View source for Timeline of healthcare in Japan

{{Attribute English Wikipedia|original-exists=yes}}

This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:healthcare in Japan|healthcare in Japan]]'''. Major events such as crises, policies and organizations are included, especially those focusing on modern healthcare.

==Big picture==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year/period !! Key developments
|-
|6th-7th Centuries||[[wikipedia:Kampo|Kampō medicine]], which is the study of [[wikipedia:Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese medicine]], is introduced in Japan through [[wikipedia:Korea|Korea]]. Based on this study, the Japanese create their own unique system of diagnosis and therapy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/kampo.htm |title=Kampo Medicine: The Practice of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Japan |first=Subhuti |last=Dharmananda |publisher=Institute for Traditional Medicine |accessdate=December 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|1200-1603||Medicine in Japan becomes more practical. Most of the physicians are [[wikipedia:Buddhist|Buddhist]] monks who continue to use the formulas, theories and practices that had been introduced from [[wikipedia:Tang dynasty|Tang China]]. Japanese physicians begin to achieve a more independent view on Chinese medicine.<ref name=kampo>{{cite journal |author1=Y. Motoo |author2=T. Seki |author3=K. Tsutani| title=Traditional Japanese medicine, Kampo: its history and current status |publisher=Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine |date=February 2011 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=85–87 |doi=10.1007/s11655-011-0653-y |pmid=21390572}}</ref>
|-
|1603-1868|| [[wikipedia:Edo period|Edo period]]. [[wikipedia:Rangaku|Rangaku]], literally "Dutch learning" is developed in Japan through its contacts with the [[wikipedia:Dutch empire|Dutch colonists]] as they are the only European foreigners tolerated in Japan. Books and medical sciences are obtained from the Dutch, and then analyzed and translated into Japanese. Great debates occur between the proponents of [[wikipedia:traditional Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese medicine]] and those of the new Western learning.<ref>[[wikipedia:Wolfgang Michel-Zaitsu|W Michel]], ''Medicine and Allied Sciences in the Cultural Exchange between Japan and Europe in the Seventeenth Century''. In: Hans Dieter Ölschleger (Hrsg.): ''Theories and Methods in Japanese Studies. Current State & Future Developments''. Papers in Honor of [[wikipedia:Josef Kreiner (Japanologe)|Josef Kreiner]]. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-89971-355-8, S. 285–302 [http://hdl.handle.net/2324/14227 pdf].</ref>
|-
|1853-1922||[[wikipedia:Meiji Restoration|Meiji Restoration]]. Japan opens to [[wikipedia:Western world|Western]] influence. Several Western hospitals start to be founded. Traditional medicine enters a period of rapid decline.<ref name=kampo/> 
|-
|1922-onward||With a pertaining law, modern health care system develops initially emulating the [[wikipedia:Healthcare in Germany|German system]]. [[wikipedia:Health insurance|Health insurance]] is established as mandatory.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan/> 
|-
|1950-1990||[[wikipedia:Japanese economic miracle|Japanese economic miracle]] era. Life expectancy rises rapidly as mortality rates due to communicable diseases plummet, followed by a large reduction in stroke mortality rates.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ikeda|first=Nayu|title=What has made the population of Japan healthy?|journal=The Lancet|date=17 September 2011|volume=378|pages=1094–105|pmid=21885105|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61055-6|issue=9796}}</ref>  
|-
|1990–present||Japan achieves the highest [[wikipedia:life expectancy|life expectancy]] of any country in the world. Also, child mortality falls among the lowest levels at a global scale. Actual issues of its healthcare system are the [[wikipedia:Aging of Japan|growing senior population]] that has impact on government spending, and high rates of [[wikipedia:Suicide in Japan|suicide among the Japanese]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Faiola|first1=Anthony|title=The Face of Poverty Ages In Rapidly Graying Japan|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/27/AR2006072701856.html|accessdate=21 February 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=28 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E1DB173FF936A25754C0A96F958260&sec=health&spon=&scp=29&sq=suicide%20japan&st=cse|title=In Japan, Mired in Recession, Suicides Soar|last=Strom|first=Stephanie|date=15 July 1999|newspaper=[[wikipedia:The New York Times|The New York Times]]|accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref> 
|-
|}



==Full timeline==
[[File:Evolution of life expectancy in Japan for the period 1865-2011.png|thumb|center|400px|Evolution of life expectancy in Japan for the period 1865-2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Expectancy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy/|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>]]
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year/period !! Type of Event !! Event !! Location 
|-
|912–995||Development||[[wikipedia:Ishinpō|Ishinpō]], the oldest surviving Japanese medical text is written by [[wikipedia:Tamba Yasuyori|Tamba Yasuyori]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine (Ishinpō) |url=http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100173?x=&y=&s=&d_lang=en&s_lang=ja&word=%E5%8C%BB%E5%BF%83%E6%96%B9&class=&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=1&mode=simple&century= |publisher=National Institutes for Cultural Heritage |accessdate=August 25, 2014}}</ref>|| 
|-
|1804||Development||The first operation performed under general anesthesia by a Japanese physician, [[wikipedia:Hanaoka Seishu|Hanaoka Seishu]], using a [[wikipedia:datura|datura]].<ref name=healthcare-in-japan>{{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat23/sub151/item839.html|title=HEALTH CARE IN JAPAN: HISTORY, DOCTORS AND HEALTH INSURANCE}}</ref>||
|-
|1820s||Development||Japanese ranpô medical practitioners translate Dutch medical texts, also integrating their readings with clinical diagnoses.<ref>Ann Jannetta, ''The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge and the "Opening" of Japan'' (2007)</ref>||
|-
|1871||Discovery/infection||The first case of [[wikipedia:Japanese encephalitis|Japanese encephalitis]] viral disease (JE) is documented in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs386/en/|title=Japanese encephalitis}}</ref>||
|-
|1872||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine|Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the University|url=http://www.kpu-m.ac.jp/doc/english/overview/history/4.html|website=kpu-m.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM)|url=https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/japan/kyoto-prefectural-university-of-medicine-kpum/513906bb34d6b65e6a0001b5|website=natureindex.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kyoto|Kyoto]]
|-
|1874||Organization (hospital)||Juzen Hospital is founded into what will later become [[wikipedia:Yokohama City University|Yokohama City University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Growing with the International City of Yokohama|url=http://www.yokohama-cu.ac.jp/eng/ycu/outline/history_ycu.html|website=yokohama-cu.ac.jp|accessdate=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yokohama City University|url=http://sv2.jice.org/afghanistan_peace/application/pdf/a_Yokohama_Ichiritsu.pdf|website=jice.org|accessdate=31 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Yokohama|Yokohama]]
|-
|1889||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Koyama Fukusei Hospital|Koyama Fukusei Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Camp Zama community members visit hospital in Japan's Gotemba City|url=https://www.army.mil/article/70822/Camp_Zama_community_members_visit_hospital_in_Japan_s_Gotemba_City|website=army.mil|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Gotemba, Shizuoka|Gotemba, Shizuoka]]
|-
|1891||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:St. Luke's International Hospital|St. Luke's International Hospital]] is founded as a medical mission facility by the [[wikipedia:Episcopal Church in the United States|Episcopal Church in the United States]]. The hospital is now one of central Tokyo's largest and most comprehensive medical care facilities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobart|first1=Margaret|title=Institutions Connected with the Japan Mission of the American Church|date=1912|publisher=The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society|location=New York|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/jp/hobart1912/|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||Tokyo
|-
|1891||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Kitasato Shibasaburō|Kitasato Shibasaburō]] (disciple of [[wikipedia:Robert Koch|Robert Koch]]), founds the first Institute of Infectious Diseases, thus introducing the study of [[wikipedia:bacteriology|bacteriology]] in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shibasaburo Kitasato y Alexandre Yersin|url=http://timerime.com/es/evento/2509900/Shibasaburo+Kitasato+y+Alexandre+Yersin/|website=timerime.com|accessdate=1 January 2017}}</ref>||Tokyo
|-
|1901||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Iwate Medical University|Iwate Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwate-med.ac.jp/en/about-iwate-medical-university/history/|title=Iwate Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Iwate Medical University|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Iwate_Medical_University|website=researchgate.net|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Morioka, Iwate|Morioka, Iwate]]
|-
|1905||Development||National health insurance emerges in Japan as the result of a gradual process when the [[wikipedia:Kamegafuchi Textile Company|Kamegafuchi Textile Company]] starts providing limited benefits for its employees. In the following decades, more and more corporations begin offering benefits through mutual aid societies.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/projects/rodwin/lessons.html|title=History of healthcare in Japan}}</ref>||
|-
|1909||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Oku-Komyo-En Sanatorium|Oku-Komyo-En Sanatorium]] is founded for treating leprosy.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Sanatorium Oku-Komyoen|url=http://www.nhds.go.jp/~komyo/sanatorium/history/index_english.html|website=nhds.go.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Setouchi, Okayama|Setouchi, Okayama]]
|-
|1909||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium|Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium]] is established as a sanatorium for [[wikipedia:leprosy|leprosy]] patients or ex-leprosy patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhds.go.jp/~keifuen/english/history.html|title=Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium|author=|website=nhds.go.jps|date=|accessdate=31 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Koshi, Kumamoto|Koshi, Kumamoto]]
|-
|1913||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Kizawa Memorial Hospital|Kizawa Memorial Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kizawa-memorial-hospital.jp/oshirase/news/2012/1210/121029-2.html|title=kizawa memorial}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kizawa Memorial Hospital|url=https://www.strol.com/places/details/3en45624034?mapid=112|website=strol.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Gifu|Gifu]] 
|-
|1918||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Tokyo Medical University|Tokyo Medical University]] (TMU) is founded with the then status of ''Tokyo Isen''. TMU is one of the old medical schools of Japan’s [[wikipedia:Taishō period|Taishō period]]. The school will not receive university status until 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hospinfo.tokyo-med.ac.jp/english/index.html|title=Tokyo Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo Medical University|url=https://www.omicsonline.org/universities/Tokyo_Medical_University/|website=omicsonline.org|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Tokyo|Tokyo]] 
|-
|1922||Policy||First [[wikipedia:health insurance|health insurance]] law enacted. Inspired by the [[wikipedia:Healthcare in Germany|German system]] established by [[wikipedia:Otto von Bismarck|Chancellor Bismarck]] in 1883.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan/>|| 
|-
|1927||Policy||The first Employee Health Insurance plan is created following the implementation of the 1922 law. Aimed at industrial employees and miners, but excluding the self-employed and employees in companies with fewer than five.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan/><ref name= "Kodansha p. 338">[[wikipedia:#refKodansha1993|Kōdansha 1993]], p. 338.</ref>
|
|-
|1927||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Osaka Medical College|Osaka Higher School of Medicine]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Osaka Medical College|url=https://www.osaka-med.ac.jp/Global/information_about_omc/college.htm|website=osaka-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kuroki|first1=Hiroshi|title=Efficacy of the Osaka Medical College (OMC) brace in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following Scoliosis Research Society brace studies criteria|doi=10.1186/s13013-015-0036-9|url=https://scoliosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13013-015-0036-9|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Takatsuki, Osaka|Takatsuki, Osaka]]
|-
|1928||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Tokyo Medical and Dental University|Tokyo Medical and Dental University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/tokyo-medical-and-dental-university|website=timeshighereducation.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Bunkyō, Tokyo|Bunkyō, Tokyo]]
|-
|1928||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Showa University|Showa Medical School]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE HISTORY OF SHOWA UNIVERSITY|url=http://www.showa-u.ac.jp/en/about_us/history.html|website=showa-u.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Showa University|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/showa-university|website=timeshighereducation.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
|-
|1930||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium|Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium]] is founded for the treatment of leprosy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hansen-okayama.jp/topics/pdf/kousou_aiseien.pdf|title=Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McVeigh|first1=Brian J.|title=The History of Japanese Psychology: Global Perspectives, 1875-1950|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O1OjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT242&lpg=PT242&dq=Nagashima+Aiseien+Sanatorium&source=bl&ots=1Y0LjiyPnJ&sig=RV5gMVcSq1Bpyrnztent9xobxd0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiExL77x5zRAhWIjJAKHW4_CSU4ChDoAQgtMAY#v=onepage&q=Nagashima%20Aiseien%20Sanatorium&f=false|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Setouchi, Okayama|Setouchi, Okayama]]
|-
|1931||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium|Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium|url=http://latitude.to/articles-by-country/jp/japan/296507/miyako-nanseien-sanatorium|website=latitude.to|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Miyakojima, Okinawa|Miyakojima, Okinawa]]
|-
|1932||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium|Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium]] is founded.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hospitals Established In 1932: Alyn Hospital, Royal United Hospital, Paimio Sanatorium, Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium, Beckomberga Hospital|publisher=General Books LLC, 2010|isbn=1157475663|edition=LLC Books|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Hospitals_Established_In_1932.html?id=7MWaSQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kusatsu, Gunma|Kusatsu, Gunma]]
|-
|1933||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Shima Hospital|Shima Hospital]] is founded (destroyed during the  [[wikipedia:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bomb]] explosion).<ref>{{cite web|title=Hypocenter / Shima Hospital|url=http://www.hiroshima-navi.or.jp/en/sightseeing/hibaku_ireihi/tatemono/42884.php|website=hiroshima-navi.or.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]]
|-
|1938||Policy||Health insurance is extended to farmers, fishermen, foresters and other groups not covered by the 1922 law.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan/>||
|-
|1938||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium|Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium]] is founded for leprosy patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ljubljuknigi.ru/store/ru/book/okinawa-airakuen-sanatorium/isbn/978-613-2-41345-1|title=Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium|author=|date=|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Nago, Okinawa|Nago, Okinawa]]
|-
|1943||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Amami Wakoen Sanatorium|Amami Wakoen Sanatorium]] is founded for treating for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amami Wakoen Sanatorium|url=http://www.tophealthclinics.com/clinic/113512612031368/Amami+Wakoen+Sanatorium|website=tophealthclinics.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Amami, Kagoshima|Amami, Kagoshima]]
|-
|1944||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Fukushima Medical University|Fukushima Woman's Medical School]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology|url=http://www.fmu.ac.jp/univ/en/about/history.html|website=fmu.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Japan pioneers new electronic stethoscope|url=http://www.intellectualcapitals.com/japanese-tech-and-academia/|website=intellectualcapitals.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Fukushima, Fukushima|Fukushima, Fukushima]]
|-
|1945||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Suruga Sanatorium|Suruga Sanatorium]] is founded for treating leprosy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idealeprosydignity.org/newsletter/Vol-14-1/Vol-14-1-LeprosyHeritage.pdf|title=Suruga Sanatorium|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Hospital(s) places around around Fuji, Japan.|url=http://placebeam.com/?l=35.16&g=138.68&type=m&title=Fuji%2C%20Japan&tc=w_hospital|website=placebeam.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Gotenba, Shizuoka|Gotenba, Shizuoka]]
|-
|1945||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Nara Medical University|Nara Medical School]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.naramed-u.ac.jp/university/english/university-outline/history.html#history1|website=naramed-u.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara, Nara]]
|-
|1947||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Kansai Medical University|Osaka Women’s Medical College]] is established. In 1954, it is renamed Kansai Medical University.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.kmu.ac.jp/en/corporaion/history.html|website=kmu.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kansai Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2611.htm|website=4icu.org|publisher=4icu.org|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Moriguchi, Osaka|Moriguchi, Osaka]]
|-
|1948||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Wakayama Medical University|Wakayama Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wakayama-med.ac.jp/english/|title=Wakayama Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wakayama Medical University Wakayama Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/8138.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Wakayama, Wakayama|Wakayama, Wakayama]]
|-
|1949||Program launch||Several volunteer organizations are formed to combat parasitic worms. Biannual school-based mass screening and treatment are implemented.<ref name="sth_uw"/>|| 
|-
|1950||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Sapporo Medical University|Sapporo Medical University]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.sapmed.ac.jp/e/|title=Sapporo Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sapporo Medical University Sapporo Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2837.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Sapporo|Sapporo]]
|-
|1952||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:NTT Medical Center Tokyo|NTT Medical Center Tokyo]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=NTT Medical Center Tokyo and UBIC Conduct Joint Research on AI-Based System to Mitigate Patients' Risk of Falling|url=http://ir.ubicna.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=901687|website=ubicna.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa, Tokyo]]
|-
|1955||Program launch||The [[wikipedia:Japan Association of Parasite Control|Japan Association of Parasite Control]] (JAPC) is formed, aimed especially at targeting ''[[wikipedia:Ascaris lumbricoides|Ascaris lumbricoides]]'' infection.<ref name="sth_uw">{{cite web|title=STH Elimination Strategy Support - Objective 1: Past STH Elimination Programs |url=http://uwstartcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/START_57_STHE_Objective_1_Final_Report_2015-02.pdf |date=February 17, 2015 |publisher=University of Washington Global Health START Program}}</ref>||
|-
|1957||Organization (research institute)||[[wikipedia:National Institute of Radiological Sciences|National Institute of Radiological Sciences]] founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contributions for NIRS|url=http://www.nirs.qst.go.jp/ENG/support/index.html|website=qst.go.jp|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nakashima|first1=Masahiro|title=Radiation Health Risk Sciences: Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Nagasaki University Global COE Program "Global Strategic Center for Radiation Health Risk Control"|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Inage-ku|Inage-ku]] ([[wikipedia:Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]])
|-
|1958||Policy||the 1938 law is revised to include the remaining 30 percent of the population not previously covered.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan/>||
|-
|1961||Policy/achievement||Japan achieves universal health insurance coverage and almost everyone becomes insured.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ikegami|first=Naoki|title=Japanese universal health coverage: evolution, achievements, and challenges|journal=The Lancet|date=17 September 2011|volume=378|pages=1108|pmid=21885107|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60828-3|issue=9796}}</ref>||
|-
|1964||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Fujita Health University|Fujita Health University]] is founded.{{cn|date=January 2017}}||[[wikipedia:Toyoake, Aichi|Toyoake, Aichi]]
|-
|1967||Policy||The [[wikipedia:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] approves four Kampō medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program.<ref name=prescription-of-kampo-drugs>{{cite journal |author=Kotoe Katayama, et. al. |year=2013 |title=Prescription of Kampo Drugs in the Japanese Health Care Insurance Program |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2013 |page=576973 |publisher=[[wikipedia:Hindawi Publishing Corporation|Hindawi Publishing Corporation]] |url=http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/576973.pdf |doi=10.1155/2013/576973 |accessdate=August 25, 2014}}</ref>||
|-
|1970||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Kawasaki Medical School|Kawasaki Medical School]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kawasaki Medical School|website=kawasaki-m.ac.jp|url=http://www.kawasaki-m.ac.jp/med/en/about/02.html|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kawasaki Medical School|url=http://info.japantimes.co.jp/universities/japanese-grad-school.html?id=193|website=japantimes.co.jp|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kurashiki, Japan|Kurashiki, Japan]]
|-
|1970||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Kanagawa Children's Medical Center|Kanagawa Children's Medical Center]] founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanagawa Children's Medical Center|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.414947.b|website=grid.ac|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Yokohama|Yokohama]]
|-
|1971||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:St. Marianna University School of Medicine|St. Marianna University School of Medicine]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Marianna University School of Medicine St. Marianna University School of Medicine|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2881.htm|website=4icu.org|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki|Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki]]
|-
|1971||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Aichi Medical University|Aichi Medical University]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aichi Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2436.htm|website=4icu.org|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Nagakute, Aichi|Nagakute, Aichi]]
|-
|1971||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Fujisawa City Hospital|Fujisawa City Hospital]] founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fujisawa City Hospital|url=http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/hospital/introduction/indicator/indicator01.html|publisher=Fujisawa City Hospital|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]]
|-
|1972||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Saitama Medical University|Saitama Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=history|url=http://www.saitama-med.ac.jp/english/history.html|website=saitama-med.ac.jp|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=More about Saitama Medical University|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/saitama-medical-university|website=timeshighereducation.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Moroyama, Saitama|Moroyama, Saitama]]
|-
|1972||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Jichi Medical University|Jichi Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.jichi.ac.jp/english/about/history.html|website=jichi.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jichi Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2585.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Shimotsuke, Tochigi|Shimotsuke, Tochigi]]
|-
|1972||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Hyogo College of Medicine|Hyogo College of Medicine]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=HISTORY|url=http://www.hyo-med.ac.jp/english/outline/history.html|website=hyo-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyogo College of Medicine|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2563.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Nishinomiya, Hyōgo|Nishinomiya, Hyōgo]]
|-
|1972||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:Kanazawa Medical University|Kanazawa Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanazawa Medical University|url=http://www.kanazawa-med.ac.jp/English/public_html/index.html|website=kanazawa-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kanazawa Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2607.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Uchinada, Ishikawa|Uchinada, Ishikawa]]
|-
|1973||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Asahikawa Medical University|Asahikawa Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asahikawa Medical University|url=https://www.omicsonline.org/universities/Asahikawa_Medical_University/|website=omicsonline.org|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Asahikawa, Hokkaido|Asahikawa, Hokkaido]]
|-
|1973||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:National Defense Medical College|National Defense Medical College]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Defense Medical College|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.416614.0|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndmc.ac.jp/about/university_summary/history/|title=National Defense Medical College|author=|date=|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Tokorozawa, Saitama|Tokorozawa, Saitama]]
|-
|1974||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Shiga University of Medical Science|Shiga University of Medical Science]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.shiga-med.ac.jp/e/profile/history.html|website=shiga-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shiga University of Medical Science|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2854.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu, Shiga]]
|-
|1974||Organization (public medical school)||[[wikipedia:Hamamatsu University School of Medicine|Hamamatsu University School of Medicine]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.hama-med.ac.jp/uni-e_guide_history.html|website=hama-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Hamamatsu|Hamamatsu]]
|-
|1973||Policy||Catastrophic Coverage Act is enacted. Once a patient's monthly copayment reaches a cap, no further copayment is required.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ito|first=Masanori|title=Health insurance systems in Japan: a neurosurgeon's view.|journal=Neurologia medico-chirurgica|date=December 2004|volume=44|pages=624|pmid=15684593|issue=12|doi=10.2176/nmc.44.617}}</ref>
|
|-
|1976||Policy||82 [[wikipedia:kampo|kampo]] medicines are approved by the [[wikipedia:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]]. This number increases to 148 Kampo formulation extracts, 241 crude drugs, and 5 crude drug preparations.<ref name=prescription-of-kampo-drugs/>||
|-
|1978||Organization (private medical school)||[[wikipedia:University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan|University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Objectives & History|url=http://www.uoeh-u.ac.jp/index_e/general/general_e.html|website=uoeh-u.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/8135.htm|website=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kitakyushu City|Kitakyushu City]]
|-
|1983||Policy||Health and Medical Service Law for the Aged enacted. All elderly persons are covered by government-sponsored insurance.<ref name=history-of-healthcare-in-japan/><ref name= "講談社インターナショナル p. 183">{{harvnb|講談社インターナショナル|2003|p=183}}</ref>||
|-
|1986||Organization (research center-hospital)||[[wikipedia:Kanagawa Cancer Center|Kanagawa Cancer Center]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanagawa Cancer Center|url=http://www.uicc.org/membership/kanagawa-cancer-center|website=uicc.org|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kanagawa|Kanagawa]]
|-
|2000||Study||Nationwide study reports that 72% of registered [[wikipedia:physician|physician]]s prescribe Kampō medicines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/h2943e/h2943e.pdf |title=Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine:A Worldwide Review |authorlink=World Health Organization |year=2001 |pages=155–159 |accessdate=August 25, 2014}}</ref>||
|-
|2005||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center|National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center]] founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center|url=http://www.tophealthclinics.com/clinic/647029218705387/National+Hospital+Organization+Nagara+Medical+Center|website=tophealthclinics.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Gifu|Gifu]]
|-
|2009||Report||John Creighton Campbell, professor at the [[wikipedia:University of Michigan|University of Michigan]] and [[wikipedia:Tokyo University|Tokyo University]], tells the [[wikipedia:New York Times|New York Times]] that Japanese people are "the healthiest" group on the planet.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/health-care-abroad-japan/ | work=The New York Times | first=Sarah | last=Arnquist | title=Health Care Abroad: Japan | date=25 August 2009}}</ref>||
|-
|2009||Achievement||People in Japan reaches the longest [[wikipedia:life expectancy|life expectancy]] at birth of any country in the world at 83 years (male 79.6 years, female 86.4 years).<ref name="OECD">{{cite web|last=OECD|title=OECD Health Data|url=http://www.oecd.org|publisher=OECD|accessdate=2 February 2012}}</ref>||
|-
|2011||Policy|| The [[wikipedia:Government of Japan|Government of Japan]] begins issuing six-month medical visas to allow visitors that much time to receive medical treatment in Japan. The government also plans to set up a special office that will promote medical tourism.<ref name=healthcare-in-japan/> ||
|-
|2011||Study|| A study of 13 industrialized countries (Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States) released shows Japan spending the least on health care.<ref name=healthcare-in-japan/> 
|
|-
|2011||Organization (hospital)||[[wikipedia:Nagoya City West Medical Center|Nagoya City West Medical Center]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagoya City West Medical Center|url=http://www.ad-hzm.co.jp/english/works/japan/medical/medical_06.html|website=ad-hzm.co.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kita-ku, Nagoya|Kita-ku, Nagoya]]
|-
|2011||Crisis|| Medical records at many hospitals along the [[wikipedia:Tohoku|Tohoku]] coast are lost in the [[wikipedia:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|tsunami]].<ref name=healthcare-in-japan/> || 
|-
|2014||Report||Statistics show for the first time that suicide is the most common cause of death among those aged 10 to 19.<ref>mhlw.go.jp [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/geppo/nengai14/dl/h7.pdf 第７表死因順位] Accessed 9/1/2015</ref><ref>Mariko Oi [http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34105044 Tackling the deadliest day for Japanese teenagers] [[wikipedia:BBC News|BBC News]] 9/1/2015</ref>||
|-
|2014||Achievement||Japan reaches the lowest rate of [[wikipedia:heart disease|heart disease]] in the [[wikipedia:OECD|OECD]], and the lowest level of [[wikipedia:dementia|dementia]] in the [[wikipedia:developed world|developed world]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Britnell|first1=Mark|title=In Search of the Perfect Health System|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave|location=London|isbn=978-1-137-49661-4|page=18}}</ref>||
|-
|}

== Numerical and visual data  ==

=== Google Scholar ===

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 5, 2021.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! health in Japan
! healthcare in Japan
! medicine in japan
! longevity in Japan
|-
| 1980 || 13,300 || 53 || 14,300 || 632
|-
| 1985 || 18,300 || 94 || 22,800 || 1,020
|-
| 1990 || 39,500 || 417 || 50,600 || 1,580
|-
| 1995 || 75,600 || 1,270 || 84,900 || 3,640
|-
| 2000 || 212,000 || 4,770 || 183,000 || 5,190 
|-
| 2002 || 267,000 || 6,880 || 201,000 || 6,050
|-
| 2004 || 333,000 || 9,520 || 251,000 || 7,820 
|-
| 2006 || 424,000 || 14,700 || 274,000 || 9,040
|-
| 2008 || 454,000 || 31,900 || 347,000 || 10,200
|-
| 2010 || 571,000 || 53,500 || 373,000 || 10,000
|-
| 2012 || 624,000 || 82,000 || 478,000 || 16,000 
|-
| 2014 || 509,000 || 90,200 || 412,000 || 17,600 
|-
| 2016 || 440,000 || 88,100 || 303,000 || 18,800   
|-
| 2017 || 370,000 || 83,700 || 247,000 || 20,600 
|-
| 2018 || 286,000 || 76,200 || 197,000 || 21,700
|-
| 2019 || 195,000 || 62,900 || 142,000 || 22,600 
|-
| 2020 || 104,000 || 49,600 || 88,900 || 20,400
|-
|}

[[File:Healthcare in Japan tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]

=== Google Trends ===
The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Healthcare in Japan (Search term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare in Japan |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Healthcare%20in%20Japan |website=Google Trends |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Healthcare in Japan gt.png|thumb|center|800px]]

=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
The chart shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Healthcare in Japan from 1950 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare in Japan |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Healthcare+in+Japan&year_start=1950&year_end=2019&case_insensitive=on&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t4%3B%2CHealthcare%20in%20Japan%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bhealthcare%20in%20Japan%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BHealthcare%20in%20Japan%3B%2Cc0#t4%3B%2CHealthcare%20in%20Japan%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bhealthcare%20in%20Japan%3B%2Cc1%3B%3BHealthcare%20in%20Japan%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=25 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Healthcare in Japan ngram.png|thumb|center|800px]]

=== Wikipedia Views ===
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Healthcare in Japan}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare in Japan |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Healthcare+in+Japan&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Healthcare in Japan wv.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]

=== What the timeline is still missing ===
[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/chouki/]

==See also==

* [[wikipedia:Health care system in Japan|Health care system in Japan]]
* [[wikipedia:Health in Japan|Health in Japan]]
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of healthcare in China|Timeline of healthcare in China]]
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of healthcare in India|Timeline of healthcare in India]]
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of global health|Timeline of global health]]

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}



[[wikipedia:Category:Health in Japan|Category:Health in Japan]]
[[wikipedia:Category:Health-related timelines|Category:Health-related timelines]]