of Boston Dynamics robo-dogs |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/evolution-boston-dynamics-spot-mini/ |website=digitaltrends.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1992 || || {{w|Robot-assisted surgery}} || The ROBODOC is introduced. It would revolutionize orthopedic surgery by being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paul HA, Bargar WL, Mittlestadt B, Musits B, Taylor RH, Kazanzides P, Zuhars J, Williamson B, Hanson W | title = Development of a surgical robot for cementless total hip arthroplasty | journal = Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research | issue = 285 | pages = 57–66 | date = December 1992 | pmid = 1446455 | doi = 10.1097/00003086-199212000-00010 }}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1992 || || || "Wittmann, Austria introduced the CAN-Bus control for robots"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1992 || || || Wittmann, Austria introduces the CAN-Bus control system for robots. This innovation facilitates communication and control within robotic systems, enhancing their efficiency and functionality. The CAN-Bus technology allows for seamless integration and coordination of robot operations, contributing to advancements in automation across various industries.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
 |-
-| 1992 || || || "ABB, Sweden, launched an open control system (S4)"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1992 || || || {{w|ABB}} introduces an open control system known as S4. This system marks a significant advancement in industrial automation technology, offering greater flexibility and compatibility for various manufacturing processes. By providing an open architecture, the S4 control system enables easier integration with other equipment and systems, enhancing efficiency and productivity in industrial settings. ABB's S4 system contributed to the evolution of automation solutions, empowering industries to optimize their operations and adapt to changing demands more effectively.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 |-
-| 1993 || || || "Dante explored Mt. Erebrus in Antarctica. The 8-legged walking robot was developed at Carnegie-Mellon University. However, the mission failed when its tether broke. [4]Dante II subsequently explored Mt. Spurr in Alaska in 2004. This was a more robust version of Dante I. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1993 || || || Dante, an 8-legged walking robot developed at Carnegie Mellon University, embarks on an exploration mission to Mt. Erebus in Antarctica. Unfortunately, the mission is unsuccessful due to the robot's tether breaking. However, Dante II, a more robust version, later explores Mt. Spurr in Alaska in 2004, demonstrating advancements in robotic capabilities and resilience.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
-| 1993 || || || "In 1993 an eight legged robot was developed at Carnegie Mellon University called Dante to collect data from a harsh environment similar to what we might find on another planet. However, Dante failed to collect gases from because of a broken fiber optic cable. In 1994 Dante II, a more robust version of its predicessor, descended into the crater of Alaskan volcano Mt. Spurr and completed the mission with a success."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1993 || || || {{w|Carnegie Mellon University}} develops an eight-legged robot named Dante with the purpose of collecting data from harsh environments resembling those found on other planets. Unfortunately, Dante's mission encounters a setback when it failed to collect gases due to a broken fiber optic cable. However, in 1994, Dante II, a more robust version of its predecessor, would successfully descended into the crater of the Alaskan volcano Mount Spurr and complete its mission.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1993 || || Competition || {{w|BEST Robotics}}<ref>{{cite web |title=BEST Robotics |url=https://dubois.psu.edu/best-robotics |website=dubois.psu.edu |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1993 || || Competition || {{w|Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC): A Cutting-Edge Engineering Team Experience |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312072367_The_Intelligent_Ground_Vehicle_Competition_IGVC_A_Cutting-Edge_Engineering_Team_Experience |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1993 || || Competition || The {{w|Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition}} (IGVC) is held, providing a platform for showcasing advancements in autonomous vehicle technology. This competition challenges participants to design and build unmanned ground vehicles capable of navigating through various terrains and completing specified tasks autonomously. The IGVC would play a role in fostering innovation and collaboration among researchers, engineers, and students interested in robotics and autonomous systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC): A Cutting-Edge Engineering Team Experience |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312072367_The_Intelligent_Ground_Vehicle_Competition_IGVC_A_Cutting-Edge_Engineering_Team_Experience |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1993 || || || "Seiko Epson develops a micro robot called Monsieur, the world's smallest micro robot as certified by the Guinness Book of World Records."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1993 || || || Japanese multinational electronics company {{w|Seiko Epson}} develops Monsieur, a micro robot recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's smallest at the time. Monsieur represents a significant milestone in the field of robotics, showcasing the potential for creating incredibly small yet functional robots. This accomplishment opens up new possibilities for the application of micro robots in various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and entertainment.<ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|Japan}}
-|-
-| 1993 || || || "Sensable Technologies founded."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
 | 1994 || January 1 || || Robotics is founded. It is a robotics company offering service for industrial robot automation and its focus on simulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROBOTICS - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/robotics-587d |website=Crunchbase |access-date=17 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
@@ Line 466: / Line 401: @@
 | 1994 || || {{w|Robot-assisted surgery}} || AESOP is introduced as the first laparoscopic camera holder to be approved by the {{w|FDA}}.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Unger SW, Unger HM, Bass RT |date=1994-09-01|title=AESOP robotic arm |journal=Surgical Endoscopy |volume=8|issue=9|pages=1131 |doi=10.1007/BF00705739 |pmid=7992194}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1994 || || || "Carnegie Universities eight-legged walking robot, Dante ll, successfully descends into Mt Spur to collect volcanic gas samples."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1994 || || || {{w|Carnegie Mellon University}}'s eight-legged walking robot, Dante II, achieves a significant milestone by successfully descending into the crater of {{w|Mount Spurr}}. This volcanic expedition aims to collect samples of volcanic gas for scientific analysis. The success of Dante II's mission demonstrates the potential of robotics in exploring hazardous and challenging environments, such as active volcanoes, where human access is limited or dangerous. This achievement marks a crucial advancement in robotic exploration and highlights the importance of innovative technologies in scientific research and exploration of extreme terrains.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1994 || || || " John Adler invents the Cyberknife, a robotic surgery system that is subsequently cleared by the USA’s FDA. First used at Stanford university, this robot made use of robotic positioning and radio imagery to help foster ultra-fine precision in delicate medical procedures and was used for brain and spine surgeries."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1994 || || || Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn publish a groundbreaking paper titled ''Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System'' in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. This paper revolutionized rover research by shifting the focus from building one large and expensive robot to creating numerous small and affordable ones. It also made the concept of building robots more accessible to the general public. As a result, academic efforts began to concentrate on developing small, intelligent, and practical robots, marking a significant shift in robotics research towards more scalable and versatile solutions.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
 | 1994 || || || {{w|Welltec}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Welltec |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/welltec/ |website=linkedin.com |accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Welltec |url=https://www.welltec.com/company/management/ |website=welltec.com |accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}}
@@ Line 474: / Line 409: @@
 | 1994 || || || {{w|Marc Thorpe starts Robot Wars at Fort Mason center in San Francsico, CA.}}<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1994 || || || "Motoman introduced the first robot control system (MRC) which provided the synchronized control of two robots"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1994 || || || Motoman introduces the first robot control system (MRC), enabling synchronized control of two robots. This innovation marked a significant advancement in robotic technology, enhancing the capability to coordinate and manage multiple robots simultaneously for increased efficiency and productivity in various industrial applications.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
-|-
-| 1995 || || || {{w|Robomow}} is founded in {{w|Israel}}. It manufactures robotic lawn mowers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robomow |url=https://www.emowersdirect.com/robomow/ |website=emowersdirect.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
 |-
 | 1995 || || || {{w|ActivMedia Robotics}} is founded. Later known as MobileRobots Inc, then sold to Adept and renamed "Adept Mobilerobots" it designs and manufactures {{w|autonomous robot}}s, commercial {{w|service robot}}s, {{w|robot software}} and navigation systems for robot developers and manufacturers.<ref name="Enterprise2005">"Robots Move into Corporate Roles". {{cite book|author=IDG Enterprise|title=Computerworld|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFYGBZRKF1oC&pg=PA26|date=10 October 2005|publisher=IDG Enterprise|pages=26–|issn=0010-4841}}</ref> The company is now owned by Omron Automation. <ref>http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.omron_adept_mobile_robots.488d25ef6532b752.html?aka_re=1</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Computerworld 10 Oct 2005 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NFYGBZRKF1oC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=1995+ActivMedia+Robotics&source=bl&ots=jMilvxx_oM&sig=ACfU3U0DjsaCwO1by0lHxvDikJRChqfYCg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1_NO0soHoAhX6D7kGHWh-AQMQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=1995%20ActivMedia%20Robotics&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 488: / Line 421: @@
 | 1995 || || Competition || {{w|International Aerial Robotics Competition}} ||
 |-
-| 1996 || || || "RoboTuna was created by David Barrett at MIT. The robot was used to study how fish swim."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> "Robotuna was a biomimetic robot that was designed to swim and resemble a blue fin tuna and built by David Barrett for his doctoral thesis at MIT in 1996."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1996 || || || David Barrett, a doctoral student at MIT, develops RoboTuna, a biomimetic robot designed to study the swimming behavior of fish, particularly resembling a bluefin tuna. This innovative robot is created as part of Barrett's doctoral thesis, aiming to understand the intricacies of fish locomotion. RoboTuna's design allows it to float and move in water, facilitating research into the swimming dynamics of aquatic creatures. This project would contribute to advancements in both robotics and aquatic biomechanics research.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/><ref name="roboticsacademy"/><ref name="thocp.net"/> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 1996 || || || "A RoboTuna (fish) is designed and built by David Barrett for his doctoral thesis at MIT." "The biomimetic robot RoboTuna was built by doctoral student David Barrett at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1996 to study how fish swim in water. RoboTuna is designed to float and to resemble a bluefin tuna."<ref name="roboticsacademy"/><ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
-|-
-| 1996 || || || {{w|DragonLord Enterprises, Inc.}} || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1996 || || || "Honda created the P2, which was the first major step in creating their ASIMO. The P2 was the first self-regulating, bipedal humanoid robot. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> "Honda's P2 humanoid robot was first shown in 1996. Standing for ''Prototype Model 2'', P2 was an integral part of Honda's humanoid development project; over 6 feet tall, P2 was smaller than its predecessors and appeared to be more human like in its motions."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1996 || || || Honda introduces the P2 humanoid robot as part of its development project for creating ASIMO. Standing for Prototype Model 2, P2 represents a significant advancement in humanoid robotics, being the first self-regulating, bipedal humanoid robot. Standing over 6 feet tall, P2 is smaller than its predecessors and exhibited more human-like motions, marking a crucial step forward in Honda's pursuit of creating sophisticated humanoid robots.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/><ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 1996 || || || {{w|Halfmann Teleskoptechnik}} || {{w|Germany}}
@@ Line 500: / Line 429: @@
 | 1996 || || || Honda unveils its [[w:Honda P series|P2]] prototype, a humanoid robot that can walk, climb stairs and carry loads.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
-| 1996 || || || "KUKA, Germany, launched the first PC-based robot control system"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 1996 || || || German company KUKA launches the first PC-based robot control system. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotics, leveraging the versatility and power of personal computers to enhance robot control and programming capabilities.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
 | 1997 || || || {{w|Dinamation}} is founded. It focuses its activity in the field of automation of industrial handling and assembly processes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dinamation |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/dinamation#section-overview |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 |-
-| 1997 || || || "On May 11, a computer built by IBM known as Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov. The first Robocup tournament is held in Japan. The goal of Robocup is to have a fully automated team of robots beat the worlds best soccer team by the year 2050."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> "IBM's deep blue supercomputer beat the champion Gary Kasparov at a chess match. This represented the first time a machine beat a grand champion chess player. "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1997 || || || The first {{w|RoboCup}} tournament is held in Japan with the ambitious goal of having a fully automated team of robots beat the world's best soccer team by 2050.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/><ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 1997 || || Competition || The first {{w|RoboCup}} games are held in {{w|Nagoya}}, with three competition categories: computer simulation, small robots, and midsize robots.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of RoboCup |url=https://www.robocup.org/a_brief_history_of_robocup |website=robocup.org |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
@@ Line 510: / Line 439: @@
 | 1997 || || || {{w|Bluefin Robotics}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Dynamics Buys UUV Maker Bluefin Robotics |url=https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/public-safety/general_dynamics_buys_uuv_maker_bluefin_robotics/ |website=roboticsbusinessreview.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1997 || || || " The robot rover Sojourner is launched to Mars. It was only expected to operate for a week but managed to explore the planet for over three months before losing contact with Earth. It was able to gather environmental data and conduct several scientific experiments, the results of which were transmitted back to NASA. The onboard computer allowed it to react to unplanned events and obstacles, even with minimal data."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
+| 1997 || || || The robot rover Sojourner is launched to Mars. Originally expected to operate for a week, it exceeded expectations, exploring the planet for over three months before communication was lost. Sojourner collected environmental data, conducted scientific experiments, and transmitted results back to NASA. Its onboard computer enabled it to respond to unplanned events and obstacles with minimal data.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1997 || || || "NASA's PathFinder landed on Mars. The wheeled robotic rover sent images and data about Mars back to Earth."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> "In 1997 The Pathfinder Mission landed on Mars. Its robotic rover Sojourner, rolled down a ramp and onto Martian soil in early July. It continued to broadcast data from the Martian surface until September."<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
+| 1997 || || || NASA's Pathfinder mission successfully lands on Mars. The mission includes a wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which rolls down a ramp onto Martian soil in early July. Sojourner would continue to transmit data from the Martian surface until September, providing valuable images and information about Mars back to Earth.<ref name="robotiksistem.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1997 || || || "IBM’s Deep Blue computer defeated chess champion Garry Kasparov, heralding a landmark achievement in robotic AI’s ability to plan and react."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1997 || || || "Honda created the P3, the second major step in creating their ASIMO. The P3 was Honda’s first completely autonomous humanoid robot."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1997 || || || Honda achieves a significant milestone in robotics with the creation of the P3, marking the second major advancement in the development of their humanoid robot, ASIMO. Unlike its predecessors, the P3 has the capability to operate independently, without the need for constant human control or guidance. This breakthrough in robotics technology paves the way for further advancements in the field, demonstrating the potential for autonomous robots to perform a wide range of tasks in various environments. Honda's ASIMO project would since continue to push the boundaries of robotics innovation, aiming to create humanoid robots capable of assisting humans in diverse scenarios, from household chores to complex industrial tasks.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1997 || || || {{w|Robotics Design Inc}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Robotics Design Inc. |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/robotics-design-inc-/ |website=linkedin.com |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
@@ Line 522: / Line 451: @@
 | 1997 || || Competition || {{w|Federation of International Robot-soccer Association}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer Robotics |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-40921-2_1 |website=link.springer.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1997 || || || "Computer programs, called "web bots", become widely used on the web to delve for information."<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
+| 1997 || || || A significant development occurs with the emergence of computer programs known as "web bots." These programs gain widespread popularity and adoption across the internet for their capability to systematically explore and extract information from websites. Essentially, web bots act as automated agents, navigating through web pages, indexing content, and collecting data based on predefined criteria or user instructions. Their ability to delve into vast amounts of online information would revolutionize various fields, including web search, data mining, and market research. This marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of web technology, facilitating more efficient and comprehensive information retrieval on the burgeoning World Wide Web.<ref name="thocp.net"/> ||
 |-
 | 1998 || || || robot-head.<ref name="Alexa is Stealing"/> ||
@@ Line 530: / Line 459: @@
 | 1998 || || || "In 1998 Sony began providing researchers with programmable AIBOs for a new competition category; this gave teams a standard reliable prebuilt hardware platform for software experimentation."<ref name="britannica.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1998 || || || "LEGO launches its first Robotics Inventions System."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1998 || || || LEGO launches its first Robotics Invention System. This groundbreaking system, known as the Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System (RIS), revolutionizes how kids could interact with robotics. It combines the classic LEGO building blocks with programmable components, allowing users to design, build, and code their own robots. The RIS marks the beginning of the long-running Lego Mindstorms series, which would continue to inspire young inventors and coders until today.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
 |-
-| 1998 || || || "Dr. Cynthia created Kismet, a robotic creature that interacted emotionally with people."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
+| 1998 || || || MIT graduate student Cynthia Breazeal makes a significant contribution to the field of robotics with Kismet, an expressive robot head designed to be a pioneer in affective computing, allowing interaction with humans through the recognition and simulation of emotions. Breazeal's work with Kismet helps pave the way for the development of more socially interactive robots.<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1998 || || || "LEGO released their MINDSTORMS robotic development product line, which is a system for inventing robots using a modular design and LEGO plastic bricks."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
+| 1998 || || || LEGO introduces the MINDSTORMS robotic development product line, revolutionizing the world of robotics education and hobbyist programming. This innovative system allows users to create customizable robots using a combination of modular components and LEGO plastic bricks. MINDSTORMS provide an accessible platform for learning about robotics, programming, and engineering principles in a hands-on and engaging way. This release marks a significant milestone in making robotics education and experimentation more accessible to the general public.<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
 |-
 | 1998 || || || "Campbell Aird was fitted with the first bionic arm called the Edinburg Modular Arm System (EMAS). "<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> ||
@@ Line 655: / Line 584: @@
 | 2004 || || || "Epsom release the smallest known robot, standing 7cm high and weighing just 10 grams. The robot helicopter is intended to be used as a ‘flying camera’ during natural disasters."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/> ||
 |-
-| 2004 || || || "Motoman, Japan, introduced the improved robot control system (NX100) which provided the synchronized control of four robots, up to 38 axis"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 2004 || || || Motoman, based in Japan, introduces the enhanced robot control system (NX100), enabling synchronized control of up to four robots with a total of 38 axes. This advancement marks a significant evolution in robotics technology, allowing for increased coordination and efficiency in industrial automation processes.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 2005 || || || "Researchers at Cornell University build the first self-replicating robot. Each ‘robot’ is made up of a small tower of computerized cubes which link together through the use of magnets."<ref name="The History of Roboticss"/><ref name="Alexa is Stealing">{{cite book |last1=Scharf |first1=Rhonda |title=Alexa is Stealing Your Job: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Your Future |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S0eHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17&dq=2005+Cornell+University+created+self-replicating+robots&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX3_bpl_DnAhVbGbkGHevFBvwQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=2005%20Cornell%20University%20created%20self-replicating%20robots&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2005 || || || {{w|TOPIO}} begins development by {{w|TOSY}}. || {{w|Vietnam}}
+|-
+| 2005 || || || Development begins on BEAR, a military robot designed for functions rather than humanoid appearance. BEAR features tank-like treads for movement and has proven effective in navigating rough terrain, carrying loads, and aiding in military operations.<ref name="How Robotics"/> ||
 |-
 | 2005 || || || "The Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), created HUBO, and claims it is the smartest mobile robot in the world. This robot is linked to a computer via a high-speed wireless connection; the computer does all of the thinking for the robot."<ref name="robotshop.coms"/> || {{w|South Korea}}
@@ Line 695: / Line 626: @@
 | 2006 || || || {{w|Robot Galaxy}} is founded. It is a mallbased retail and entertainment company that allows children to build their own personalized robots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robotgalaxy |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/robotgalaxy |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2006 || || || "With the first systems realized in 2006, Reis Robotics became market leader for photovoltaic module production lines"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
+| 2006 || || || German industrial robot manufacturer {{w|Reis Robotics}} emerges as the market leader for photovoltaic module production lines, marking a significant milestone in the renewable energy industry. Their innovative systems, introduced for the first time that year, would revolutionize the production process for solar panels. By leveraging advanced robotics technology, Reis Robotics facilitates the mass production of photovoltaic modules, contributing to the growth of solar energy as a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources. This achievement underscores the pivotal role of automation in advancing clean energy technologies and addressing global environmental challenges.<ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
 | 2006 || || || "Motoman, Japan, launched human sized single armed (7 axis) and dual armed robot (13 axis) with all of the supply cables hidden in the robot arm"<ref name="Robot Historys"/> ||
@@ Line 702: / Line 633: @@
 |-
 | 2007 || August || {{w|Robot-assisted surgery}} || Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performs the first robotic-assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain.<ref>{{cite web |last=Parekattil |first=Sijo | name-list-format = vanc |title=Robotic Infertility|url=http://www.roboticinfertility.com|access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2007 || || || {{w|VGo Communications}}<ref>{{cite web |title=VGo Communications |url=https://telepresencerobots.com/vgo-communications |website=telepresencerobots.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VGo Communications  Read more at CB Insights: https://www.cbinsights.com/company/vgo-communications |url=https://www.cbinsights.com/company/vgo-communications |website=cbinsights.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2007 || || Competition || {{w|VEX Robotics Competition}}<ref>{{cite web |title=VEX Robotics Competitions |url=https://www.wpi.edu/news/annual-events/robotics-competitions/vex-robotics |website=wpi.edu |accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 718: / Line 647: @@
 |-
 | 2008 || June || {{w|Robot-assisted surgery}} || The {{w|German Aerospace Centre}} (DLR) presents a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the {{w|MiroSurge}}.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hagn U, Nickl M, Jörg S, Tobergte A, Kübler B, Passig G, Gröger M, Fröhlich F, Seibold U, Konietschke R, Le-Tien L, Albu-Schäffer A, Grebenstein M, Ortmaier T, Hirzinger G | display-authors = 6 |date=2008 |title=DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics|volume=7|journal=Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC |pages=143–146}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
-|-
-| 2008 || || || [[w:Robai|Robai Corporation]] is founded. Based in {{w|Cambridge, Massachusetts}}, it develops lightweight robotic systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robai |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/robai |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2008 || || || {{w|Rethink Robotics}} is founded by {{w|Rodney Brooks}} and Ann Whittaker as a robotics company.<ref name=BloombergProfile>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=62245405 |title=Company Overview of Rethink Robotics, Inc. |publisher=Bloomberg Business |accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inside the Rethink Robotics shutdown |url=https://www.therobotreport.com/rethink-robotics-shutdown/ |website=therobotreport.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pioneering creator of collaborative ‘cobots’ Rethink Robotics shuts down |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/4/17935820/rethink-robotics-shuts-down-baxter-sawyer-robot-cobots |website=theverge.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2008 || || || "FANUC, Japan, launched a new heavy duty robot with a payload of almost 1,200kg"<ref name="Robot Historys"/>
+| 2008 || || || Japanese robotics company FANUC introduces a new heavy-duty robot with an impressive payload capacity of nearly 1,200 kilograms. This release marks a significant advancement in industrial robotics, as the robot is capable of handling heavy loads with precision and efficiency. The introduction of such a high-capacity robot expands the possibilities for automation in industries requiring heavy lifting and manipulation tasks, such as automotive manufacturing, logistics, and material handling.  <ref name="Robot Historys"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 2009 || || || {{w|Dexter Industries}} is founded. It is an educational robotics company that develops robot kits aimed at making programming accessible for users.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dexter Industries Joins Modular Robotics |url=https://www.dexterindustries.com/dexter-industries-joins-modular-robotics/ |website=dexterindustries.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dexter Industries |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/dexter-industries |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 733: / Line 660: @@
 | 2009 || || || Canadian company Titan Meical Inc. announces its four-armed manipulator system, the Amadeus, later called SPORT.<ref name="Human-Computer Interaction"/> || {{w|Canada}}
 |-
-| 2009 || || || {{w|3D Robotics}} is founded. It operates drone technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=3D Robotics |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/3d-robotics |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2009 || || || Japanese company Yaskawa Motoman unveils the enhanced robot control system known as the DX100. This innovative system represents a significant advancement in robotic control technology, offering fully synchronized control of up to eight robots with a total of 72 axes. Additionally, the DX100 system provides comprehensive integration with input/output (I/O) devices and communication protocols, enabling seamless coordination and communication between robots and external systems.<ref name="Robot Historys">{{cite web |title=Robot History |url=https://ifr.org/robot-history |website=ifr.org |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
-|-
-| 2009 || || || "Yaskawa Motoman, Japan, introduced the improved robot control system (DX100) which provided the fully synchronized control of eight robots, up to 72 axis. I/O devices and communication protocols. Dynamic interference zones protect robot arm and provide advanced collision avoidance."<ref name="Robot Historys">{{cite web |title=Robot History |url=https://ifr.org/robot-history |website=ifr.org |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2010 || September 10 || || {{w|ispace (Japanese company)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=What makes iSpace successful? |url=https://newspace2060.com/2019/01/28/ispace/ |website=newspace2060.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ispace |url=http://media.ispace-inc.com/ |website=media.ispace-inc.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
@@ Line 743: / Line 668: @@
 | 2010 || September || {{w|Robot-assisted surgery}} || The first robotic operation at the {{w|femoral vasculature}} is performed at the {{w|University Medical Centre Ljubljana}} by a team led by {{w|Borut Geršak}}.<ref name="FV_robo1">{{cite news|url=http://med.over.net/index.php?full=1&id=25545&title=V_UKC_Ljubljana_prvi___na_svetu_uporabili___ilnega_robota_za_posege_na_femoralnem___ilju|title=V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju|language=Slovenian|trans-title=The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature|date=8 November 2010|access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="FV_robo2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/zdravje/1042434634|title=UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine|language=Slovenian|trans-title=UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations|date=30 March 2011}}</ref> || {{w|Slovenia}}
 |-
-| 2010 || || || {{w|Turing Robot}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Turing Robot |url=https://www.cbinsights.com/company/guangnian-wuxian |website=cbinsights.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
+| 2011 || || || Robonaut-2 becomes the first humanoid robot in space when it is launched to the {{w|International Space Station}} (ISS). Initially serving as a training tool for roboticists, it would undergo upgrades to assist astronauts in conducting hazardous spacewalks outside the station. This advancement demonstrates the potential for robots to undertake complex tasks in challenging environments beyond Earth. Robonaut-2's presence on the ISS highlights the collaborative efforts between humans and robots in space exploration, paving the way for future missions and innovations in space robotics.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=Henry M. |title=The Coolest Job in the Universe: Working Aboard the International Space Station |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VZhmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=2011+Robonaut-2+is+launched+to+the+International+Space+Station&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW0vWql_DnAhX1FLkGHZZkBuEQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=2011%20Robonaut-2%20is%20launched%20to%20the%20International%20Space%20Station&f=false}}</ref> ||
-|-
-| 2010 || || || {{w|Sphero}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Robotic Toys that got Sphero Rolling into Classrooms |url=https://www.hexnub.com/meet-the-robotic-toys-that-got-sphero-rolling-into-the-classroom/ |website=hexnub.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sphero spinoff Misty Robotics gets $11.5 million to create a mainstream robot for the home |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/20/sphero-spinoff-misty-robotics-gets-11-5-mil-to-create-a-mainstream-robot-for-the-home/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2011 || || || "Robonaut-2 is launched to the International Space Station and becomes the first humanoid robot in space. It currently serves as a training tool for roboticists in space, though is currently being upgraded to help astronauts complete dangerous, out of station spacewalks."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=Henry M. |title=The Coolest Job in the Universe: Working Aboard the International Space Station |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VZhmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=2011+Robonaut-2+is+launched+to+the+International+Space+Station&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW0vWql_DnAhX1FLkGHZZkBuEQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=2011%20Robonaut-2%20is%20launched%20to%20the%20International%20Space%20Station&f=false}}</ref> ||
-|-
-| 2011 || || || {{w|Double Robotics}}<ref>{{cite web |title=7 Things about Double Robotics |url=https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/7E70FBB5-0BBC-EF4C-A56CBB9121AECA7F/7_things_double.pdf |website=gvsu.edu |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Telepresence Robots Are the Future of Remote Work – An Interview With Double Robotics |url=https://hackernoon.com/telepresence-robots-are-the-future-for-remote-workers-an-interview-with-double-robotics-0t7b30iw |website=hackernoon.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2011 || September || || {{w|Formlabs}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Planchard |first1=David |title=Official Guide to Certified SOLIDWORKS Associate Exams: CSWA, CSWA-SD, CSWSA-FEA, CSWA-AM (2017-2019) |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=H4d-DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA8&lpg=RA6-PA8&dq=2011+September+Formlabs&source=bl&ots=uIET8eZ7OG&sig=ACfU3U076tKQV5PpoFxiS6_wz4gbhNagAQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi906yY0IjoAhXbDbkGHbf_BTkQ6AEwDnoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=2011%20September%20Formlabs&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2012 || || || {{w|Sastra Robotics}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Creator of Sastra Robotics is Turning Sci-Fi Real |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/289790 |website=entrepreneur.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
-|-
-| 2012 || || || {{w|Wonder Workshop}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonder Workshop |url=https://www.makewonder.com/about/ |website=makewonder.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wonder Workshop Cements Global STEM Product Industry Lead, Announces $20 Million Series B Financing Round |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160728005533/en/Workshop-Cements-Global-STEM-Product-Industry-Lead |website=businesswire.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2012 || || || {{w|Redwood Robotics}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Follett |first1=Jonathan |title=Designing for Emerging Technologies: UX for Genomics, Robotics, and the Internet of Things |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iThIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188&lpg=PT188&dq=2012+Redwood+Robotics&source=bl&ots=VS84xARrLL&sig=ACfU3U2lVCybwvzQvNVW_p1yzA24wOcecg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq_K3S1YboAhWvHDQIHWWGDIYQ6AEwEHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=2012%20Redwood%20Robotics&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2013 || || || {{w|Hanson Robotics}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hanson Robotics |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/hanson-robotics-inc |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A journalist claims Jeffrey Epstein told him he funded a robot named Sophia |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeffrey-epstein-told-a-journalist-he-funded-sophia-the-robot-2019-9 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2013 || September 1 || || {{w|Lily Robotics}} is founded. Based in the {{w|San Francisco Bay Area}} it produces flying cameras.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lily |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/lily-robotics |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lily Robotics |url=https://www.cbinsights.com/company/lily |website=cbinsights.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 2013 || || || {{w|Dash Robotics, Inc}} is founded. It develops app-controlled robots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dash Robotics |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/dash-robotics-inc-/about/ |website=linkedin.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dash Robotics Raises $2.7 Million To Focus On Building Long-Term Partnerships With Major Toy And Entertainment Brands |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dash-robotics-raises-27-million-to-focus-on-building-long-term-partnerships-with-major-toy-and-entertainment-brands-300599278.html |website=prnewswire.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2014 || || || Autonomous driving software company {{w|Oxbotica}} is founded in {{w|Oxford, England}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxbotica |url=https://www.oxbotica.com/about-us/ |website=oxbotica.com |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oxbotica to double workforce after raising £14m in first funding round |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/09/19/oxbotica-raises-14m-first-funding-round/ |website=telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
@@ Line 783: / Line 688: @@
 | 2016 || || || {{w|Starsky Robotics}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Starsky Robotics raises a $16.5 million Series A for its self-driving trucks |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/08/starsky-robotics-raises-a-16-5-million-series-a-for-its-self-driving-trucks/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Starsky Robotics Seeks Potential Buyers As Autonomous Startup Struggles To Raise Funds |url=https://www.benzinga.com/news/19/12/15039853/starsky-robotics-seeks-potential-buyers-as-autonomous-startup-struggles-to-raise-funds |website=benzinga.com |accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2017 || || || "The robot Sophia is granted Suadi Arabian citizenship. It becomes the first robot to be recognized with a gender identity and nationality. This raises several ethical problems, such as whether or not the deliberate shut-down of Sophia would be considered murder."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|Saudi Arabia}}
+| 2017 || || || The robot Sophia makes headlines when it is granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, marking a significant milestone in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics. This event sparks discussions about the ethical implications of granting citizenship to AI entities, as well as the broader questions surrounding the rights and responsibilities associated with advanced autonomous systems.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|Saudi Arabia}}
 |-
 | 2017 || || || RoboChef restaurant in {{w|Tehran}}, {{w|Iran}} becomes the first robotic and ‘waiterless’ restaurant of the {{w|Middle East}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/middle-east-first-robotic-restaurant-opens-tehran/|title=Middle East's First Robotic Restaurant Opens in Tehran|last=Staff|first=IFP Editorial|date=2017-10-29|website=IFP News|language=En|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/08/05/530795/hitech-restaurant|title=PressTV-Tehran eatery serves meals by robots|website=presstv.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/sci-tech/70243/interactive-restaurants-making-their-mark|title=Interactive Restaurants Making Their Mark|date=2017-08-13|website=Financial Tribune|language=En|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Iran}}
@@ Line 789: / Line 694: @@
 | 2018 || April 13 || || {{w|Swift Xi}} || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 2019 || || || "Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania create millions of nanobots over the span of a few weeks using technology from semiconductors. They are small enough to be injected into the human body and controlled remotely."<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2019 || || || University of Pennsylvania researchers achieve a breakthrough, creating millions of nanobots within weeks using semiconductor technology. These nanobots, small enough for injection into the human body, can be remotely controlled. This pioneering development holds immense potential for medical applications, including targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive procedures. However, ethical considerations regarding safety, efficacy, and privacy arise.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2025 || || || Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by this year. || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 2030 || || || " 2030 second-generation robots with trainable mouselike minds may become possible."<ref name="britannica.com"/> ||
+| 2030 || || || According to a forecast, second-generation robots with trainable mouselike minds may become a reality by this time. This advancement suggests a significant leap in artificial intelligence and robotics, potentially allowing robots to learn and adapt to their environments in a manner akin to small mammals like mice. If realized, these trainable robots could offer enhanced capabilities for tasks ranging from household chores to complex industrial operations.<ref name="britannica.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 2040 || || || "By 2040 computing power should make third-generation robots with monkeylike minds possible."<ref name="britannica.com"/> ||
+| 2040 || || || By this time, computing power should make third-generation robots with monkeylike minds possible.<ref name="britannica.com"/> ||
 |-
 |}