Timeline of vegetarianism and veganism
From Timelines
This is a timeline of veganism and vegetarianism.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary | More details |
---|---|---|
1944 | Vegan movement |
Time period | Development summary |
---|---|
18th century | "Historian Dr Catherine Oliver suggests that 18th Century philosopher Jeremy Bentham is the earliest notable proponent of likening animal suffering to that of humans: “The question is not ‘can they reason?’ Nor, ‘can they talk?’ But, ‘can they suffer?’ Dr Oliver told The Independent that veganism today is being increasingly situated “not as a diet but as a social justice issue”."[1] |
19th century | Vegetarianism establishes itself as a significant movement in England and the United States.[2] |
20th century | |
21st century | The vegan diet becomes increasingly mainstream in the 2010s.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] especially in the latter half.[6][11] |
Full timeline
Year | Category | Event type | Details | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|
3300 BC–1300 BC | The practice of veganism is already identified in the Indus Valley Civilization in the Indian subcontinent[12][13][14] particularly in northern and western ancient India.[15] | India | ||
877 BC–777 BC | Early Jain called Parshvanatha teaches followers about ahimsa (non-violence), one of the cornerstone beliefs meaning non-violence to living forms.[1] | India | ||
520 BC | Vegetarianism | Policy | Persian emperor Cyrus the Great is born. A vegetarian himself, Cyrus would order his soldiers also strictly to adhere to this diet.[16] | |
500 BC | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Greek philosopher Pythagoras advocates the idea that all animals have immortal souls which would be reincarnated after death. Pythagoras promotes benevolence among all species and follows what could be described as a vegetarian diet.[17][1] | Greece |
484BC–425BC | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Greek historian Herodotus lives. He condemns the killing and eating of animals.[16] | Greece |
206 BC–220 AD | Vegetarianism | Custom | Han Dynasty. Vegetarianism is introduced by buddhist missionaries from India.[18] | China |
106BC–423BC | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Roman statesman Cicero states:"Man is destined to a better occupation than that of pursuing and cutting the throat of dumb creatures." And, " Nothing cruel is useful or expedient."[16] | |
5 BC–65 AD | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca lives. An ardent vegetarian, Seneca creates a vegetarian cult in the Court.[16] | |
40 AD–120 AD | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Greek philosopher Plutarch lives. His essay on flesh eating contains ethical arguments for vegetarianism.[16] | |
520 | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Buddhist monk Boddhidharma introduces Zen in China. Boddhidharma teaches vegetarianism.[18] | India |
973–1057 | Veganism | Adoption | Arab poet al-Maʿarri is recognized as one of the earliest known vegans.[19] | |
1398 | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Indian mystic poet Kabir calls to compassion, condemning meat-eating and killing of animals no matter if it is permitted in the "Koran" or any other Scripture for "sacrificial" purposes.[20][21] | India |
1806 | Veganism | Concept development | The earliest concepts of veganism start to take shape, with Dr William Lambe and Percy Bysshe Shelley amongst the first Europeans to publicly object to eggs and dairy on ethical grounds.[17] | |
1809 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Bible Christian Church, a Christian vegetarian sect, is founded by William Cowherd.[22] | United Kingdom |
1813 | Vegetarianism | Literature (book) | English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley publishes A Vindication of Natural Diet, advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors". | United Kingdom |
1815 | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | London physician William Lambe claims that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne.[23] | United Kingdom |
1839 | Vegetarianism | Concept development | "The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet."[24] | |
1847 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The UK Vegetarian Society is founded.[25] | United Kingdom |
1850 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The American Vegetarian Association in founded in New York.[26] | United States |
1882 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The French Vegetarian Society is founded.[27] | France |
1883 | Vegetarianism | Literature (book) | English humanitarian Howard Williams publishes The Ethics of Diet, which is considered the first book on vegetarian history.[28] | |
1884 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Hungarian Vegetarian Society is founded.[29] | Hungary |
1892 | Organization | ProVeg Germany is founded.[30] | Germany | |
1894 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Dutch Vegetarian League is founded.[31] | Netherlands |
1896 | Vegetarianism | Organization | A Vegetarian Society is formed in Stockholm.[32] | Sweden |
1899 | Vegetarianism | Organization | A Vegetarian Society is established in Milan.[33] | Italy |
1901 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Russian Vegetarian Society is formed.[34] | Russia |
1905 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Spanish Vegetarian Society is formed.[35] | Spain |
1906 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Greek Vegetarian Society is formed.[36] | Greece |
1908 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The International Vegetarian Union is launched at an International Vegetarian Congress in Dresden, Germany.[37][38] | Germany |
1908 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The World Esperantist Vegetarian Association is founded.[39] | |
1918 | Veganism | The world's first raw vegan restaurant is opened in Los Angeles, California by John and Vera Richter.[40] | United States | |
1925 | Veganism | Literature (book) | Vera Richter publishes Mrs. Richter's Cook-Less Book, the first raw vegan cookbook.[40] | United States |
1935 | Vegetarianism | The Vegetarian Society states: "The lacto-vegetarians, on the whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency."[41] | ||
1943 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The New Zealand Vegetarian Society is founded.[42] | New Zeland |
1944 | Veganism | Organization | The Vegan Society is founded.[43] | |
1944 | Veganism | The Vegan Society co-founder Donald Watson coins the term "vegan" using it to mean "non-dairy vegetarian".[44][45][46][1][47] | ||
1945 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Toronto Vegetarian Association is founded.[48] | Canada |
1945 | Veganism | Vegans explicitly abstain from "eggs, honey; and animals' milk, butter and cheese".[46] | ||
1951 | Veganism | The Vegan Society defines veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".[49] Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s,"[50][6][6] | ||
1952 | Organization | The Italian Vegetarian Association is founded.[51] | Italy | |
1957 | Vegetarianism | World Vegetarian Congress 1957 | ||
1960 | Veganism | Organization | The American Vegan Society is founded.[52] | United States |
1974 | Vegetarianism | Organization | Hare Krishna Food for Life is founded as a nonprofit with the purpose "to bring peace and prosperity to the world through the liberal distribution of sanctified vegetarian meals".[53] | India |
1974 | Vegetarianism | Literature (magazine) | American magazine Vegetarian Times launches.[54] | United States |
1975 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Jewish Vegetarian Society of America is founded.[55] | |
1978 | Veganism | Organization | The Dutch Society for Veganism is founded.[56] | Netherlands |
1984 | Veganism | Organization | Movement for Compassionate Living (MCL) is founded. It promotes veganism. | United Kingdom |
1984 | Vegetarianism | Literature | Daniel Dombrowski publishes The Philosophy of Vegetarianism. | |
1984 | Organization | Movement for Compassionate Living is founded.[57] | ||
1984 | Veganism | Literature | Brenda Davis publishes diet book Becoming Vegan. | |
1986 | Vegetarianism | Organization | Boston Vegetarian Society | United States |
1987 | Vegetarianism | Literature | Rudolph Ballentine publishes Transition to Vegetarianism: An Evolutionary Step. | |
1988 | Vegetarianism | Organization | European Vegetarian Union is founded. | Netherlands |
1989 | Veganism | Literature (magazine) | Arkangel is first published. It promotes vegan lifestyle. | United Kingdom |
1989 | Veganism | Literature (magazine) | No Compromise launches as a bi-annual animal rights magazine. It promotes a vegan lifestyle. | United States |
1993 | Veganism | Organization | Vegan Outreach is founded.[58] | United States |
1993 | Vegetarianism and veganism | Organization | Swissveg is founded.[59] | Switzerland |
1994 | Veganism | Organization | Vegan Prisoners Support Group is founded. | United Kingdom |
1994 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Association Végétarienne de France is founded.[60] | France |
1994 | Veganism | Advocacy | The World Vegan Day is first celebrated.[61] | |
1995 | Veganism | Organization | Vegan Awareness Foundation | United States |
1995 | Veganism | Organization | Vegan Awareness Foundation is founded.[62] | United States |
1998 | Veganism | Literature | Erik Marcus publishes Vegan: The New Ethics of Eating.[63] | |
1998 | Vegetarianism | A Vegetarian Diet Pyramid is created by Oldways Preservation Trust with scientific research from Cornell and Harvard University and specific reference to the healthy patterns of eating demonstrated by the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid.[64] | United States | |
1999 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Vegetarian Society (Singapore) is established.[65] | Singapore |
1999 | Vegetarianism | Organization | The Christian Vegetarian Association is founded.[66] | United States |
1999 | Vegetarianism | Literature (book) | Richard A. Young publishes Is God a Vegetarian? Christianity, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights.[67] | |
1999 | Literature | Lisa Portmess and Kerry S. Walters publish Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer | ||
1999 | Vegetarianism, veganism | Online community | HappyCow launches as an online service that lists sources of vegan, vegetarian and healthy food. | United States |
2000 | Organization | Ethical Vegetarian Alternative is founded to raise awareness about the benefits of eating less or no meat.[68] | Belgium | |
2000 | Organization | Tibetan Volunteers for Animals[69] | ||
2000 | Vegetarianism | Literature | Colin Spencer publishes Vegetarianism: A History.[70] | |
2000 | Veganism | Literature (magazine) | American magazine VegNews launches. It publishes content about and relating to veganism.[71] | United States |
2000 | Vegetarianism and veganism | online community | VeggieBoards launches. It is one of the largest and most active internet forums for vegetarians and vegans.[72] | |
2001 | Veganism | Talk radio program Go Vegan debuts. | United States | |
2002 | Activism | Meet Your Meat. "This documentary explores the treatment of animals in modern animal agriculture (also known as industrial agriculture or factory farming)."[73] | ||
2003 | Organization | Meatless Monday is founded.[74] | ||
2004 | Vegetarianism | Festival | Vegfest Brasil [75] | Brazil |
2004–2018 | "Search data from Google Trends shows an impressive worldwide increase in the interest in veganism from 2004 to 2018. Top regions include Israel, Australia, Canada, Austria, and New Zealand."[76] | |||
2006 | Vegetarianism | Festival | The Vegetarian Festival in Tokyo starts.[77] | Japan |
2009 | Veganism | Organization | Vegan Ireland: The Vegan Society of Ireland is founded as a non-profit. It promotes veganism and animal rights.[78] | Ireland |
2009 | Vegetarianism | Literature | Lierre Keith publishes The Vegetarian Myth. "Part memoir, nutritional primer, and political manifesto, this controversial examination exposes the destructive history of agriculturecausing the devastation of prairies and forests, driving countless species extinct, altering the climate, and destroying the topsoiland asserts that, in order to save the planet, food must come from within living communities"[79] | United States |
2009 | Vegetarianism and veganism | Literature | Amy Shand publishes That's why We Don't Eat Animals: A Book about Vegans, Vegetarians, and All Living Things, a non-fiction book for children.[80] | |
2010 | Vegetarianism | Environmental vegetarianism. A report from the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) International Panel of Sustainable Resource Management states:Impacts from agriculture are expected to increase substantially due to population growth and increasing consumption of animal products. Unlike fossil fuels, it is difficult to look for alternatives: people have to eat. A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible with a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products.[81] |
||
2012 | Organization | Vegan Australia is founded. It campaigns nationally for veganism.[82] | Australia | |
2013 | Veganism | Festival | Hong Kong Vegfest is held for the first time.[83] | Hong Kong |
2013 | Vegetarianism | Literature (book) | Adam D. Shprintzen publishes The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921.[84] | United States |
2013 | Veganism | Literature (book) | Amy Shand publishes V Is for Vegan: The ABCs of Being Kind.[85] | |
2014 | "There’s been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the U.S in the last three years. According to a report by research firm GlobalData, only 1% of U.S. consumers claimed to be vegan in 2014. And in 2017, that number rose to 6%."[76] | |||
2014 | Organization | Peepal Farm is founded.[86] | India | |
2014 | Veganism | Literature (book) | Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina publish diet book Becoming Vegan: The Complete Reference to Plant-Base Nutrition, Comprehensive Edition.[87] | |
2016 | Veganism | German companies launch more vegan food products than in any other country.[76] | Germany | |
2017 | "There’s been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the U.S in the last three years. According to a report by research firm GlobalData, only 1% of U.S. consumers claimed to be vegan in 2014. And in 2017, that number rose to 6%."[76] | |||
2017 | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Environmental vegetarianism. 15,364 world scientists sign a Warning to Humanity calling for, among other things, drastically diminishing our per capita consumption of meat.[88] | |
2017 | Veganism | Literature | Tobias Leenaert publishes How to Create a Vegan World: A Pragmatic Approach.[89] | |
2019 | Vegetarianism | Advocacy | Environmental vegetarianism. A significant reduction in meat consumption is advocated by, among others, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in their special report.[90] |
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
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What the timeline is still missing
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See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "WHO WERE THE WORLD'S VERY EARLIEST VEGANS?". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ↑ James Gregory, Of Victorians and Vegetarians, I. B. Tauris, 2007.
- ↑ "Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream". CBS News. Associated Press. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Nijjar, Raman (4 June 2011). "From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet". CBC News. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Molloy, Antonia (31 December 2013). "No meat, no dairy, no problem: is 2014 the year vegans become mainstream?". The Independent. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Tancock, Kat (13 January 2015). "Vegan cuisine moves into the mainstream – and it's actually delicious". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ {{Cite news|last=Crawford|first=Elizabeth|date=17 March 2015|title=Vegan is going mainstream, trend data suggests|url=https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests%7Curl-status=live%7Cwebsite=FoodNavigator-USA%7Cpublisher=William Reed Business Media|access-date=9 April 2020}
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Nick Pendergrast, "Environmental Concerns and the Mainstreaming of Veganism", in T. Raphaely (ed.), Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability, IGI Global, 2015, 106.
- ↑ Hancox, Dan (1 April 2018). "The unstoppable rise of veganism: how a fringe movement went mainstream". Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ↑ Bajpai, Shiva (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times. Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA). ISBN 978-1-934145-38-8.
- ↑ Spencer, Colin (1996). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. pp. 33–68, 69–84. ISBN 978-0874517606.
- ↑ Tähtinen, Unto. Ahimsa: Non-violence in Indian tradition. London: [1976], Rider and Company (1976).
- ↑ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 137. ISBN 9788131711200.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 "VEGETARIANISM 8th CENTURY b.c. TO 5th CENTURY A.D.". ivu.org. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "The Vegan Society". vegansociety.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "China & Vegetarianism". ivu.org. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ↑ D. S. Margoliouth, "Abu‘l-'Alā al-Ma‘arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 34(02), 1902 (289–332), 290. Template:Doi Template:Jstor
- ↑ "Timeline of Vegetarian History - from 1400 to 1800". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "KABIR'S CALL TO COMPASSION". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Julia Twigg (1981). "The Bible Christian Church". International Vegetarian Union.
- ↑ James C. Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 69–70: "Word of these cures of pimples, consumption, and virtually all ailments in between was widely distributed by his several publications ..."Template:Pb Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Vindication of Natural Diet, London: F. Pitman, 1884 [1813]; William Lambe, Joel Shew, Water and Vegetable Diet, New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815].
- ↑ Rod Preece, Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008, 12.
- ↑ "The Vegetarian Society of the UK:". ivu.org. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Life on the Veg: Early Vegetarianism in America". blog.nyhistory.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Lummel, Peter. Food and the City in Europe since 1800.
- ↑ "History of the International Vegetarian Union". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of the HungarianVegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "ProVeg Germany". glassdoor.co.nz. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of Netherlands Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of the Swedish Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of Italian Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of the Russian Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of Spanish Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of the Greek Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "History of the International Vegetarian Union". ivu.org. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ↑ "All the IVU World Vegfests - past and future". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "World Esperantist Vegetarian Association". uia.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Meares, Hadley. "L.A. Has Been Eating Raw Vegan Food Since 1918, Thanks to This Communist, Feminist Angeleno". Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ↑ Leneman 1999, 226.
- ↑ "New Zealand Vegetarian Society". worldmeatfreeweek.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "UK Vegan Society formed". vegansociety.today. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Watson, Donald (November 1944). "The Vegan News, Issue No. 1". Retrieved 13 June 2019.
- ↑ Watson, Donald (February 1945). "The Vegan News, Issue No. 2". Retrieved 13 June 2019.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Stefano, Fabio. get fed at home.
- ↑ "World Veganism - past, present and future". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "Toronto Vegetarian Association". eventbrite.ca. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Leslie Cross, "Veganism Defined", The Vegetarian World Forum, 5(1), Spring 1951.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Italian Vegetarian Society". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "American Vegan Society". americanvegan.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "ART-0703 Charity, Food for Life". iskconeducationalservices.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "Paul Obis Gave Up Meat, Founded Vegetarian Times and Later Had Second Thoughts". wsj.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Bring a Jewish Veg Speaker to Your Jewish Institution". jewishveg.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "Groningen home to first Vegan Student Association in the Netherlands". northerntimes.nl. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "Movement for Compassionate Living". bookdepository.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "What are they all about?". veganactivism.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "Swissveg-Team". swissveg.ch. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Hughes, Jane. The Adventurous Vegetarian: Around the World in 30 Meals.
- ↑ "World Vegan Month". vegansociety.com. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ↑ "Vegan Awareness Foundation". connectva.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "Vegan: The New Ethics of Eating". books.google.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Oldways". oldwayspt.org.
- ↑ "Vegetarian Society (Singapore)". vegetarian-society.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ "CHRISTIAN VEGETARIAN ASSOCIATION (CVA)". yale.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Is God a Vegetarian?: Christianity, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights". books.google.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Sustainable Food Planning: Evolving Theory and Practice (André Viljoen, Johannes S. C. Wiskerke ed.).
- ↑ "Tibetan Volunteers for Animals: Campaign in Nepal". phayul.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Vegetarianism: A History". books.google.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "V-dog named one of 2020's top plant-based products in VegNews Veggie Awards". businessinsider.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Fawnapp's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Meet Your Meat (2002)". themoviedb.org. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ↑ "Meatless Monday". researchgate.net. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ↑ "Campos do Jordão – Vegfest Brasil". eventosveganos.com.br. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 "Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn't A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats)". foodrevolution.org. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ "Vegan Ireland". vegan.ie. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ↑ "The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability". goodreads.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "That's why We Don't Eat Animals: A Book about Vegans, Vegetarians, and All Living Things". books.google.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Carus, Felicity (2010-06-02). "UN urges global move to meat and dairy-free diet". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Vegan Australia". veganaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ↑ "Vegfest". vegfest.hk. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "The vegetarian crusade: The rise of an American reform movement, 1817-1921". researchgate.net. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "V Is for Vegan: The ABCs of Being Kind". books.google.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ "Meet the people behind Peepal Farm, who tend to injured animals in Dharamshala". indiatoday.in. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ↑ "Becoming Vegan: Comprehensive Edition: The Complete Reference on Plant-Based Nutrition". barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. Bibcode:1985BioSc..35..499W. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125.
- ↑ "How to Create a Vegan World: A Pragmatic Approach". goodreads.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Schiermeier, Quirin (August 8, 2019). "Eat less meat: UN climate change report calls for change to human diet". Nature. Retrieved 9 April 2020.