View source for Timeline of hospitals

{{Attribute English Wikipedia|original-exists=yes}}

This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:hospitals|hospitals]]''', attempting to describe major events in the evolution of the institution.

==Big picture==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year/period !! Key developments
|-
|Ancient times||In ancient cultures, religion and medicine are linked. [[wikipedia:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]]ian [[wikipedia:Egyptian temple|temples]] are the earliest documented institutions aiming to provide healthcare. In [[wikipedia:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]], temples dedicated to the healer-god [[wikipedia:Asclepius|Asclepius]], known as ''Asclepieia'', function as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.<ref>[[wikipedia:Guenter B. Risse|Risse, G.B.]] ''Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals.'' [[wikipedia:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], 1990. p. 56 [https://books.google.com/books?id=htLTvdz5HDEC&pg=PA56&dq=History+of+Hospital%2BAsclepieion&lr=lang_en&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20Hospital%2BAsclepieion&f=false Books.Google.com]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Sean|title=A Short History of Disease: From the Black Death to Ebola|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BvXXCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT231&lpg=PT231&dq=%22Egyptian+temples%22+%22hospitals%22&source=bl&ots=YljLUf22jG&sig=Z6NVnqahD_11rQXOi3MnSU6oxmg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6m_nggZLPAhVEhpAKHejrAXgQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=%22Egyptian%20temples%22%20%22hospitals%22&f=false}}</ref> Around 100 BCE, the [[wikipedia:Roman Empire|Romans]] construct buildings called ''valetudinaria'' for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers.<ref>''[http://www.novaesium.de/news/1998-1220-valetudinaria.htm The Roman military Valetudinaria: fact or fiction]''  [[wikipedia:University of Newcastle upon Tyne|University of Newcastle upon Tyne]], Sunday 20 December 1998</ref> Healthcare facilities also appear early in [[wikipedia:India|India]].
|-
|Middle Ages||From the 6th to the 10th century, in Europe, the [[wikipedia:infirmary|infirmary]] becomes an established part of every monastery under the influence of the [[wikipedia:Benedictine Order|Benedictine Order]]. Beyond the 10th century, monastic infirmaries continue to expand, and public hospitals are also opened. City authorities, the church and private sources finance these facilities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cilliers|first1=L|last2=Retief|first2=FP.|title=The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages.|pmid=14509111|volume=25|journal=Curationis|pages=60–6}}</ref> The primary function of medieval hospitals is to worship to God. Most hospitals contain one chapel, at least one clergyman, and inmates that are expected to help with prayer.<ref name="English Hospital">{{cite book|last1=Orme|first1=Nicholas|last2=Webster|first2=Margaret|title=The English Hospital|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-06058-0|page=49}}</ref><ref name=Bowers>{{cite book|last1=Bowers|first1=Barbara S.|title=The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited|isbn=978-0-7546-5110-9|page=79}}</ref> Many hospitals were developed during the early Islamic era. The idea of the hospital as a place for the care of sick people is taken from the early Caliphs.<ref name="Nagamia">{{cite journal |last=Nagamia |first=Hussain |title=Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |date=October 2003 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=19–30 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/not%20used/not%20used/JISHIM%20VOL.2%20NO.4%20PDF.pdf#page=24 |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|18th century||The voluntary hospital movement begins in some parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The eighteenth century voluntary hospital movement|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/medical/medicine8.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> The earliest contemporary hospitals begin to appear in China in the form of missionary hospitals run by western churches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Evolution of Chinese Healthcare System: a brief overview|url=http://research-methodology.net/historical-evolution-of-chinese-healthcare-system-a-brief-overview/|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|19th century||Hospitals and the medical profession become more professionalized, with a reorganization of hospital management along more bureaucratic and administrative lines. By the end of the century, the modern hospital begins to take shape with a proliferation of a variety of public and private hospital systems.<ref>{{cite book | pages=316–17 | last=Porter |first=Roy |authorlink=Roy Porter | title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | location=New York | isbn=978-0-393-31980-4 |origyear=1997 |year=1999}}</ref>  
|-
|20th century||Middle-class patients enter the hospitals. Outpatient departments expand. Technological transformation of hospitals accelerate.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" /> 
|-
|1950s||The role of hospitals evolves to centered health systems. Large hospitals start to be built.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" /> Computer technology in medicine begins with the rise of the computers.<ref name="univ">{{Cite web |url=http://healthinformatics.uic.edu/history-of-health-informatics |title=The History of Health Informatics |work=Health Informatics, Nursing Informatics and Health Information Management Degrees |publisher=[[wikipedia:University of Illinois at Chicago|University of Illinois at Chicago]]}}</ref>
|-
|1970s||District general hospitals rise as local, secondary and tertiary hospitals.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" />
|-
|1980s||[[wikipedia:Magnetic resonance imaging|Magnetic resonance imaging]] is introduced.
|-
|1990s||Acute care hospitals (active short-stay care) and ambulatory surgery centers (expansion of both day admissions and minimally invasive surgery) consolidate.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals">{{cite web|title=Historical evolution of hospitals|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/98401/E74486.pdf|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref> 
|-
|2000s||Computing is generalized in hospitals. Robotics start to develop. Modern private hospitals begin to appear in some [[wikipedia:developing countries|developing countries]].<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />
|-
|}


==Full timeline==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location
|-
|437 BC – 367 BC||Organization||King [[wikipedia:Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka|Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka]] has lying-in-homes and Ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Arjuna Aluvihare|title=Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo|work=Vidhusara Science Magazine |date=November 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF |title=Resource Mobilization in Sri Lanka's Health Sector |authors=Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P.; De Mel, Nishan |publisher=[[wikipedia:Harvard School of Public Health|Harvard School of Public Health]] & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies|date=February 1997|page=19|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
|-
|230 BC||Organization||[[wikipedia:List of Indian monarchs|Indian emperor]] [[wikipedia:Ashoka|Ashoka]] establishes a chain of hospitals.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management">{{cite web|title=Evolution of Hospitals and its Management|url=https://www.google.com.ar/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=evolution%20of%20hospitals|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Hindustan|Hindustan]] ([[wikipedia:India|India]]) 
|-
|100 BC||Organization||The Romans establish hospitals (valetudinaria) for the treatment of their sick and injured soldiers, gladiators and chariotors. The care of their military is important because the power of ancient Rome is based upon the integrity of the legions.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[wikipedia:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]
|-
|397||Organization||[[wikipedia:Saint Fabiola|Fabiola]] founds the first Christian hospital in Latin Christendom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Gill|title=The Illustrated Timeline of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=46s88pqPHvkC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%22fabiola%22+%22397%22+%22hospital%22&source=bl&ots=ZmfY7x5FOa&sig=pVNNZPgj4akmFD483MDD2jjCgkE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIwN7lhLjQAhXECpAKHaHeCywQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=%22fabiola%22%20%22397%22%20%22hospital%22&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]]
|-
|500||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Academy of Gundishapur|Academy of Gundishapur]] is founded. It is considered to be the first [[wikipedia:teaching hospital|teaching hospital]] on record, where students are authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ponnusamy,|first1=R.|last2=Pandurangan|first2=J.|title=A Hand Book on UNIVERSITY SYSTEM|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=t-KGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=%22Academy+of+Gundishapur+was+founded+in%22&source=bl&ots=pqadbOC9dF&sig=EwEOBshuFM00CJLEDQiMtVaMJrg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeo8aAjJLPAhVLPJAKHSN0Ar4Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Academy%20of%20Gundishapur%20was%20founded%20in%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Persia|Persia]] ([[wikipedia:Iran|Iran]])
|-
|705||Organization||The first Islamic [[wikipedia:psychiatric hospital|psychiatric hospital]] is founded in [[wikipedia:Baghdad|Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Psychiatry|url=http://www.lymberis.com/baghdad.html|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Iraq|Iraq]]
|-
|707||Organization||The first prominent [[wikipedia:Bimaristan|Islamic hospital]] is founded with assistance from Christians.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ayduz|first1=Salim|last2=Kalin|first2=Ibrahim|last3=Dagli|first3=Caner|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291&lpg=PA291&dq=%22707%22+%22++Islamic+hospital+%22&source=bl&ots=6eoWO2loCr&sig=87791EUqIqk8pD5NV8yNHghWF4E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT9ujdhrjQAhVIx5AKHTR4Cd8Q6AEIOTAG#v=onepage&q=%22707%22%20%22%20%20Islamic%20hospital%20%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>[[wikipedia:Guenter B. Risse|Guenter B. Risse]], ''Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals'', ([[wikipedia:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], 1999), p.125 [https://books.google.com/books?id=htLTvdz5HDEC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=baghdad+bimaristan&source=bl&ots=UJ0KHbyszF&sig=aC6zIRTJavraLVqNXXjEOEJDQlY&hl=en&ei=WmSuTY3SIejk0QHPipi0Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=baghdad%20bimaristan&f=false]</ref>||[[wikipedia:Damascus|Damascus]], [[wikipedia:Syria|Syria]]
|-
|872||Organization||Egyptian governor [[wikipedia:Ahmad ibn Tulun|Ahmad ibn Tulun]] builds a hospital in that provides care to the insane, which includes [[wikipedia:music therapy|music therapy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_12.html|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=Koenig>{{cite book|last=Koenig|first=Harold George|title=Faith and mental health: religious resources for healing|year=2005|publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|isbn=1-932031-91-X}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]]
|-
|1065||Development||The first [[wikipedia:hospices|hospices]] are believed to have originated around this time. In this movement is where [[wikipedia:palliative care|palliative care]] begins.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Sudhir|title=Hotel Front Office: A Training Manual|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HYn0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=%22first+hospices+%22+%221065%22+%22in%22&source=bl&ots=yUfMdtppjI&sig=4v62Soq8fiHFPJOHvvtKaD3T1wo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJn4az_qXPAhXGH5AKHePNCGgQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospices%20%22%20%221065%22%20%22in%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Xj786a0P6scC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=%22first+hospices+%22+%221065%22&source=bl&ots=Q2SBIj84HB&sig=s_gnMJzmKu9JV0R2jR7SjTBdpdU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv6Pu2_aXPAhVKiJAKHZyDAnkQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospices%20%22%20%221065%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]
|-
|1080||Organization||[[wikipedia:Muristan|Hospital of St. John]] is founded by a group of monks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospital saint john|url=http://museumstjohn.org.uk/our-story/history-of-the-order/|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
|-
|1377||Organization||[[wikipedia:Bethlem Royal Hospital|Bedlam]] is founded as an asylum for [[wikipedia:lunatic|lunatic]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quarmby|first1=Katharine|title=Scapegoat|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yIJh7Z0AG84C&pg=PT39&lpg=PT39&dq=%221377%22+%22Bedlam%22++%22lunatics%22&source=bl&ots=CIk7GvAwMr&sig=hs1SjRzUvWClxVQXB9O_9qmSHO8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl_feMlaLPAhUCTJAKHV08AYUQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%221377%22%20%22Bedlam%22%20%20%22lunatics%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]] 	
|-
|1423||Organization||The first permanent pest house in Europe is founded.<ref name="22 September 2016">{{cite web|title=Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics  Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics|url=http://nursekey.com/protecting-sustaining-and-empowering-a-historical-perspective-on-the-control-of-epidemics/}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Venice|Venice]], [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
|-
|1487||Development||[[wikipedia:Ambulances|Ambulances]] are first used for emergency transport.<ref name="The History of Ambulances">{{cite web|title=The History of Ambulances|url=http://www.emt-resources.com/History-of-Ambulances.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]
|-
|1519||Organization||[[wikipedia:Hospital San Nicolás de Bari|Hospital San Nicolás de Bari]] is the first hospital founded in the Americas, under Spanish rule.<ref>{{cite web|title=San Nicolás de Bari fue el primer hospital de América|url=http://www.listindiario.com/la-vida/2008/10/22/78353/San-Nicolas-de-Bari-fue-el-primer-hospital-de-America|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]], [[wikipedia:Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
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|1524||Organization||The first hospital in [[wikipedia:North America|North America]] is built by [[wikipedia:Hernán Cortés|Hernán Cortés]].<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[wikipedia:Mexico City|Mexico City]], [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]]
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|1633||Organization||[[wikipedia:Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul]] is founded as a society of young women who share their dedication of helping the poor and the sick.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|url=http://daughtersofcharity.org/about-us/early-history/|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>|| France
|-
|1664||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Government General Hospital|Madras General Hospital]] is the first western hospital opened in India. It is originally aimed at serving sick soldiers of the [[wikipedia:British East India Company|British East India Company]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mushtaq|first1=Muhammad Umair|title=Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India|pmc=2763662|pmid=19876448|doi=10.4103/0970-0218.45369|volume=34|year=2009|journal=Indian J Community Med|pages=6–14}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:India|India]]
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|1718||Organization||[[wikipedia:Huguenots|Huguenots]] of [[wikipedia:France|France]] establish a hospital in England.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
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|1726||Organization||[[wikipedia:University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh Medical School]] is established.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Margaret R. O’Leary|title=Dr. Thomas Addison 1795-1860: Agitating the Whole Medical World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ujOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=%221726%22+%22Edinburgh+University+medical+school%22&source=bl&ots=J_rVeYFHkC&sig=s-Ak0zqn0N35Edb56f2wdAbR840&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhgNXb9qPPAhUGHJAKHcncAg0Q6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=%221726%22%20%22Edinburgh%20University%20medical%20school%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]]
|-
|1794||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Glasgow Royal Infirmary|Glasgow Royal Infirmary]] is founded. It is the first hospital to have systematic training courses for nurses and the first hospital known to have an X-ray unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow Royal Infirmary commemorates medical block centerary|url=http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/2015/12/glasgow-royal-infirmarys-medical-block-celebrates-centenary/|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]]
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|1804||Organization||[[wikipedia:Moorfields Eye Hospital|Moorfields Eye Hospital]] is founded. It is the first center in the world for ophthalmic treatment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moorfields|url=http://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/content/our-history|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
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|1815||Policy||[[wikipedia:Apothecaries Act 1815|Apothecaries Act 1815]] is passed by the [[wikipedia:Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. The Act introduces compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries, in modern terms [[wikipedia:general practitioner|general practitioner]]s, under the license of the [[wikipedia:Society of Apothecaries|Society of Apothecaries]]. It is the beginning of regulation of the [[wikipedia:medicine|medical profession]] in [[wikipedia:Great Britain|Great Britain]]. The Act requires instruction in [[wikipedia:anatomy|anatomy]], [[wikipedia:botany|botany]], [[wikipedia:chemistry|chemistry]], ''[[wikipedia:materia medica|materia medica]]'' and "[[wikipedia:wiktionary:physic|physic]]", in addition to six months of practical [[wikipedia:hospital|hospital]] experience.<ref>{{cite book | pages=316–317 | last=Porter |first=Roy |authorlink=Roy Porter | title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | location=New York | isbn=978-0-393-31980-4 |origyear=1997 |year=1999}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
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|1833||Organization||First [[wikipedia:homeopathy|homeopathic]] hospital opens.<ref name="History of Homeopathy">{{cite web|title=History of Homeopathy|url=http://www.drmasiello.com/homeopathy/history-of-homeopathy/|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Leipzig|Leipzig]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
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|1847||Policy||Hungarian obstetrician [[wikipedia:Ignaz Semmelweis|Ignaz Semmelweis]] working at a Vienna maternity hospital, institutes mandatory [[wikipedia:hand-washing|hand-washing]] after hypothesizing that medical students were infecting patients. After the new procedure, infection rates drop dramatically.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Semmelweis|url=http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/articles/semmelweis-and-handwashing.pdf|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Vienna|Vienna]], [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]] 
|-
|1851||Organization||The largest lunatic asylum in Europe is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elder|first1=Ruth|last2=Evans,|first2=Katie|last3=Nizette|first3=Debra|title=Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Jpnzp7D64XcC&pg=PT178&lpg=PT178&dq=%221851%22+%22largest+lunatic+asylum%22+%22london%22&source=bl&ots=AaB4imMoUr&sig=f2nddX8JqYeAWnrKvMI3-xqmzgk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnrJLWpaPPAhXIIJAKHV-pB0IQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%221851%22%20%22largest%20lunatic%20asylum%22%20%22london%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:England|England]]
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|1851||Organization||[[wikipedia:The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust]] is founded. It is the first hospital in the world dedicated to the study and treatment of [[wikipedia:cancer|cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Royal Marsden|url=http://www.electives.net/hospital/4783/preview|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
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|1853–1856||Organization||The first [[wikipedia:hospital train|hospital train]] is built during the [[wikipedia:Crimean War|Crimean War]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schroeder-Lein|first1=Glenna R|title=The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WWZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=%22hospital+train%22+%22crimean+war%22&source=bl&ots=klaNZZ6myh&sig=6158QDdN_XRZOQl5kn3UI16PySw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjborerlqLPAhXBFZAKHTcYAmsQ6AEIQTAJ#v=onepage&q=%22hospital%20train%22%20%22crimean%20war%22&f=false}}</ref>||
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|1859||Organization||First [[wikipedia:cottage hospital|cottage hospital]] (a small rural building having several beds) is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crossan|first1=Rose-Marie|title=Poverty and Welfare in Guernsey, 1560-2015|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5Ji7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%221859%22+%22cottage+hospital%22+%22surrey%22&source=bl&ots=ZaC63NEYRV&sig=KXuaI6EzIm_F5vEVDUfeXExSyh4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH9Jqhl6LPAhUGFpAKHTceC5wQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=%221859%22%20%22cottage%20hospital%22%20%22surrey%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Surrey|Surrey]], [[wikipedia:England|England]]
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|1859||Organization||The National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic (today [[wikipedia:National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery|National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery]]) is founded. It is the first hospital in the world specializing in outpatient epilepsy care.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shorvon|first1=Simon|last2=Perucca|first2=Emilio|last3=Engel|first3=Jerome|title=The Treatment of Epilepsy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ppKbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT651&lpg=PT651&dq=%22first+hospital+in+the+world+specializing%22&source=bl&ots=OmUDkOGsnX&sig=U4CK1EfhtiA1eN6Yk1nQ7IpP0i8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRwLTeiqvPAhXCEpAKHZTgAicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospital%20in%20the%20world%20specializing%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
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|1867||Organization||The first outpatient clinic is established at the Philadelphia Hospital, for [[wikipedia:orthopedics|orthopedics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=psychiatry|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/psychiatry.aspx|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
|1883–1911||Policy||The first healthcare system of modern history launches, starting with policies of the introduced [[wikipedia:Otto von Bismarck|Otto von Bismarck]]'s [[wikipedia:Otto Von Bismarck#social legislation|social legislation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/shi_key_factors.pdf|title=Social health insurance|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
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|1889||Organization||[[wikipedia:Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins Hospital]] is founded. Major accomplishments here include the development of [[wikipedia:HeLa|HeLa]], by [[wikipedia:George Otto Gey|George Otto Gey]], head of tissue culture research in 1951;<ref name="Skloot2010">{{cite book |author= Rebecca Skloot |title= The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC |accessdate= 9 April 2013 |date= 2 February 2010 |publisher= Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-58938-5}}</ref> the first and arguably most important line of human cells grown in culture; the identification of the three types of [[wikipedia:polio virus|polio virus]]; and the first "[[wikipedia:blue baby|blue baby]]" operation.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Johns Hopkins Medicine|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore, Maryland]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
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|1890||Development||American surgeon [[wikipedia:William Stewart Halsted|William Stewart Halsted]] introduces the use of [[wikipedia:medical gloves|surgical gloves]] to the practice of medicine.<ref>{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=VsyYXczSmhgC&pg=PA376 376] | title = The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine | first = R | last = Porter | publisher = [[wikipedia:Cambridge University Press|Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-521-00252-4 }}</ref>||
|-
|1895||Development||The first surgery on the heart itself is performed at [[wikipedia:Rikshospitalet|Rikshospitalet]].<ref name="Cardio & Heart Surgery">{{cite web|title=Cardio & Heart Surgery|url=http://bemed.us/cardio-heart-surgery|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Oslo|Oslo]], [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]]
|-
|1899||Technology launch||The first motor powered (electric) ambulance enters service in [[wikipedia:Chicago|Chicago]], [[wikipedia:Illinois|Illinois]] at the [[wikipedia:Michael Reese Hospital|Michael Reese Hospital]].<ref name="The History of Ambulances" />||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
|1909||Development||Pediatric ambulatory anesthesia is first reported.<ref name="Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition">{{cite book|last1=Healy|first1=EJ|last2=Knight|first2=Paul R|title=Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Uh-0XJkj-C8C&pg=PA1021&lpg=PA1021&dq=%22Ralph+Waters%22+%22outpatient+clinic%22&source=bl&ots=u2uYjX2EBO&sig=VxtoHPnbXyZG1nwWupBRvKpEnIU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2qqPK4KXPAhVBjJAKHT6zAbwQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Ralph%20Waters%22%20%22outpatient%20clinic%22&f=false}}</ref>||
|-
|1911||Organization||The first specialized trauma care center in the world is opened at the [[wikipedia:University of Louisville|University of Louisville]] Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warning: Nurses experience violence in this emergency department|url=https://www.massnurses.org/news-and-events/p/openItem/5190|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
|1922||Development||Hospitals start to group newborn infants into one specific area, today called [[wikipedia:neonatal intensive care unit|neonatal intensive care unit]] (NICU).<ref>{{cite web|title=Neonatal Intensive Care Unit|url=https://www.allfreepapers.com/Science/Neonatal-Intensive-Care-Unit/27802.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
|-
|1940||Development||First use of the wonder drug Penicillin on a large scale takes place at [[wikipedia:RAF Halton|RAF Hospital Halton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RAF Hospital Halton|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/PMRAFNS/history/rafhospitalhalton.cfm|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|-
|1948||Policy||Park Hospital (now [[wikipedia:Trafford General Hospital|Trafford General Hospital]]) becomes the first hospital in the world to offer free healthcare to all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trafford General: where it all began|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2008/07/03/nhs60_trafford_general_hospital_feature.shtml|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Trafford|Trafford]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|-
|1949||Organization||The first hospital of [[wikipedia:traditional Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese medicine]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baoding First Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine|url=http://cnhealthexperts.com/sbdm/z/yiyuan-bdsdyzyy.htm|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Baoding|Baoding]], [[wikipedia:China|China]]
|-
|1950||Development||Austrian anesthesiologist [[wikipedia:Peter Safar|Peter Safar]] establishes the concept of "Advanced Support of Life", keeping patients sedated and ventilated in an intensive care environment. Safar is considered to be the first practitioner of intensive care medicine as a specialty, having started the first multidisciplinary critical care medicine fellowship program in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pioneer of Critical Care Medicine: Peter Safar (1924–2003)|url=http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/13/1/87.full|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
|-
|1952||Development||Ambulances begin to be restructured to become mobile hospitals rather than just vehicles for transporting patients.<ref name="The History of Ambulances" />||
|-
|1960–1964||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Cardiac monitoring|Continuous cardiac monitoring]] (CCM) is first introduced in hospitals for heart rate and rhythm monitoring in coronary intensive care units.<ref>{{cite web|title=When Should Hospitalists Order Continuous Cardiac Monitoring?|url=http://www.the-hospitalist.org/article/when-should-hospitalists-order-continuous-cardiac-monitoring/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
|-
|1966||Development||Provision of pre-hospital cardiac care by physicians is launched as an experiment for improving care.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A history of prehospital coronary care|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2448738/pdf/ulstermedj00065-0073.pdf|pmc=2448738 | pmid=8686105|volume=65|year=1996|journal=Ulster Med J|pages=68–73 | last1 = Pantridge | first1 = JF | last2 = Wilson | first2 = C}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Belfast|Belfast]], [[wikipedia:Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]
|-
|1966||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Duke University Hospital|Duke University Hospital]], under program Med-Aid (short for Medical Assistance for Isolated Doctors), becomes the first medical center in the world to offer radio consultation with physicians in developing countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Project MED-AID|url=https://archives.mc.duke.edu/blog/project-med-aid|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Durham, North Carolina|Durham, North Carolina]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
|1968||Technology launch||The first [[wikipedia:hospital information system|hospital information system]] is developed.<ref>{{cite web|title=A History of Health Care Software Solutions|url=http://www.hcsinteractant.com/about-us/health-care-software-history/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
|1968||Organization||The first [[wikipedia:Traditional Tibetan medicine|Traditional Tibetan medicine]] hospital in [[wikipedia:Bhutan|Bhutan]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional steam treatment popular|url=http://kuenselonline.com/archive/traditional-steam-treatment-popular/|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Thimphu|Thimphu]], [[wikipedia:Bhutan|Bhutan]] 
|-
| 1974 ||Organization|| The [[w:Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital|Hamlin Fistula Hospital]] is founded is founded by Australian obstetrician {{w|Catherine Hamlin}}. It is the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of fistula in the world and the only place where fistula injuries could be treated in Ethiopia.<ref name="International Day to End Obstetric Fistula">{{cite web|title=International Day to End Obstetric Fistula|url=http://ethiopiaid.org.uk/blog/P10|website=http://ethiopiaid.org.uk|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Ethiopia}} ({{w|Addis Ababa}})
|-
|1988||Technology launch||Routine newborn hearing screening with [[wikipedia:otoacoustic emission|otoacoustic emission]] (OAE) is first introduced, at [[wikipedia:Whipps Cross University Hospital|Whipps Cross University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hearing Screening|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s01c05.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|-
|1996||Organization||[[wikipedia:Fortis Memorial Research Institute|Fortis Memorial Research Institute]] is founded. It is the first hospital in the world to offer digital [[wikipedia:broadband|broadband]] [[wikipedia:Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI imaging]].<ref name="30 Most Technologically Advanced Hospitals in the World">{{cite web|title=30 Most Technologically Advanced Hospitals in the World|url=http://www.topmastersinhealthcare.com/30-most-technologically-advanced-hospitals-in-the-world/|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[wikipedia:India|India]]
|-
|1999||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:eHealth|eHealth]], a relatively recent term for healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication, starts to develop.<ref name="jmir">{{cite journal | first1=Vincenzo | pmc=1761900 | url=http://www.jmir.org/2001/2/e22/ | title=What is e-Health (2): The death of telemedicine? | accessdate=20 September 2016 | journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=e22 | doi=10.2196/jmir.3.2.e22 | last1=Della Mea | pmid=11720964| year=2001 }}</ref>||
|-
|2000||Organization||The first [[wikipedia:Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] hospital outside [[wikipedia:India|India]] is founded.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hospital offers ancient healing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/808364.stm|accessdate=25 September 2016|agency=BBC News}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|-
|2001||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Lindbergh operation|Lindbergh operation]], the first complete tele-surgical operation, is carried out by a team of surgeons located in [[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]] on a patient at [[wikipedia:Hôpital civil, Strasbourg|Strasbourg Civil Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Surgeons in U.S. Perform Operation in France Via Robot|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/09/0919_robotsurgery.html|accessdate=22 September 2016|publisher=National Geographic}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]], [[wikipedia:France|France]]
|-
|2003||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:University of Maryland Medical Center|University of Maryland Medical Center]] first employs robots to deliver medications from the satellite pharmacies to the patient care units.<ref>{{cite web|title=UMMC|url=http://medcenterblog.org/2012/12/mr-gower-lives-on/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore, Maryland]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
|2010||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Canopy Innovations|Canopy]] is launched as a language translation software used primarily by hospitals and clinics to communicate with [[wikipedia:limited English proficiency|limited English proficiency]] people (LEP's) or non-English speaking patients. The project is funded by the [[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]].<ref>{{cite web|title=App breaks down language barriers for patients, doctors|url=http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150124/MAGAZINE/301249980|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||
|-
|2012||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Palomar Medical Center|Palomar Medical Center]] is founded. It is the first hospital to use wireless wrist band, a device is capable of transmitting vital signs from the patient into the hospital system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palomar Medical Center Named Top Technologically Advanced Hospital In The World|url=http://www.palomarhealth.org/media-center/news-story?news=383|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Escondido, California|Escondido, California]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|-
|2015||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Kuopio University Hospital|Kuopio University Hospital]] introduces Ascom Myco, a smartphone specially designed for mission-critical communications in hospitals and healthcare environments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finnish Hospital Becomes First in World to Adopt Ascom Myco Healthcare Smartphones|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150827005356/en/Finnish-Hospital-World-Adopt-Ascom-Myco-Healthcare|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kuopio|Kuopio]], [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] 
|-
|}

== Numerical and visual data  ==

=== Google Scholar ===

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 10, 2021.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! hospital
! tertiary care hospital
! hospital environment
! hospital anxiety
! hospital acquired infections
|-
| 1980 || 199,000 || 866 || 15,700 || 6,570 || 2,640
|-
| 1985 || 290,000 || 1,510 || 19,900 || 9,370 || 5,000
|-
| 1990 || 430,000 || 2,470 || 36,400 || 13,100 || 7,420
|-
| 1995 || 700,000 || 5,110 || 68,200 || 19,500 || 9,950 
|-
| 2000 || 1,190,000 || 10,300 || 150,000 || 40,000 || 16,600
|-
| 2002 || 1,310,000 || 12,500 || 180,000 || 49,200 || 18,500
|-
| 2004 || 1,460,000 || 16,600 || 223,000 || 57,600 || 23,700
|-
| 2006 || 1,530,000 || 22,800 || 274,000 || 68,900 || 29,000 
|-
| 2008 || 1,650,000 || 31,200 || 315,000 || 82,900 || 37,400
|-
| 2010 || 1,710,000 || 43,600 || 383,000 || 94,100 || 48,800
|-
| 2012 || 1,700,000 || 64,800 || 436,000 || 110,000 || 62,900  
|-
| 2014 || 1,500,000 || 80,300 || 408,000 || 110,000 || 68,600   
|-
| 2016 || 1,020,000 || 84,000 || 338,000 || 104,000 || 69,200  
|-
| 2017 || 900,000 || 85,600 || 327,000 || 91,100 || 68,500   
|-
| 2018 || 642,000 || 72,400 || 240,000 || 84,100 || 65,000 
|-
| 2019 || 371,000 || 66,300 || 154,000 || 67,000 || 58,700  
|-
| 2020 || 246,000 || 65,100 || 131,000 || 58,800 || 55,700 
|-
|}

[[File:Hospital Tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]

=== Google Trends ===
The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Hospitals (Search Term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=hospitals |website=Google Trends |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Hospitals gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]

=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Hospitals from 1500 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Hospitals&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Hospitals ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]

=== Wikipedia Views ===
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Hospitals}} on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Hospitals&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>
[[File:HOSPITALS wv.png|thumb|center|400px]]

==Meta information on the timeline==

===How the timeline was built===

The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].

{{funding info}} is available.

===What the timeline is still missing===

===Timeline update strategy===

==See also==

* [[Timeline of nursing]]
* [[Timeline of palliative care]]
* [[Timeline of the National Institutes of Health]]
* [[Timeline of global health]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[wikipedia:Category:Hospitals|Category:Hospitals]]
[[wikipedia:Category:Health-related timelines|Category:Health-related timelines]]