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Timeline of the National Institutes of Health

1,303 bytes added, 16:14, 15 October 2017
References
==Visual data==
 
[[File:NIH congressional appropriations per year. In thousands of dollars. Cumulative.png|thumb|center|600px|National Institutes of Health (NIH) total congressional appropriations per year. Cumulative, in thousands of dollars. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) both stand out for their larger proportions, with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in third place.<ref name="NIH congressional appropriations">{{cite web|title=NIH congressional appropriations|url=https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/approp_hist.html|website=nih.gov|accessdate=27 March 2017}}</ref>]]
<gallery align="center" perrow="4" widths="190" heights="190" mode="nolines">
File:NIH total congressional appropriations per year. In millions of dollars. Non-logarithmic.png|thumb|National Institutes of Health total congressional appropriations per year. In thousands of dollars. Non-logarithmic.<ref name="NIH congressional appropriations"/>
</gallery>
 
==Full timeline==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
| 1964 (January) || Foundation || The [[wikipedia:Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System|Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System]] (MEDLARS) becomes operational at the [[wikipedia:National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]].<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1964 (April) || Foundation || The Division of Computer Research and Technology (DCRT) is established (actual [[wikipedia:Center for Information Technology|Center for Information Technology]]).<ref name="Chronology of Events"/><ref name="List of NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices"/> ||
|-
| 1966 || Policy || The National Institute of Health budget surpasses one billion dolars.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Epidemiology"/> ||
| 1972 (May) || || The National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (NIAMD) is renamed the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (NIAMDD).<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1972 || || Dr. Christian B. Anfinsen, researcher at the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (NIAMDD), is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/|website=nobelprize.org|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]]
|-
| 1973 (May) || Administration || Robert S. Stone, M.D. succeeds Robert Marston as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until January 1975.<ref name="NIH Directors"/> ||
| 1975 (July) || Administration || Donald S. Fredrickson, M.D. succeeds Robert Stone as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until June 1981.<ref name="NIH Directors"/> ||
|-
| 1976 (June) || || The National Heart and Lung Institute is renamed the [[wikipedia:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] (NHLBI).<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1981 (June) || || The National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolic, and Digestive Diseases is renamed the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney diseases(NIADDK).<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1982 (April) || Administration || James B. Wyngaarden, M.D. becomes the 12th director of the National Institute of Health, appointed by President Ronald Reagan. In office until July 1989.<ref name="NIH Directors"/> ||
| 1990 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Human Genome Project|Human Genome Project]] officially launches.<ref name="National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)">{{cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-human-genome-research-institute-nhgri|title=National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)|website=nih.gov|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> The National Center for Human Genome Research is established in January.<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1990 || Foundation || The [[wikipedia:Foundation for the National Institutes of Health|Foundation for the National Institutes of Health]] (FNIH) is established by the United States Congress as a not-for-profit charitable organization, with aims at facilitating research at the NIH and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=FNIH|url=https://fnih.org/about|website=fnih.org|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref> |||-| 1991 || Scientific development || Scientists at NHI NIH treate the first cancer patients with human gene therapy.<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1991 (April) || Administration || [[wikipedia:Bernadine Healy|Bernadine Healy]], M.D. becomes the 13th director of the NIH. Shortly after her appointment, Healy would launch the NIH Women's Health Initiative, a $500 million effort to study the causes, prevention, and cures of diseases that affect women. In office until June 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernadine Healy, M.D.|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/bernadine-healy-md|website=nih.gov|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1992 || || [[wikipedia:The National Institute on Drug Abuse |The National Institute on Drug Abuse]] (NIDA), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) become part of the National Institutes of Health.<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1993 (November) || Administration || Harold E. Varmus, M.D. succeeds Bernadine Healy as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until December 1999.<ref name="NIH Directors"/> ||
|-
| 1997 || || The Division of Research Grants (DRG ) is renamed the [[wikipedia:Center for Scientific Review|Center for Scientific Review]] and the Division of Computer Research and Technology becomes the [[wikipedia:Center for Information Technology|Center for Information Technology]].<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 1999 || Foundation || The [[wikipedia:|National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] (NCCIH) is established as a center of the NIH.<ref name="List of NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices"/> Its funding ranges from $50 million in 1999 to $128.8 million in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/about/budget/appropriations.htm#note1|title=NCCIH Funding: Appropriations History|website=nih.gov|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> ||
| 2005 || Foundation || The [[wikipedia:Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives|Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives]] (DPCPSI) is founded as a new office within the Office of the NIH Director with the purpose of transforming the way NIH finds and funds cutting-edge research, improving the ability to identify public health challenges, and increasing trans-NIH dialogue, decision-making and priority-setting.<ref name="Elias A. Zerhouni"/> ||
|-
| 2008 || Policy || The [[wikipedia:NIH Public Access policy |NIH Public Access policy]] is enacted. It would require all NIH-funded researchers to deposit electronic copies of their peer-reviewed manuscripts into the National Library of Medicine’s online archive, [[wikipedia:PubMed Central|PubMed Central]] (PMC). Full texts of the articles would be made publicly available and searchable online in PMC no later than 12 months after publication in a journal.<ref>{{cite web|title=The US National Institutes of Health Public Access Policy|url=https://sparcopen.org/our-work/nih-public-access-policy/|website=sparcopen.org|publisher=The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2009 (August) || Administration || [[wikipedia:Francis Collins|Francis Collins]], M.D., Ph.D. is appointed the 16th Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by President [[wikipedia:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]]. Collins had previously led the international Human Genome Project, which culminated in April 2003 with the completion of a finished sequence of the human DNA instruction book.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/biographical-sketch-francis-s-collins-md-phd|title=Biographical Sketch of Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.|website=nih.gov|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> Still in office.<ref name="List of NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices"/> ||
|-
| 2010 || || [[wikipedia:National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke| NINDS ]] partners with the University of Virginia to establish a neurosurgical residency program set to last seven years. The program is intended to serve as a model for training neurosurgeon clinician-investigators who are capable of performing translational research.<ref name="Chronology of Events"/> ||
|-
| 2011 || Foundation || The [[wikipedia:National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences|National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences]] (NCATS) is established as a center of the NIH.<ref name="List of NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices"/> ||
|-
| 2015 || Program launch || United States President Barack Obama launches his Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) at NIH, with aims at extending precision medicine to all diseases.<ref name="Chronology of Events"/>
|-
| 2015 || Policy || The United States [[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] issues a statement indicating that it will not fund any research that uses genome editing tools such as CRISPR in [[wikipedia:human embryos|human embryos]].<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org">{{cite web|title=CRISPR|url=http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/science/crispr|website=whatisbiotechnology.org|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref> ||
|-
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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