View source for Timeline of nonprofit evaluation

{{Attribute English Wikipedia|original-exists=no}} 

This is a '''timeline of nonprofit evaluation''', in particular [[w:Charity evaluator|charity evaluation]].

==Big picture==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Time period !! Key developments
|-
| 1869–1930s || Scientific philanthropy (or scientific charity) begins. This movement is influenced by [[w:Social Darwinism|Social Darwinism]] in trying to exclude certain groups from receiving support, but is also focused on record-keeping and self-evaluation.<ref name=Stuhler/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bostonreview.net/forum/logic-effective-altruism/emma-saunders-hastings-response-effective-altruism |author=Emma Saunders-Hastings |date=July 1, 2015 |title=The Logic of Effective Altruism |publisher=Boston Review |accessdate=July 17, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1992–present || Starting with {{w|CharityWatch}}, this period sees the emergence of many charity watchdog organizations.
|-
| late 2000s || {{w|Effective altruism}} emerges as a movement with its current name, introducing new charity evaluation organizations and methodologies.<ref name="eight-billion-dollars">{{cite web|last1=Matthews|first1=Dylan|title=You have $8 billion. You want to do as much good as possible. What do you do?|url=http://www.vox.com/2015/4/24/8457895/givewell-open-philanthropy-charity|website=Vox|accessdate=12 March 2017|date=24 April 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Full timeline==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Evaluation type !! Event !! Geographic location
|-
| 1869 || Self-evaluation || {{w|Charity Organization Societies|Charity Organization Societies}} (COS) begin in England. In the US, the COS keeps centralized records and learn from each other, and is part of the [[w:Scientific Charity Movement|Scientific Charity Movement]]. The COS is dominant in private charity until the 1930s.<ref name="Stuhler">{{cite web |url=http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/programs/mental-health/scientific-charity-movement-charity-organization-societies/ |title=Scientific Charity Movement and Charity Organization Societies |first=Linda S. |last=Stuhler |accessdate=April 29, 2016}}</ref>|| [[w:England|England]], [[w:Germany|Germany]], [[w:United States|United States]]
|-
| 1941 || Government regulation || {{w|Form 990}} is first used.<ref name="eotopicg02">{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/eotopicg02.pdf |title=G. Form 990 |accessdate=January 29, 2016 |date=2002 |authors=Cheryl Chasin, Debra Kawecki and David Jones |publisher=Internal Revenue Service |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702072044/http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/eotopicg02.pdf |archivedate=July 2, 2015}}</ref> Form 990 is an [[w:IRS tax forms|Internal Revenue Service form]] that provides the public with financial information about a nonprofit organization and is sometimes [[w:Form 990#Use by charity evaluation organizations|used by charity evaluation organizations]]. || United States
|-
| 1956 || Resource || {{w|Foundation Center}} is founded.<ref name=fdncenter-about>{{cite web |url=http://foundationcenter.org/about/ |accessdate=April 27, 2016 |publisher=Foundation Center |title=About Foundation Center}}</ref> Among other activities, the Foundation Center provides databases with detailed information about nonprofits.<ref name=fdncenter-about/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/11/nyregion/information-center-aids-people-seeking-grants.html|title = INFORMATION CENTER AIDS PEOPLE SEEKING GRANTS|last = Teltsch|first = Kathleen|date = April 11, 1982|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''{{w|New York Times}}''}}</ref> It is often cited in news reports on the state of foundation giving.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/29/us/foundation-giving-is-at-23-billion-high.html|title = Foundation Giving Is at $23 Billion High|last = Abelson|first = Reed|date = March 29, 2000|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''{{w|New York Times}}''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/us/31charity.html|title = Foundation Giving in ’08 Defied Huge Asset Decline|last = Strom|first = Stephanie|date = March 30, 2009|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''{{w|New York Times}}''|authorlink = wikipedia:Stephanie Strom}}</ref> || United States
|-
| 1966 || Foundation measuring nonprofit grantees || The {{w|Hewlett Foundation}} is established.<ref name=hewlett-family-history>{{cite web|url = http://www.hewlett.org/about-us/hewlett-family-history|title = William and Flora Hewlett and the Hewlett Foundation|publisher = [[w:Hewlett Foundation|Hewlett Foundation]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> In the coming years, the Hewlett Foundation would focus on "outcome-focused grantmaking"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/Doing_Good_Today_and_Better_Tomorrow.pdf |title=Doing good today and better tomorrow |publisher=The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Environment Program}}</ref> and start the {{w|Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative}}, a funder of many charity evaluation organizations. ||
|-
| 1969 (estimated, no direct source) || Resource || The first edition of the Taft Foundation Reporter, an annual report with profiles of giving analyses of major private foundations in the United States, is published. The Taft Foundation Reporter would continue to be published annually, till at least 2010.<ref>{{cite book|url = https://www.amazon.com/Foundation-Reporter-1997-Comprehensive-Foundations/dp/1569950563|title = Foundation Reporter 1997: Comprehensive Profiles and Giving Analyses of America's Major Private Foundations (Annual) 28th Edition|accessdate = March 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.amazon.com/Foundation-Reporter-Taft/dp/1573873918|title = Foundation Reporter (Taft Foundation Reporter) 42nd Edition|accessdate = March 18, 2017}}</ref> || United States
|-
| 1982 || Resource || The {{w|National Center for Charitable Statistics}} (NCCS) launches. In 1986, NCCS would become a project of the Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy at the {{w|Urban Institute}}.<ref name=nccs-about>{{cite web|url = http://www.nccs.urban.org/about/index.cfm|title = About NCCS|publisher = [[w:National Center for Charitable Statistics|National Center for Charitable Statistics]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> NCCS is most famous for developing the {{w|National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities}} (NTEE). NTEE codes are used both by the IRS<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i1023ez/|title = Instructions for Form 1023-EZ (08/2015). Streamlined Application for Recognition of Exemption Under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = [[w:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]]}}</ref> and by other resources and charity evaluators such as {{w|GuideStar}}<ref name=guidestar-ntee>{{cite web|url = https://learn.guidestar.org/help/ntee-codes|title = National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) Classification System|publisher = [[w:GuideStar|GuideStar]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> and {{w|Charity Navigator}}.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.irs&ein=131818723|title = Charity Navigator rating for the Anti-Defamation League|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = [[w:Charity Navigator|Charity Navigator]]}} (note that the description of the charity includes a NTEE code, classification, and type)</ref> || United States
|-
| 1987 || Publication || ''{{w|The NonProfit Times}}'', a newspaper covering the nonprofit sector, is launched.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/20/giving/moving-beyond-the-four-horsemen-of-the-philanthropy-beat.html?pagewanted=all|title = Moving Beyond the Four Horsemen of the Philanthropy Beat|publisher = ''[[w:New York Times|New York Times]]''|date = November 20, 2000|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/02/style/consumer-s-world-seeking-charities-that-actually-help.html|title = CONSUMER'S WORLD; Seeking Charities That Actually Help|date = December 2, 1989|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''[[w:New York Times|New York Times]]''|last = Meier|first = Barry}}</ref> || United States ({{w|New Jersey}}, but covers the whole country)
|-
| 1988 || Publication || ''{{w|The Chronicle of Philanthropy}}'' is founded.<ref name=chronicle-nyt>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/business/media/10philanthropy.html|title = Who's the Most Charitable of Us All? Celebrities Don't Always Make the Cut|last = Doty|first = Cate|date = September 10, 2007|publisher = ''[[w:New York Times|New York Times]]''}}</ref> ''The Chronicle of Philanthropy'' is a newspaper that covers the nonprofit world and is aimed at charity leaders, foundation executives, fund raisers, and other people involved in philanthropy.<ref name=chronicle-nyt/> ||
|-
| 1992 || {{w|Charity watchdog}} || CharityWatch is founded as {{w|American Institute of Philanthropy}}.<ref name=doublethedonation>{{cite web|url = https://doublethedonation.com/blog/2013/12/american-institute-of-philanthropy-charity-watch/|title = American Institute of Philanthropy, CharityWatch|date = December 21, 2013|publisher = Double the Donation}}</ref> CharityWatch provides information about charities' financial efficiency, accountability, governance, and fundraising.<ref name=seattletimes-watchdogs>{{cite web|url = http://www.seattletimes.com/life/lifestyle/watchdogging-the-charity-watchdogs/|title = Watchdogging the charity watchdogs|date = December 29, 2011|publisher = ''[[w:Seattle Times|Seattle Times]]''|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref>  || United States
|-
| 1994 || Charity watchdog || {{w|GuideStar}}, an information service specializing in reporting on US nonprofit companies, launches as Philanthropic Research, Inc. with a staff of five: founder Buzz Schmidt and four employees.<ref name=seattletimes-watchdogs/><ref name=guidestar-history>{{cite web|url = http://learn.guidestar.org/about-us/history|title = GuideStar History|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref>|| United States
|-
| 1999 || Consulting || {{w|McKinsey & Company}} creates a separate non-profit practice focused on global public health, foundations, and international aid and development. In general, it charges half its regular fee for such work. The {{w|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}, which would formally be founded in 2000, is one of its first clients.<ref name=bridgespan-economist-2006/> || United States
|-
| 2000 || Consulting || The {{w|Bridgespan Group}} is founded by {{w|Thomas Tierney}}, former Managing Director of {{w|Bain & Company}}.<ref name="bridgespan-economist-2006">{{Citation | url =http://www.economist.com/node/5517712 | title =Virtue's intermediaries |journal=[[w:The Economist|The Economist]] | date =February 23, 2006 | accessdate = August 21, 2013}}</ref><ref name="bridgespan-nytimes-2008">{{Citation | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/giving/11BRIDGE.html?_r=0 | title =Want a Business Plan? Log on for Free Advice |newspaper=[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]] | date =November 10, 2008 | accessdate =August 21, 2013 }}</ref> Its goal is to provide {{w|management consulting}} to nonprofits and philanthropists.<ref name=bridgespan-economist-2006/><ref name=bridgespan-nytimes-2008/><ref name=stanford-nonprofit-consulting-list>{{cite web|url = http://web.stanford.edu/group/nonprofitsource/Nonprofit_resources/Nonprofit_Consulting.html|title = Nonprofit Consulting/Philanthropic Advising Firms|publisher = [[w:Stanford University|Stanford University]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> Bridgespan differs from McKinsey in its initial focus: it is targeting mid-sized nonprofits rather than large ones.<ref name=bridgespan-economist-2006/> || United States (Boston)
|-
| 2000 || Consulting || {{w|Faunalytics}}, a nonprofit organization that conducts opinion polls, audience surveys, focus groups, and other types of research for animal advocates. Faunalytics helps nonprofits conduct direct impact measurement and evaluation of programs.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.faunalytics.org/|title = Che Green|publisher = [[w:Faunalytics|Faunalytics]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2000 || Consulting || FSG is founded as Foundation Strategy Group by Michael Porter with Mark Kramer. FSG provides consulting to nonprofits to increase impact, and has introduced concepts such as {{w|catalytic philanthropy}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsg.org/our-story |title=Our Story |accessdate=April 27, 2016 |publisher=FSG}}</ref> FSG has also published documents such as ''Breakthroughs in Shared Measurement and Social Impact'', which explores how to evaluate outcomes in organizations.<ref name=stanford-nonprofit-consulting-list/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://foundationcenter.org/getstarted/topical/eval.html |title=Evaluation for Nonprofit Organizations |accessdate=April 27, 2016 |publisher=Foundation Center}}</ref> || United States (Boston)
|-
| 2000 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Ministry Watch}}, an [[w:evangelicalism|evangelical]] {{w|Christian}} organization that reviews Protestant ministries for financial accountability and transparency, is founded. ||
|-
| 2001 || Charity watchdog || {{w|BBB Wise Giving Alliance}} adopts its current name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2012/12/27/better-business-bureau-charity-ratings-donations/1636957/ |title=BBB's charity ratings, seal of approval under fire |first=Jayne |last=O'Donnell |date=December 27, 2012 |accessdate=April 25, 2016}}</ref> The BBB Wise Giving Alliance publishes a set of standards of accountability for charitable organizations and evaluations of national charities against those standards. || United States
|-
| 2001 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Charity Navigator}} is launched by Pat and Marion Dugan.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=content.view&cpid=1535|title = Video: The History of Charity Navigator|publisher = [[w:Charity Navigator|Charity Navigator]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> Charity Navigator is an [[w:United States|American]] independent [[w:charity watchdog|charity watchdog]] organization that evaluates [[w:charitable organization|charitable organization]]s in the [[w:United States|United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/27/business/27charity.html|title = To Help Donors Choose, Web Site Alters How It Sizes Up Charities|publisher = ''[[w:New York Times|New York Times]]''|last = Strom|first = Stephanie|authorlink = wikipedia:Stephanie Strom|date = November 27, 2010|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> || United States
|-
| 2001 || Consulting || {{w|The Center for Effective Philanthropy}}, a nonprofit organization focused on the development of comparative data to enable higher-performing philanthropic funders, is founded. Phil Buchanan is its chief executive at the time of founding.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.effectivephilanthropy.org/about/people/phil-buchanan/|title = Phil Buchanan|publisher = [[w:The Center for Effective Philanthropy|The Center for Effective Philanthropy]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/23/us/charities-surprise-donor-foundations-with-bluntness.html|title = Charities Surprise Donor Foundations With Bluntness|last = Strom|first = Stephanie|date = April 23, 2004|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''[[w:New York Times|New York Times]]''|authorlink = wikipedia:Stephanie Strom}}</ref> || United States ([[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, Massachusetts]])
|-
| 2002 || Consulting, resource || The idea behind {{w|Innovations for Poverty Action}} is first proposed by {{w|Dean Karlan}} to his graduate advisors {{w|Abhijit Banerjee}}, {{w|Esther Duflo}}, and {{w|Sendhil Mullainathan}} at MIT. IPA would work with many nonprofits, governments, and foundations on helping them evaluate their programs and publishing the findings. This would both help the nonprofits with prioritizing and improving their programs, and help inform donors and evaluators about the programs.
|-
| 2002 || Charity watchdog || {{w|New Philanthropy Capital|New Philanthropy Capital}} launches, founded by {{w|Goldman Sachs}} partners {{w|Gavyn Davies}} and Peter Wheeler.<ref name=npc-history>{{cite web|url = http://www.thinknpc.org/about-npc/our-history/|title = Our history|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = [[w:New Philanthropy Capital|New Philanthropy Capital]]}}</ref> New Philanthropy Capital is a charitable organisation that tries to direct more funding to effective charities and help donors make more informed decisions on how to give.<ref name=bridgespan-economist-2006/><ref name=npc-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/aug/01/childrensservices.comment|title = Full stop missing on child abuse|last = Butler|first = Patrick|publisher = ''[[w:The Guardian|The Guardian]]''|date = August 1, 2007|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> || United Kingdom (London)
|-
| 2003 || Publication || First issue of the ''{{w|Stanford Social Innovation Review}}'', a magazine-cum-website about {{w|social innovation}}, is published.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ssir.org/issue/spring_2003|title = Spring 2003 Issue|publisher = ''[[w:Stanford Social Innovation Review|Stanford Social Innovation Review]]''|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> || United States
|-
| 2003 || Consulting || The {{w|Redstone Strategy Group}}, a company that helps nonprofits by conducting analysis, is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Redstone Strategy Group Llc |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/0082074D:US-redstone-strategy-group-llc}}</ref> || United States
|-
| 2003 || Consulting, resource || The {{w|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab}} (J-PAL) is founded by {{w|Abhijit Banerjee}}, {{w|Esther Duflo}}, and {{w|Sendhil Mullainathan}}. J-PAL would would work with many nonprofits, governments, and foundations on helping them evaluate their programs and publishing the findings. This would both help the nonprofits with prioritizing and improving their programs, and help inform donors and evaluators about the programs.
|-
| 2005 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Intelligent Giving}} launches. Intelligent Giving is a charity evaluator advising donors on how to make the most satisfactory use of their money. It employs a casual, witty style on their website. Intelligent Giving would stop operating in 2009.<ref name=Spectator>{{cite web | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/16th-february-2008/44/how-to-give | title = How to Give| publisher= The Spectator | accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref> (Note: 2005 is the earliest mention of the organization; the founding date is unclear.) || United Kingdom (London)
|-
| 2006 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative}} launches. Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative is an initiative of the Effective Philanthropy Group of the {{w|Hewlett Foundation}} that tries to have more individual philanthropic donations be based on information about a nonprofit's performance.<ref name=guidestar>{{cite web|url = http://trust.guidestar.org/2014/08/05/holden-karnofsky/|title = Dialogue about the Hewlett Foundation’s Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative|last = Harold|first = Jacob|date = August 5, 2014|accessdate = December 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name=givewell>{{cite web|url = http://blog.givewell.org/2014/08/05/thoughts-on-the-end-of-hewletts-nonprofit-marketplace-initiative/|title = Thoughts on the End of Hewlett’s Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative|last = Karnofsky|first = Holden|date = August 5, 2014|accessdate = December 5, 2015|publisher = [[w:GiveWell|GiveWell]]}}</ref><ref name=chronicle>{{cite web|url = https://philanthropy.com/article/Philanthropy-s-Results/153331|title = Hewlett Ends Effort to Get Donors to Make Dispassionate Choices on Giving|date = April 3, 2014|accessdate = December 5, 2015|publisher = ''[[w:Chronicle of Philanthropy|Chronicle of Philanthropy]]''}}</ref><ref name=hewlett-closure>{{cite web|url = http://www.hewlett.org/blog/posts/follow-our-decision-end-nonprofit-marketplace-initiative|title = Follow-up on Our Decision to End the Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative|last = Twersky|first = Fay|date = April 4, 2014|accessdate = December 5, 2015|publisher = [[w:Hewlett Foundation|Hewlett Foundation]]}}</ref>  It has also funded GiveWell.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.givewell.org/2014/08/05/thoughts-on-the-end-of-hewletts-nonprofit-marketplace-initiative/ |title=Thoughts on the End of Hewlett’s Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative |first=Holden |last=Karnofsky |date=August 5, 2014}}</ref> The Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative would close in April 2014. ||
|-
| 2006 || Resource || {{w|Center for High Impact Philanthropy}} is established at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}. The Center focuses on high impact philanthropy, both in the US and internationally and puts out studies, papers, and briefings on how to maximize the impact of one's philanthropy.<ref name=chip-about>{{cite web|url=http://www.impact.upenn.edu/about/|title = About|publisher = Center for High Impact Philanthropy|accessdate = 2012-12-05}}</ref> || United States
|-
| Late 2000s, continuing into 2010s || Social movement || {{w|Effective altruism}}, a philosophy and social movement that attempts to apply evidence and reason to ethical decision-making, begins to emerge as a movement. Note that the term "effective altruism" would be coined only in the 2010s.<ref name=tmgycd>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelifeyoucansave.org/Blog/ID/170/The-Most-Good-You-Can-Do|title = The Most Good You Can Do|last = Singer|first = Peter|authorlink = wikipedia:Peter Singer|date = April 1, 2015|accessdate = April 11, 2015|publisher = ''The Life You Can Save''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/upshot/effective-altruism-where-charity-and-rationality-meet.html|title = Effective Altruism: Where Charity and Rationality Meet|last = Cowen|first = Tyler|date = August 16, 2015|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''[[w:New York Times|New York Times]]''|authorlink = wikipedia:Tyler Cowen}}</ref> || Global, but concentrated initially in the United States, [[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and Australia
|-
| 2006 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Charity Intelligence Canada}} is conceived.<ref name=cica-about>{{cite web|url = https://www.charityintelligence.ca/about-us|title = Our Story|publisher = [[w:Charity Intelligence Canada|Charity Intelligence Canada]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> Its first audited financial statement is for the year from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008, so some sources put the founding date as 2007 or 2008.<ref name=caci-financials>{{cite web|url = https://www.charityintelligence.ca/about-ci/annual-reportsfinancials|title = Audited Financial Statements|publisher = [[w:Charity Intelligence Canada|Charity Intelligence Canada]]|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name=caci-star>{{cite web|url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/11/15/who_is_charity_intelligence_canada.html|title = Who is Charity Intelligence Canada? Registered charity helps people decide where to donate their money.|date = November 15, 2011|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''The Star''}}</ref> In 2012, Charity Intelligence Canada temporarily loses its own registered charity status in 2011 due to failure to file financial reports.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/tables-turned-on-charity-intelligence-as-charitable-status-revoked/article4564354/|title = Tables turned on Charity Intelligence as charitable status revoked|last = Waldie|first = Paul|publisher = ''[[w:The Globe and Mail|The Globe and Mail]]''|date = September 24, 2012|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref> Its recommendations and ratings are cited in Canadian publications in discussions of where to donate.<ref name=caci-cbc>{{cite web|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/charity-intelligence-names-top-10-organizations-on-social-return-on-investment-1.3303600|title = Charity Intelligence names top 10 organizations on social return on investment. Charities in Canada, the E.U. and the U.S. produce 2 dollars of return for every dollar donated, on average|publisher = [[w:CBC News|CBC News]]|date = November 4, 2015|accessdate = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://business.financialpost.com/news/charities-of-the-year-how-the-financial-post-chose-from-86000-registered-canadian-organizations|title = Charities of the Year: How the Financial Post chose from 86,000 registered Canadian organizations|last = Brownell|first = Claire|date = December 12, 2014|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''[[w:Financial Post|Financial Post]]''}}</ref> || [[w:Canada|Canada]]
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| 2007 || Charity watchdog || {{w|GreatNonprofits|GreatNonprofits} is founded. GreatNonprofits provides reviews and ratings of US nonprofit organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.about.greatnonprofits.org/ |title=The Story of GreatNonprofits |publisher=GreatNonprofits |accessdate=April 27, 2016}}</ref> || United States
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| 2007 || Charity watchdog || {{w|GiveWell}} launches, founded by former {{w|Bridgewater Associates}} hedge fund analysts {{w|Holden Karnofsky}} and Elie Hassenfeld.<ref name=our-story>{{cite web|url=http://givewell.org/about/story|title = Our Story|publisher = GiveWell|accessdate = 2012-08-16}}</ref> GiveWell is a [[w:non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[w:charity evaluator|charity evaluator]] and [[w:effective altruism|effective altruism]]-focused organization that focuses primarily on the [[w:cost-effectiveness|cost-effectiveness]] of the organizations that it evaluates, rather than traditional metrics such as the percentage of the organization's budget that is spent on [[w:overhead (business)|overhead]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/us/20charity.html |title=2 Young Hedge-Fund Veterans Stir Up the World of Philanthropy |publisher=''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'' |date=December 20, 2007 |author=Stephanie Strom}}</ref> In the coming years, GiveWell's top recommendations would be cited by many publications discussing where to donate money.<ref name=ace-givewell-vox/><ref name="lieber_making_sure">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/your-money/giving-away-money-and-making-sure-its-put-to-work.html |title=Donating, and Making Sure the Money Is Put to Work |author=Ron Lieber |date=April 25, 2014 |accessdate=June 17, 2016 |publisher=''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/linch-zhang/how-can-you-do-the-most-g_b_10597442.html |author=Linch Zhang |date=June 21, 2016 |title=How Can You do the Most Good with Your Charitable Giving? This Expert's Answers Might Surprise You |publisher=''[[w:The Huffington Post|The Huffington Post]]'' |accessdate=June 21, 2016}}</ref>|| United States, but evaluating charities globally. Initially based in {{w|New York City}}, later moved to {{w|San Francisco}}
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| 2008 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Philanthropedia}} launches as the Nonprofit Knowledge Network. Philanthropedia is an expert {{w|crowdsourcing}} resource for funders and others to learn about high-impact nonprofit organizations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cuberta|first=Phil|title=Dam Busting to Get a Flood of Giving Now|url=http://www.gifthub.org/2009/11/dam-busting-to-get-a-flood-of-giving-now.html|work=50 Shades of Grey in Philanthropy|publisher=Gift Hub|accessdate=21 December 2012}}</ref> In 2011 it would become a division of GuideStar.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.myphilanthropedia.org/blog/2011/03/17/exciting-announcement-guidestar-acquires-philanthropedia/|title = Exciting Announcement: GuideStar Acquires Philanthropedia|date = March 17, 2011|author = Deyan|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = My Philanthropedia}}</ref> ||
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| 2008 || Resource || The {{w|International Aid Transparency Initiative}} (IATI) launches in September at the [[w:Aid effectiveness#Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Accra, September 2008|Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness]] held in {{w|Accra, Ghana}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aidtransparency.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Paper-2A-Evaluation-Report-1-IATI-as-a-Political-Initiative1.pdf |title=Evaluation of the International Aid Transparency Initiative IATI: "Evaluation of IATI as a Political Initiative": Final Report |first1=Ian C. |last1=Davies |first2=Julia | last2=Brümmer |first3=Sara |last3=Vaca |first4=Lauren |last4=Weiss |date=October 2015 |accessdate=September 11, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.transparency.org/2013/01/17/my-ceo-will-tear-off-my-head-if-i-suggest-to-him-that-we-implement-iati/ |title=“My CEO will tear off my head, if I suggest to him that we implement IATI.” |publisher=Space for Transparency |accessdate=September 9, 2016 |date=January 17, 2013 |author=Claudia Schwegmann}}</ref> The IATI provides a standard {{w|XML schema}} which organizations can use to report their activities. The IATI also provides a registry that tracks the aid information of 473 organizations {{as of|2016|09|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iatiregistry.org/ |title=Welcome - IATI Registry |accessdate=September 6, 2016}}</ref> ||
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| 2010 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Jumo}} is launched by {{w|Facebook}} co-founder {{w|Chris Hughes}}.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |accessdate=2010-12-01 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/30/technology/30jumo.html |title=2010 A Facebook Founder Begins a Social Network Focused on Charities |date=2010-11-30 |author=Jenna Wortham |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2010-12-23 |url=http://mashable.com/2010/11/30/facebook-co-founder-launches-social-network-for-social-good-jumo-image/ |title=Facebook Co-Founder Launches Social Network for Social Good, Jumo |date=2010-12-01 |author=Brenna Ehrlich}}</ref> Jumo is a {{w|social networking service}} and website that indexes charities so people can find and evaluate them. Jumo would merge with [[w:Good Worldwide|GOOD]] in August 2011.<ref>Chris Hughes, [http://blog.jumo.com/post/9037560404/jumo-and-good-combine-forces-to-create-content-and Jumo and GOOD Combine Forces to Create Content and Social Engagement Platform], Jumo blog, August 17, 2011</ref> || United States ({{w|Palo Alto}}, California)
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| 2010–2011 || Charity watchdog || In July 2010, Charity Navigator (CN) announces its first major revamp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=content.view&cpid=1107 |title=Charity Navigator Expands Rating Methodology |author=Ken Berger |date=July 1, 2010 |work= |publisher=Charitiy Navigator |accessdate=15 September 2010}}</ref> This revamping begins what the organization states is the process to move toward CN 3.0, which is a three-dimensional rating system that will include what they consider the critical elements to consider in making a wise charitable investment – (1) financial health (Charity Navigator evaluated this from its inception), (2) accountability and transparency (begun in July 2010) and (3) results reporting (slated to begin rating this dimension in July 2012).<ref name=where>{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Where We Are Headed (2013 and Beyond) |url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=content.view&cpid=1193|accessdate=6 July 2015|newspaper=charitynavigator.org|date=}}</ref> After collecting data for more than a year, in September 2011 Charity Navigator launches CN 2.0, which is a two-dimensional rating system that rates a charity's (1) financial health and (2) accountability and transparency.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berger |first=Ken |url=http://www.kenscommentary.org/2011/09/cn-20-more-knowledge-more-good.html |title=Ken's Commentary: CN 2.0: More Knowledge, More Good |publisher=Kenscommentary.org |date=2011-09-20 |accessdate=2012-01-05}}</ref> ||
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| 2011 || Charity controversy || The {{w|Central Asia Institute}} undergoes controversy for allegations of poor financial conduct, raising questions about the ratings previously assigned to it by charity evaluators.<ref name="Schimmelpfennig">{{cite web|last1=Schimmelpfennig|first1=Saundra|title=Donors Need a Better Way to Rate Charities|url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Donors-Need-a-Better-Way-to/227837|website=The Chronicle of Philanthropy|publisher=The Chronicle of Philanthropy|accessdate=12 March 2017|date=13 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://blog.givewell.org/2011/04/25/three-cups-of-tea-scandal-why-we-had-the-right-bottom-line-on-the-central-asia-institute/ Givewell.org, "Three Cups of Tea scandal: why we had the right bottom line on the Central Asia Institute", Holden Karnofsky , April 25, 2011, Accessed January 13, 2013.]</ref> || 
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| 2011 || Charity watchdog/foundation || {{w|Open Philanthropy Project}} (Open Phil) launches as GiveWell Labs. Open Phil is a joint project between {{w|GiveWell}} (a charity evaluator focusing mostly on {{w|global health}}) and {{w|Good Ventures}} (a philanthropic organization co-founded by Cari Tuna and her husband {{w|Dustin Moskovitz}}, one of the co-founders of {{w|Facebook}})<ref name="Insidephilanthropy.com_March_20_2016c">{{cite web |url=http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2015/12/14/how-does-an-emerging-army-of-tech-donors-think-ask-this-guy.html |title=How Does an Emerging "Army" of Tech Donors Think? Ask This Guy |publisher=Inside Philanthropy |date=December 14, 2015 |author=David Callahan |accessdate= March 20, 2016}}</ref> that tries to identify the most effective ways to give money to a wide variety of causes.<ref name="openphil_formerly_gwl">{{cite web |url=http://blog.givewell.org/2014/08/20/open-philanthropy-project-formerly-givewell-labs/ |title=Open Philanthropy Project (formerly GiveWell Labs) |first=Holden |last=Karnofsky |publisher=GiveWell}}</ref><ref name=syd>{{cite web|url = http://www.sydsbirthdaychallenge.com/blog/2015/8/27/open-philanthropy-project|title = Open Philanthropy Project|last = Martin|first = Sydney|date = September 5, 2015|accessdate = April 9, 2016}}</ref> || United States
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| 2012 || Charity watchdog || {{w|Animal Charity Evaluators}} (ACE), a US-based non-profit charity evaluator and effective altruism-focused organization dedicated to finding and promoting the most effective ways to help animals, launches.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url = http://www.animalcharityevaluators.org/about/|title = About|publisher = Animal Charity Evaluators|accessdate = September 5, 2015}}</ref> In the coming years, ACE's recommendations would be cited by many publications discussing how to best help animals.<ref name=ace-givewell-vox>{{cite web|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/12/1/9826838/giving-tuesday-holiday-charity|title = These are the charities where your money will do the most good|last = Matthews|first = Dylan|authorlink = wikipedia:Dylan Matthews|date = December 1, 2015|accessdate = June 26, 2016|publisher = ''[[w:Vox (website)|Vox]]''}}</ref> || United States
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| 2013 || Publication || {{w|Inside Philanthropy}} is launched by {{w|David Callahan}}.<ref name=ip-crunchbase>{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/inside-philanthropy |title=Inside Philanthropy |website = [[w:CrunchBase|CrunchBase]] |date=  |author= |accessdate= August 30, 2015}}</ref> The web publication covers billionaire and foundation giving as well as the activities of nonprofits.<ref name=ip-forbes>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomwatson/2014/07/20/challenging-the-big-funders-philanthropy-startup-targets-billionaires-and-their-giving/ |title=Challenging The Big Funders: Philanthropy Startup Targets Billionaires And Their Giving |newspaper=Forbes |date=  |author= |accessdate= August 30, 2015}}</ref> || United States
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| 2014 || Charity watchdog || IDinsight, an organization that conducts ranndomized controlled trials and helps governments and nonprofits set up monitoring for their programs, receives its first grant from charity evaluator GiveWell.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.givewell.org/charities/IDinsight/september-2014-grant|title = IDinsight—Scaling Up a High-Potential Development Intervention|date = September 1, 2014|accessdate = May 6, 2017|publisher = [[w:GiveWell|GiveWell]]}}</ref> This would be the first of many grants from GiveWell to IDinsight.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://donations.vipulnaik.com/donee.php?donee=IDinsight|title = IDinsight donations received|accessdate = May 6, 2017}}</ref> A GiveWell blog post in May 2017 would provide more detail on GiveWell's collaboration with IDinsight.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://blog.givewell.org/2017/05/04/why-givewell-is-partnering-with-idinsight/|title = Why GiveWell is partnering with IDinsight|last = Hollander|first = Catherine|date = May 4, 2017|accessdate = May 6, 2017|publisher = [[w:GiveWell|GiveWell]]}}</ref> ||
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| 2015 || Charity watchdog || ImpactMatters is launched in December by economist {{w|Dean Karlan}} and Elijah Goldberg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcing ImpactMatters: Auditing Charity Impact across Causes |url=http://effective-altruism.com/ea/qq/announcing_impactmatters_auditing_charity_impact/ |publisher=Effective Altruism Forum |date=December 11, 2015 |author=Zach Groff}}</ref> ImpactMatters is [[w:Business incubator|incubated]] at {{w|Innovations for Poverty Action}} and conducts audits of nonprofits.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPA Incubates New Nonprofit Organization ImpactMatters |url=http://www.poverty-action.org/blog/ipa-incubates-new-nonprofit-organization-impactmatters |publisher=[[w:Innovations for Poverty Action|Innovations for Poverty Action]] |date=December 11, 2015 |author=Annie Duflo}}</ref> || United States
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| 2016 || Charity controversy || In March, the {{w|Wounded Warrior Project}} fires top executives amid accusations of wasteful spending by the group.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/03/10/report-wounded-warrior-project-executives-fired-amid-controversy/?utm_term=.7bfc62e47bdf|title = Wounded Warrior Project executives fired amid controversy|last = Gibbons-Neff|first = Thomas|date = March 10, 2016|accessdate = March 12, 2017|publisher = ''[[w:Washington Post|Washington Post]]''}}</ref> The accusations had been reported in late January.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/us/wounded-warrior-project-spends-lavishly-on-itself-ex-employees-say.html|title = Wounded Warrior Project Spends Lavishly on Itself, Insiders Say|last = Phillipps|first = Dave|date = January 27, 2016|accessdate = March 12, 2017|publisher = ''[[w:New York Times|New York Times]]''}}</ref> The revelations lead to discussion of the need for nonprofit transparency and accountability, and more care by donors.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://time.com/4257876/wounded-warrior-project-scandal/|title = The Wounded Warrior Project Scandal Should Encourage More Philanthropy|last = Tsipursky|first = Gleb|date = March 15, 2016|accessdate = March 12, 2017|publisher = ''[[w:Time Magazine|Time Magazine]]''}}</ref> ||
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| 2016 || Resource || {{w|Giving What We Can}} stops updating its own research on cause areas and charities, instead deferrring to the work of J-PAL, GiveWell, and the Open Philanthropy Project.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/cause/climate-change/|title = Climate Change|publisher = Giving What We Can|accessdate = November 11, 2019}}</ref>
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| 2018 || Resource || Around this time, {{w|Founders Pledge}} creates its research page that includes research reports on cause areas of interest to donors taking its pledge. Its first two reports are on climate change and mental health;<ref>{{cite web|url = https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/3poYR8mXfcr9YM34Z/new-research-on-effective-climate-charities|title = New research on effective climate charities|last = Halstead|first = John|date = July 11, 2018|accessdate = November 11, 2019|publisher = Effective Altruism Forum}}</ref> by the end of 2019, it would have expanded to 12 reports. Founders Pledge had advertised a position for a full-time researcher in December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/DrK9zwKvjn4DsEsea/we-re-hiring-founders-pledge-is-seeking-a-new-researcher|title = We're hiring! Founders Pledge is seeking a new researcher|date = December 18, 2017|accessdate = November 11, 2019|publisher = Effective Altruism Forum}}</ref>
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==See also==

*{{w|Effective altruism}}
*[[Timeline of GiveWell]]

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}