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| 1966 || Scientific development || Allen and Beatrice Gardner pioneer the teaching of {{w|American Sign Language}} (ASL) to the chimpanzee [[w:Washoe (chimpanzee)|Washoe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BEATRIX GARDNER (1933 -1995): HER CONTRIBUTIONS TO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269932364_BEATRIX_GARDNER_1933_-1995_HER_CONTRIBUTIONS_TO_DEVELOPMENTAL_PSYCHOBIOLOGY |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beatrix T. Gardner Dies at 61; Taught Signs to a Chimpanzee |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/01/obituaries/beatrix-t-gardner-dies-at-61-taught-signs-to-a-chimpanzee.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees |url=http://www.sunypress.edu/p-825-teaching-sign-language-to-chimp.aspx |website=sunypress.edu |accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1983 || Literature || American psychologist {{w|David Premack}} publishes ''{{w|The Mind of an Ape}}'', arguing that it is possible to teach {{w|language}} to (non-human) great apes.<ref>{{cite web |title=The mind of an ape |url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~premack/Publications.html |website=sas.upenn.edu |accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Premack |first1=David |last2=Premack |first2=Ann J. |title=The Mind of an Ape |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_Mind_of_an_Ape.html?id=wg5gJQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1988 || Literature || Quarterly international philosophy journal ''Etica & Animali'' is launched. It is edited by {{w|Paola Cavalieri}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Etica & animali. |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/etica-animali/oclc/38160858 |website=worldcat.org |accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>"About the author", from Oxford University Press's [http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/EthicsMoralPhilosophy/AppliedEthics/?view=usa&ci=9780195173659&view=usa catalog entry for Cavalieri's book ''The Animal Question''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301083913/http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/EthicsMoralPhilosophy/AppliedEthics/?view=usa&ci=9780195173659&view=usa |date=2007-03-01 }}.</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
