Difference between revisions of "Timeline of healthcare in Egypt"
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| − | This is a '''timeline of [[healthcare in Egypt]]''', focusing on modern healthcare system. Major events such as policies and organizations are included. | + | This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:healthcare in Egypt|healthcare in Egypt]]''', focusing on modern healthcare system. Major events such as policies and organizations are included. |
==Big picture== | ==Big picture== | ||
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! Period !! Key developments | ! Period !! Key developments | ||
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| − | |<323 [[Anno Domini|BC]]||[[Ancient Egypt]] is considered to be the first civilization to develop what today we call a healthcare system. Ancient Egyptians document their research and knowledge. Documented ancient Egyptian medical literature is among the oldest in existence today.<ref name=ancient-egyptian-medicine>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/medicine/ancient-egyptian-medicine.php|title=What Is Ancient Egyptian Medicine?|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref> | + | |<323 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|BC]]||[[wikipedia:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] is considered to be the first civilization to develop what today we call a healthcare system. Ancient Egyptians document their research and knowledge. Documented ancient Egyptian medical literature is among the oldest in existence today.<ref name=ancient-egyptian-medicine>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/medicine/ancient-egyptian-medicine.php|title=What Is Ancient Egyptian Medicine?|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |323 [[Anno Domini|BC]] – 30 [[Anno Domini|BC]]||[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]. The Alexandria University is famous for medicine. [[Herophilus]] and [[Erasistratus]] are permitted to dissect living criminals. The practices of Egyptian medicine are studied by scholars from [[ancient Greece]] and are acknowledged by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name=aldokkan/> | + | |323 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|BC]] – 30 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|BC]]||[[wikipedia:Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic Kingdom]]. The Alexandria University is famous for medicine. [[wikipedia:Herophilus|Herophilus]] and [[wikipedia:Erasistratus|Erasistratus]] are permitted to dissect living criminals. The practices of Egyptian medicine are studied by scholars from [[wikipedia:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]] and are acknowledged by [[wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]].<ref name=aldokkan/> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |30 [[Anno Domini|BC]]–641||Christian Egypt. During the Byzantine period, medicine is often impotent at remedying maladies, thus simple ailments have the potential to progress into fatalities. The cause of many illnesses is unknown, and they are sometimes attributed to the effects of the evil eye or to spells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/popu/hd_popu.htm|title=Popular Religion: Magical Uses of Imagery in Byzantine Art|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref> | + | |30 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|BC]]–641||Christian Egypt. During the Byzantine period, medicine is often impotent at remedying maladies, thus simple ailments have the potential to progress into fatalities. The cause of many illnesses is unknown, and they are sometimes attributed to the effects of the evil eye or to spells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/popu/hd_popu.htm|title=Popular Religion: Magical Uses of Imagery in Byzantine Art|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |641–1517||Medieval Egypt. Medicine and disease in medieval Islam is approached through theoretical medical treatises. Also, [[Jews|Jewish]] physicians – in both [[Alexandria]] and [[Cairo]] – are a highlight of this period, mainly between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, with [[Maimonides]] being one of the most renowned.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Efraim Lev |date= |title=Mediators between Theoretical and Practical Medieval Knowledge: Medical Notebooks from the Cairo Genizah and their Significance |journal= Med Hist|publisher= |volume= 57|issue= |pages= 487–515|doi=10.1017/mdh.2013.56 |pmc=3865955 |pmid= 24069914 |year=2013}}</ref> | + | |641–1517||Medieval Egypt. Medicine and disease in medieval Islam is approached through theoretical medical treatises. Also, [[wikipedia:Jews|Jewish]] physicians – in both [[wikipedia:Alexandria|Alexandria]] and [[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] – are a highlight of this period, mainly between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, with [[wikipedia:Maimonides|Maimonides]] being one of the most renowned.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Efraim Lev |date= |title=Mediators between Theoretical and Practical Medieval Knowledge: Medical Notebooks from the Cairo Genizah and their Significance |journal= Med Hist|publisher= |volume= 57|issue= |pages= 487–515|doi=10.1017/mdh.2013.56 |pmc=3865955 |pmid= 24069914 |year=2013}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1517–1914||Early modern Egypt. Great advance is made after the brief [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|French Occupation]]. After seizure of power by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], Egypt enters a period of modernization along European lines. Modern secular education becomes the norm in the state expansionist program, especially in the medical school. [[France]] is seen as a model for development, and the French language becomes dominant in Academia and other public affairs.<ref name=Abugideiri/> | + | |1517–1914||Early modern Egypt. Great advance is made after the brief [[wikipedia:French campaign in Egypt and Syria|French Occupation]]. After seizure of power by [[wikipedia:Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], Egypt enters a period of modernization along European lines. Modern secular education becomes the norm in the state expansionist program, especially in the medical school. [[wikipedia:France|France]] is seen as a model for development, and the French language becomes dominant in Academia and other public affairs.<ref name=Abugideiri/> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1914–present||Development of the current structure of the health care system in Egypt during [[History of Egypt under the British|British occupation]]. Consummated after [[History of the Republic of Egypt|independence]] with the creation of the Egyptian Health Insurance Organization in 1964 under the administration of President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], who adopts socialist economic policies.<ref name=health-emergencies>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/law/help/health-emergencies/egypt.php|title=Egypt: Legal Responses to Health Emergencies|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref> | + | |1914–present||Development of the current structure of the health care system in Egypt during [[wikipedia:History of Egypt under the British|British occupation]]. Consummated after [[wikipedia:History of the Republic of Egypt|independence]] with the creation of the Egyptian Health Insurance Organization in 1964 under the administration of President [[wikipedia:Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]], who adopts socialist economic policies.<ref name=health-emergencies>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/law/help/health-emergencies/egypt.php|title=Egypt: Legal Responses to Health Emergencies|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref> |
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! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ||
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| − | |2700 [[Anno Domini|BC]]||Development||The earliest ever record of a physician is [[Hesy-Ra]], "Chief of Dentists and Doctors" to King Dioser.<ref name=ancient-egyptian-medicine/>|| | + | |2700 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|BC]]||Development||The earliest ever record of a physician is [[wikipedia:Hesy-Ra|Hesy-Ra]], "Chief of Dentists and Doctors" to King Dioser.<ref name=ancient-egyptian-medicine/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2400 [[Anno Domini|BC]]||Development||The first female doctor in Ancient Egypt is probably [[Peseshet]], known as the supervisor of all female doctors.<ref name=ancient-egyptian-medicine/>|| | + | |2400 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|BC]]||Development||The first female doctor in Ancient Egypt is probably [[wikipedia:Peseshet|Peseshet]], known as the supervisor of all female doctors.<ref name=ancient-egyptian-medicine/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1700 [[Anno Domini|BC]]||Development||Earliest evidence of [[medical diagnosis|diagnostic medicine]] in Egypt.<ref name=aldokkan>{{cite web|url=http://www.aldokkan.com/science/medicine.htm|title=Comparison Between Egyptian and Medieval Medicine|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |1700 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|BC]]||Development||Earliest evidence of [[wikipedia:medical diagnosis|diagnostic medicine]] in Egypt.<ref name=aldokkan>{{cite web|url=http://www.aldokkan.com/science/medicine.htm|title=Comparison Between Egyptian and Medieval Medicine|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |642||Background||[[Muslim conquest of Egypt]].<ref name=timeline/>|| | + | |642||Background||[[wikipedia:Muslim conquest of Egypt|Muslim conquest of Egypt]].<ref name=timeline/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |872||Organization||[[Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital]] is founded. The hospital provides free care for anyone who needs it, a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/29/muslim.inventions/|title=Muslim inventions that shaped the modern world|author= Olivia Sterns|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |872||Organization||[[wikipedia:Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital|Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital]] is founded. The hospital provides free care for anyone who needs it, a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/29/muslim.inventions/|title=Muslim inventions that shaped the modern world|author= Olivia Sterns|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1517||Background||Egypt is absorbed into the [[Ottoman empire]].<ref name=timeline/>|| | + | |1517||Background||Egypt is absorbed into the [[wikipedia:Ottoman empire|Ottoman empire]].<ref name=timeline/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1827||Organization||[[Kasr El Aini Hospital]] (the first Egyptian medical school) is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkasrelaini.org/default_eng.htm|title=Kasr El Aini Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Abu Zaabal]] | + | |1827||Organization||[[wikipedia:Kasr El Aini Hospital|Kasr El Aini Hospital]] (the first Egyptian medical school) is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkasrelaini.org/default_eng.htm|title=Kasr El Aini Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Abu Zaabal|Abu Zaabal]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1805||Background||Ottoman Albanian commander [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] comes to power in Egypt and rules until 1952, although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=timeline/> | + | |1805||Background||Ottoman Albanian commander [[wikipedia:Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] comes to power in Egypt and rules until 1952, although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=timeline/> |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1836||Policy||French physician [[Antoine Clot]] is appointed head of the medical administration of Egypt. Clot establishes a hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction in Egypt, as well as for the study of the [[French language]].<ref name=Abugideiri/> | + | |1836||Policy||French physician [[wikipedia:Antoine Clot|Antoine Clot]] is appointed head of the medical administration of Egypt. Clot establishes a hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction in Egypt, as well as for the study of the [[wikipedia:French language|French language]].<ref name=Abugideiri/> |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1837||Policy||The Egyptian government reorganization, under the rule of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] determines to extend medical provisions like vaccination, public sanitation, hospitals, and clinics to the masses.<ref name=Abugideiri>{{cite book |last= Abugideiri |first= Hibba |date= |title=Gender and the Making of Modern Medicine in Colonial Egypt |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q3UGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=%22colonial+egypt%22+%22hospitals%22&source=bl&ots=WA_pBc9rQ0&sig=yA6gmp1P5DH8marrWIeB6akzLwQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUxqOEv4XOAhXIhpAKHYhwAWoQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=%22colonial%20egypt%22%20%22hospitals%22&f=false |location= |publisher= |page=29 |isbn=}}</ref>|| | + | |1837||Policy||The Egyptian government reorganization, under the rule of [[wikipedia:Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] determines to extend medical provisions like vaccination, public sanitation, hospitals, and clinics to the masses.<ref name=Abugideiri>{{cite book |last= Abugideiri |first= Hibba |date= |title=Gender and the Making of Modern Medicine in Colonial Egypt |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q3UGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=%22colonial+egypt%22+%22hospitals%22&source=bl&ots=WA_pBc9rQ0&sig=yA6gmp1P5DH8marrWIeB6akzLwQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUxqOEv4XOAhXIhpAKHYhwAWoQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=%22colonial%20egypt%22%20%22hospitals%22&f=false |location= |publisher= |page=29 |isbn=}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1839||Development||After the first generation of Egyptian doctors arrive from [[Paris]] with their doctorates in hand, all courses in [[medicine]] start to be conducted in [[Arabic]].<ref name=Abugideiri/> | + | |1839||Development||After the first generation of Egyptian doctors arrive from [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]] with their doctorates in hand, all courses in [[wikipedia:medicine|medicine]] start to be conducted in [[wikipedia:Arabic|Arabic]].<ref name=Abugideiri/> |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1882||Background||[[British empire|Great Britain]] occupies Egypt.<ref name=timeline/>|| | + | |1882||Background||[[wikipedia:British empire|Great Britain]] occupies Egypt.<ref name=timeline/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1909||Policy||The earliest legislation pertaining to occupational health in Egypt is launched. It concerns the employment of children in cotton ginning factories. A number of Acts including sections dealing with health and welfare of factory workers follows.<ref name=Gehad>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/policy/wcms_187043.pdf|title=Occupational Safety and Heal thin EGYPT|author=Gehad A. Abo El Ata, Michele Nahmias|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | |1909||Policy||The earliest legislation pertaining to occupational health in Egypt is launched. It concerns the employment of children in cotton ginning factories. A number of Acts including sections dealing with health and welfare of factory workers follows.<ref name=Gehad>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/policy/wcms_187043.pdf|title=Occupational Safety and Heal thin EGYPT|author=Gehad A. Abo El Ata, Michele Nahmias|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1911||Organization||[[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] [[Egyptian Red Crescent Society]] is founded, with main activities being providing health and medical services to those in need.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptianrc.org/FAQs|title=Egyptian Red Crescent Society|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |1911||Organization||[[wikipedia:Non-governmental organization|NGO]] [[wikipedia:Egyptian Red Crescent Society|Egyptian Red Crescent Society]] is founded, with main activities being providing health and medical services to those in need.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptianrc.org/FAQs|title=Egyptian Red Crescent Society|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1914||Background||Egypt formally becomes a British protectorate.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13315719|title=Egypt profile - Timeline|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | |1914||Background||Egypt formally becomes a British protectorate.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13315719|title=Egypt profile - Timeline|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1922||Political change||[[Fuad I of Egypt]] becomes King and Egypt gains independence, although British influence remains significant until mid-1950s.<ref name=timeline/>|| | + | |1922||Political change||[[wikipedia:Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I of Egypt]] becomes King and Egypt gains independence, although British influence remains significant until mid-1950s.<ref name=timeline/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1947||Organization||[[Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://med.asu.edu.eg/|title=Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Cairo]] | + | |1947||Organization||[[wikipedia:Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine|Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://med.asu.edu.eg/|title=Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1950||Organization||[[Hassab Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eg.brate.com/#!/en/dr-hassab-hospital-moharram-bey-alexandria/b-314508|title=Hassab Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Alexandria]] | + | |1950||Organization||[[wikipedia:Hassab Hospital|Hassab Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eg.brate.com/#!/en/dr-hassab-hospital-moharram-bey-alexandria/b-314508|title=Hassab Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Alexandria|Alexandria]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1952||Policy||Foundation of the [[History of the Republic of Egypt|Republic of Egypt]]. The [[Constitution of Egypt|new constitution]] pronounces free medical care as a basic right for all Egyptians.<ref name=health-profile>{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17293e/s17293e.pdf|title=Health system profile of Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |1952||Policy||Foundation of the [[wikipedia:History of the Republic of Egypt|Republic of Egypt]]. The [[wikipedia:Constitution of Egypt|new constitution]] pronounces free medical care as a basic right for all Egyptians.<ref name=health-profile>{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17293e/s17293e.pdf|title=Health system profile of Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1954||Organization||[[CARE (relief agency)|CARE International]] starts its operations in the poorest regions of Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care.org.eg/|title=About CARE International in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |1954||Organization||[[wikipedia:CARE (relief agency)|CARE International]] starts its operations in the poorest regions of Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care.org.eg/|title=About CARE International in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1955||Policy||New law regulates use of [[herbal medicine]] in Egypt in the forms of prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines, self-medication and dietary supplements.<ref name=developing-countries/>|| | + | |1955||Policy||New law regulates use of [[wikipedia:herbal medicine|herbal medicine]] in Egypt in the forms of prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines, self-medication and dietary supplements.<ref name=developing-countries/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1959||Policy||The first comprehensive "Labor Law" is adopted, by which employment of workers, employment conditions and agencies competent with occupational safety and health as well as penalty clauses are covered.<ref name=Gehad/>|| | |1959||Policy||The first comprehensive "Labor Law" is adopted, by which employment of workers, employment conditions and agencies competent with occupational safety and health as well as penalty clauses are covered.<ref name=Gehad/>|| | ||
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|1964||Policy/Organization||The Health Insurance Organization (HIO) is established as a compulsory social insurance agency with the intention of eventually covering the whole Egyptian population. HIO imposes mandatory payroll contributions on all formal sector workers and their employers, and public pensioners. From 1965 to 1995, the number of beneficiaries increase from 140,000 to 5,851,549 (9.7% of the national population).<ref name=Distribution-of-Health-Care>{{cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-81.PDF|title=The Distribution of Health Care Resources in Egypt: Implications for Equity|author=Ravi P. Rannan-Eliya, Claudia Blanco-Vidal, A. K. Nandakumar|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | |1964||Policy/Organization||The Health Insurance Organization (HIO) is established as a compulsory social insurance agency with the intention of eventually covering the whole Egyptian population. HIO imposes mandatory payroll contributions on all formal sector workers and their employers, and public pensioners. From 1965 to 1995, the number of beneficiaries increase from 140,000 to 5,851,549 (9.7% of the national population).<ref name=Distribution-of-Health-Care>{{cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-81.PDF|title=The Distribution of Health Care Resources in Egypt: Implications for Equity|author=Ravi P. Rannan-Eliya, Claudia Blanco-Vidal, A. K. Nandakumar|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1964||Organization||[[Curative Care Organisation (CCO)]] is created following the nationalization of several private hospitals. CCO provides health care services to the public for a nominal charge.<ref name=mahermiladiskander>{{cite web|url=http://mahermiladiskander.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Health-care-empty.pdf|title=Background of Health Care in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |1964||Organization||[[wikipedia:Curative Care Organisation (CCO)|Curative Care Organisation (CCO)]] is created following the nationalization of several private hospitals. CCO provides health care services to the public for a nominal charge.<ref name=mahermiladiskander>{{cite web|url=http://mahermiladiskander.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Health-care-empty.pdf|title=Background of Health Care in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1969||Organization||[[National Cancer Institute Egypt]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nci.cu.edu.eg/|title=National Cancer Institute Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Cairo]] | + | |1969||Organization||[[wikipedia:National Cancer Institute Egypt|National Cancer Institute Egypt]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nci.cu.edu.eg/|title=National Cancer Institute Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1975||Policy||Presidential Decree defines the mission and objectives of the Minister of Health providing that the Ministry’s main mission is to protect the health of all Egyptian citizens through preventive and curative services at a centralized level.<ref name=health-emergencies/>|| | |1975||Policy||Presidential Decree defines the mission and objectives of the Minister of Health providing that the Ministry’s main mission is to protect the health of all Egyptian citizens through preventive and curative services at a centralized level.<ref name=health-emergencies/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1975||Organization||The [[General Organisation for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes]] is founded. This organization currently regulates the nine teaching hospitals and nine medical institutes in Egypt.<ref name=mahermiladiskander/>|| | + | |1975||Organization||The [[wikipedia:General Organisation for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes|General Organisation for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes]] is founded. This organization currently regulates the nine teaching hospitals and nine medical institutes in Egypt.<ref name=mahermiladiskander/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1977||Organization||[[Theodor Bilharz Research Institute]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Theodor_Bilharz_Research_Institute|title=Theodor Bilharz Research Institute|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Giza]] | + | |1977||Organization||[[wikipedia:Theodor Bilharz Research Institute|Theodor Bilharz Research Institute]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Theodor_Bilharz_Research_Institute|title=Theodor Bilharz Research Institute|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Giza|Giza]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1983||Organization||[[Shabrawishy Hospital Blood Bank]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodbank-egypt.com/about.htm|title=Shabrawishy Hospital Blood Bank|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Cairo]] | + | |1983||Organization||[[wikipedia:Shabrawishy Hospital Blood Bank|Shabrawishy Hospital Blood Bank]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodbank-egypt.com/about.htm|title=Shabrawishy Hospital Blood Bank|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1985||Organization||[[Nile Badrawi Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilebadrawi.com/|title=Nile Badrawi Hospital|author=Gericke, Christian A.|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Cairo]] | + | |1985||Organization||[[wikipedia:Nile Badrawi Hospital|Nile Badrawi Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilebadrawi.com/|title=Nile Badrawi Hospital|author=Gericke, Christian A.|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1992||Organization||The [[Egyptian AIDS Society]] is established as an NGO in order to support national and international efforts to stop newly [[AIDS]] infections in Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyaids.info/en/|title=NGO Arab states|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |1992||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Egyptian AIDS Society|Egyptian AIDS Society]] is established as an NGO in order to support national and international efforts to stop newly [[wikipedia:AIDS|AIDS]] infections in Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyaids.info/en/|title=NGO Arab states|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1993||Policy||The Student Medical Insurance Program (SMIP) is introduced by the HIO. SMIP is financed by a mix of individual premiums paid by enrolled students, a special ear-marked cigarette tax, and a contribution from general revenues per child.<ref name=Distribution-of-Health-Care/>|| | |1993||Policy||The Student Medical Insurance Program (SMIP) is introduced by the HIO. SMIP is financed by a mix of individual premiums paid by enrolled students, a special ear-marked cigarette tax, and a contribution from general revenues per child.<ref name=Distribution-of-Health-Care/>|| | ||
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|1993||Policy||Health insurance is expanded to cover 10 million schoolchildren.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/6497876.pdf|title=Financing health care in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | |1993||Policy||Health insurance is expanded to cover 10 million schoolchildren.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/6497876.pdf|title=Financing health care in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1996||Report||Egypt is reported to have the highest [[body mass index]] in the world at 26.3.<ref name="R Martorell">{{cite book|last=Martorell|first=R|title=Obesity in Women from Developing Countries|year=2000}}</ref>|| | + | |1996||Report||Egypt is reported to have the highest [[wikipedia:body mass index|body mass index]] in the world at 26.3.<ref name="R Martorell">{{cite book|last=Martorell|first=R|title=Obesity in Women from Developing Countries|year=2000}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1997||Policy||The government of Egypt launches the Health Sector Reform Program (HSRP) in order to address persistent needs in maternal and child health. The HSRP is introduced in a first phase in the pilot governorates of Alexandria, Menoufia and Sohag (1998-2004).<ref name=shamseya>{{cite web|url=http://2.shamseya.org/2016/03/07/attempts-of-healthcare-system-reform-in-egypt/|title=Attempts of healthcare system reform in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | |1997||Policy||The government of Egypt launches the Health Sector Reform Program (HSRP) in order to address persistent needs in maternal and child health. The HSRP is introduced in a first phase in the pilot governorates of Alexandria, Menoufia and Sohag (1998-2004).<ref name=shamseya>{{cite web|url=http://2.shamseya.org/2016/03/07/attempts-of-healthcare-system-reform-in-egypt/|title=Attempts of healthcare system reform in Egypt|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1999||Organization||[[Dar Al Fouad|Dar Al Fouad Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daralfouad.org/__best-hospital-in-egypt-vision|title=Dar Al Fouad|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Giza]] | + | |1999||Organization||[[wikipedia:Dar Al Fouad|Dar Al Fouad Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daralfouad.org/__best-hospital-in-egypt-vision|title=Dar Al Fouad|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Giza|Giza]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1999||Policy||The Family Health Fund (FHF) is established according to ministerial decree. FHF is responsible for providing insurance coverage to beneficiaries through contracting and purchasing primary health care services from Family Health Units or Family Health Centers that are owned by the public sector.<ref name=health-profile/>|| | |1999||Policy||The Family Health Fund (FHF) is established according to ministerial decree. FHF is responsible for providing insurance coverage to beneficiaries through contracting and purchasing primary health care services from Family Health Units or Family Health Centers that are owned by the public sector.<ref name=health-profile/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1999||Organization||The [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) is the first donor to begin field-level operations in Egypt.<ref name=health-profile/>|| | + | |1999||Organization||The [[wikipedia:United States Agency for International Development|United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) is the first donor to begin field-level operations in Egypt.<ref name=health-profile/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1999||Organization||[[International Eye Hospital Cairo]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iehegypt.com/en/about.php|title=Al O’youn Al Dawli|author=|date=|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Cairo]] | + | |1999||Organization||[[wikipedia:International Eye Hospital Cairo|International Eye Hospital Cairo]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iehegypt.com/en/about.php|title=Al O’youn Al Dawli|author=|date=|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] |
|- | |- | ||
|2000||Organization||The Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit (ESU) is established by ministerial decree with the purpose of identifying disease patterns and detecting changes in healthcare practice in Egypt.<ref name=health-profile/>|| | |2000||Organization||The Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit (ESU) is established by ministerial decree with the purpose of identifying disease patterns and detecting changes in healthcare practice in Egypt.<ref name=health-profile/>|| | ||
| Line 111: | Line 111: | ||
|2003||Policy||New law stipulates that the employer takes all necessary measures to ensure safety and health at the workplace. It also requires the medical examination of the worker before employment.<ref name=Gehad/>|| | |2003||Policy||New law stipulates that the employer takes all necessary measures to ensure safety and health at the workplace. It also requires the medical examination of the worker before employment.<ref name=Gehad/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2003||Organization|| The [[African Development Bank]] (ADB) initiates its work through designing Master Plans for some health districts in Egypt.<ref name=health-profile/> || | + | |2003||Organization|| The [[wikipedia:African Development Bank|African Development Bank]] (ADB) initiates its work through designing Master Plans for some health districts in Egypt.<ref name=health-profile/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2003||Report||Survey by [[UNICEF]] says that 97 percent of married women in Egypt have undergone genital mutilation.<ref name=female-circumcision>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19510447/ns/health-health_care/t/death-spurs-egypt-ban-female-circumcision/#.V5AmGfmGMhk|title=Egypt bans female circumcision|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |2003||Report||Survey by [[wikipedia:UNICEF|UNICEF]] says that 97 percent of married women in Egypt have undergone genital mutilation.<ref name=female-circumcision>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19510447/ns/health-health_care/t/death-spurs-egypt-ban-female-circumcision/#.V5AmGfmGMhk|title=Egypt bans female circumcision|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|2004–2005||Policy||The Health Sector Reform Program (HSRP) is extended to Qena and Suez.<ref name=shamseya/>|| | |2004–2005||Policy||The Health Sector Reform Program (HSRP) is extended to Qena and Suez.<ref name=shamseya/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2006||Report||Study by the [[World health organization|WHO]] indicates that [[air pollution]], especially in [[Cairo]] and [[Alexandria]], is a major source of chronic [[respiratory diseases]] in Egypt.<ref name=developing-countries>{{cite web|url=http://samples.jbpub.com/9781449679590/99649_CH03_FINAL.pdf|title=developing countries: Egypt, China, India, and South Africa|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |2006||Report||Study by the [[wikipedia:World health organization|WHO]] indicates that [[wikipedia:air pollution|air pollution]], especially in [[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] and [[wikipedia:Alexandria|Alexandria]], is a major source of chronic [[wikipedia:respiratory diseases|respiratory diseases]] in Egypt.<ref name=developing-countries>{{cite web|url=http://samples.jbpub.com/9781449679590/99649_CH03_FINAL.pdf|title=developing countries: Egypt, China, India, and South Africa|author=|date=|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2006||Achievement||Egypt is declared free of [[poliomyelitis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/egypt/global-health|title=global Health|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |2006||Achievement||Egypt is declared free of [[wikipedia:poliomyelitis|poliomyelitis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/egypt/global-health|title=global Health|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2007||Organization||[[57357 Hospital|Children Cancer Hospital 57357]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptcancernetwork.org/tag/childrens-cancer-hospital-egypt/|title=57357 Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Cairo]] | + | |2007||Organization||[[wikipedia:57357 Hospital|Children Cancer Hospital 57357]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptcancernetwork.org/tag/childrens-cancer-hospital-egypt/|title=57357 Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]] |
|- | |- | ||
|2007||Policy||Egypt bans female circumcision.<ref name=female-circumcision/>|| | |2007||Policy||Egypt bans female circumcision.<ref name=female-circumcision/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2008||Organization||In response to [[Hepatitis C]] epidemic, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population launches a campaign with two major elements: education, where hospital staff is taught about infection control; and requirement for every hospital to have an infection control committee with clear authority to monitor the situation of the hospital.<ref name=hepatitis/>|| | + | |2008||Organization||In response to [[wikipedia:Hepatitis C|Hepatitis C]] epidemic, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population launches a campaign with two major elements: education, where hospital staff is taught about infection control; and requirement for every hospital to have an infection control committee with clear authority to monitor the situation of the hospital.<ref name=hepatitis/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2010||Crisis||Study estimates that more than half a million people in Egypt are newly infected by [[hepatitis C]] each year. While globally, roughly 1 person in 50 is infected with the virus, in Egypt, study finds a ratio at about one person in seven.<ref name=hepatitis>{{cite web|url=http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.83|title=Global health: A uniquely Egyptian epidemic|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |2010||Crisis||Study estimates that more than half a million people in Egypt are newly infected by [[wikipedia:hepatitis C|hepatitis C]] each year. While globally, roughly 1 person in 50 is infected with the virus, in Egypt, study finds a ratio at about one person in seven.<ref name=hepatitis>{{cite web|url=http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.83|title=Global health: A uniquely Egyptian epidemic|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2014||Report||Around half of Egypt’s total population is served by the country’s public health care system, according to government and [[World Bank]] data. Around 72% of all health care costs are paid for out-of-pocket by patients and their families.<ref name=oxfordbusinessgroup>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/reform-effort-comprehensive-new-government-policy-aims-recalibrate-health-care-system|title=New government policy in Egypt to recalibrate health care system|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |2014||Report||Around half of Egypt’s total population is served by the country’s public health care system, according to government and [[wikipedia:World Bank|World Bank]] data. Around 72% of all health care costs are paid for out-of-pocket by patients and their families.<ref name=oxfordbusinessgroup>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/reform-effort-comprehensive-new-government-policy-aims-recalibrate-health-care-system|title=New government policy in Egypt to recalibrate health care system|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|2014||Policy||A new constitution is approved by popular referendum, replacing the nation’s previous 2012 constitution. Article 18 of the new document guarantees the right to health and access to quality health care, in addition to mandating that the government allocate a minimum of 3% of GDP to health care expenditure.<ref name=oxfordbusinessgroup/>|| | |2014||Policy||A new constitution is approved by popular referendum, replacing the nation’s previous 2012 constitution. Article 18 of the new document guarantees the right to health and access to quality health care, in addition to mandating that the government allocate a minimum of 3% of GDP to health care expenditure.<ref name=oxfordbusinessgroup/>|| | ||
| Line 141: | Line 141: | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | * [[Healthcare in Egypt]] | + | * [[wikipedia:Healthcare in Egypt|Healthcare in Egypt]] |
| − | * [[Timeline of global health]] | + | * [[wikipedia:Timeline of global health|Timeline of global health]] |
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|30em}} | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Health in Egypt]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Health in Egypt|Category:Health in Egypt]] |
| − | [[Category:Health-related timelines]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Health-related timelines|Category:Health-related timelines]] |
Revision as of 17:31, 13 March 2017
The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of healthcare in Egypt". The original page still exists at Timeline of healthcare in Egypt. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.
This is a timeline of healthcare in Egypt, focusing on modern healthcare system. Major events such as policies and organizations are included.
Big picture
| Period | Key developments |
|---|---|
| <323 BC | Ancient Egypt is considered to be the first civilization to develop what today we call a healthcare system. Ancient Egyptians document their research and knowledge. Documented ancient Egyptian medical literature is among the oldest in existence today.[1] |
| 323 BC – 30 BC | Ptolemaic Kingdom. The Alexandria University is famous for medicine. Herophilus and Erasistratus are permitted to dissect living criminals. The practices of Egyptian medicine are studied by scholars from ancient Greece and are acknowledged by Hippocrates.[2] |
| 30 BC–641 | Christian Egypt. During the Byzantine period, medicine is often impotent at remedying maladies, thus simple ailments have the potential to progress into fatalities. The cause of many illnesses is unknown, and they are sometimes attributed to the effects of the evil eye or to spells.[3] |
| 641–1517 | Medieval Egypt. Medicine and disease in medieval Islam is approached through theoretical medical treatises. Also, Jewish physicians – in both Alexandria and Cairo – are a highlight of this period, mainly between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, with Maimonides being one of the most renowned.[4] |
| 1517–1914 | Early modern Egypt. Great advance is made after the brief French Occupation. After seizure of power by Muhammad Ali Pasha, Egypt enters a period of modernization along European lines. Modern secular education becomes the norm in the state expansionist program, especially in the medical school. France is seen as a model for development, and the French language becomes dominant in Academia and other public affairs.[5] |
| 1914–present | Development of the current structure of the health care system in Egypt during British occupation. Consummated after independence with the creation of the Egyptian Health Insurance Organization in 1964 under the administration of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who adopts socialist economic policies.[6] |
Full timeline
| Year/period | Type of event | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2700 BC | Development | The earliest ever record of a physician is Hesy-Ra, "Chief of Dentists and Doctors" to King Dioser.[1] | |
| 2400 BC | Development | The first female doctor in Ancient Egypt is probably Peseshet, known as the supervisor of all female doctors.[1] | |
| 1700 BC | Development | Earliest evidence of diagnostic medicine in Egypt.[2] | |
| 642 | Background | Muslim conquest of Egypt.[7] | |
| 872 | Organization | Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital is founded. The hospital provides free care for anyone who needs it, a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick.[8] | |
| 1517 | Background | Egypt is absorbed into the Ottoman empire.[7] | |
| 1827 | Organization | Kasr El Aini Hospital (the first Egyptian medical school) is founded.[9] | Abu Zaabal |
| 1805 | Background | Ottoman Albanian commander Muhammad Ali comes to power in Egypt and rules until 1952, although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire.[7] | |
| 1836 | Policy | French physician Antoine Clot is appointed head of the medical administration of Egypt. Clot establishes a hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction in Egypt, as well as for the study of the French language.[5] | |
| 1837 | Policy | The Egyptian government reorganization, under the rule of Muhammad Ali determines to extend medical provisions like vaccination, public sanitation, hospitals, and clinics to the masses.[5] | |
| 1839 | Development | After the first generation of Egyptian doctors arrive from Paris with their doctorates in hand, all courses in medicine start to be conducted in Arabic.[5] | |
| 1882 | Background | Great Britain occupies Egypt.[7] | |
| 1909 | Policy | The earliest legislation pertaining to occupational health in Egypt is launched. It concerns the employment of children in cotton ginning factories. A number of Acts including sections dealing with health and welfare of factory workers follows.[10] | |
| 1911 | Organization | NGO Egyptian Red Crescent Society is founded, with main activities being providing health and medical services to those in need.[11] | |
| 1914 | Background | Egypt formally becomes a British protectorate.[7] | |
| 1922 | Political change | Fuad I of Egypt becomes King and Egypt gains independence, although British influence remains significant until mid-1950s.[7] | |
| 1947 | Organization | Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine is founded.[12] | Cairo |
| 1950 | Organization | Hassab Hospital is founded.[13] | Alexandria |
| 1952 | Policy | Foundation of the Republic of Egypt. The new constitution pronounces free medical care as a basic right for all Egyptians.[14] | |
| 1954 | Organization | CARE International starts its operations in the poorest regions of Egypt.[15] | |
| 1955 | Policy | New law regulates use of herbal medicine in Egypt in the forms of prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines, self-medication and dietary supplements.[16] | |
| 1959 | Policy | The first comprehensive "Labor Law" is adopted, by which employment of workers, employment conditions and agencies competent with occupational safety and health as well as penalty clauses are covered.[10] | |
| 1964 | Policy/Organization | The Health Insurance Organization (HIO) is established as a compulsory social insurance agency with the intention of eventually covering the whole Egyptian population. HIO imposes mandatory payroll contributions on all formal sector workers and their employers, and public pensioners. From 1965 to 1995, the number of beneficiaries increase from 140,000 to 5,851,549 (9.7% of the national population).[17] | |
| 1964 | Organization | Curative Care Organisation (CCO) is created following the nationalization of several private hospitals. CCO provides health care services to the public for a nominal charge.[18] | |
| 1969 | Organization | National Cancer Institute Egypt is founded.[19] | Cairo |
| 1975 | Policy | Presidential Decree defines the mission and objectives of the Minister of Health providing that the Ministry’s main mission is to protect the health of all Egyptian citizens through preventive and curative services at a centralized level.[6] | |
| 1975 | Organization | The General Organisation for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes is founded. This organization currently regulates the nine teaching hospitals and nine medical institutes in Egypt.[18] | |
| 1977 | Organization | Theodor Bilharz Research Institute is founded.[20] | Giza |
| 1983 | Organization | Shabrawishy Hospital Blood Bank is established.[21] | Cairo |
| 1985 | Organization | Nile Badrawi Hospital is founded.[22] | Cairo |
| 1992 | Organization | The Egyptian AIDS Society is established as an NGO in order to support national and international efforts to stop newly AIDS infections in Egypt.[23] | |
| 1993 | Policy | The Student Medical Insurance Program (SMIP) is introduced by the HIO. SMIP is financed by a mix of individual premiums paid by enrolled students, a special ear-marked cigarette tax, and a contribution from general revenues per child.[17] | |
| 1993 | Policy | Health insurance is expanded to cover 10 million schoolchildren.[24] | |
| 1996 | Report | Egypt is reported to have the highest body mass index in the world at 26.3.[25] | |
| 1997 | Policy | The government of Egypt launches the Health Sector Reform Program (HSRP) in order to address persistent needs in maternal and child health. The HSRP is introduced in a first phase in the pilot governorates of Alexandria, Menoufia and Sohag (1998-2004).[26] | |
| 1999 | Organization | Dar Al Fouad Hospital is founded.[27] | Giza |
| 1999 | Policy | The Family Health Fund (FHF) is established according to ministerial decree. FHF is responsible for providing insurance coverage to beneficiaries through contracting and purchasing primary health care services from Family Health Units or Family Health Centers that are owned by the public sector.[14] | |
| 1999 | Organization | The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the first donor to begin field-level operations in Egypt.[14] | |
| 1999 | Organization | International Eye Hospital Cairo is founded.[28] | Cairo |
| 2000 | Organization | The Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit (ESU) is established by ministerial decree with the purpose of identifying disease patterns and detecting changes in healthcare practice in Egypt.[14] | |
| 2001–2002 | Report | The Health Insurance Organization reaches coverage at around 45% of the total Egyptian population, and accounts for 10% of the total health spending, representing the second largest health financing organization after the Ministry of Finance.[14] | |
| 2003 | Policy | New law stipulates that the employer takes all necessary measures to ensure safety and health at the workplace. It also requires the medical examination of the worker before employment.[10] | |
| 2003 | Organization | The African Development Bank (ADB) initiates its work through designing Master Plans for some health districts in Egypt.[14] | |
| 2003 | Report | Survey by UNICEF says that 97 percent of married women in Egypt have undergone genital mutilation.[29] | |
| 2004–2005 | Policy | The Health Sector Reform Program (HSRP) is extended to Qena and Suez.[26] | |
| 2006 | Report | Study by the WHO indicates that air pollution, especially in Cairo and Alexandria, is a major source of chronic respiratory diseases in Egypt.[16] | |
| 2006 | Achievement | Egypt is declared free of poliomyelitis.[30] | |
| 2007 | Organization | Children Cancer Hospital 57357 is founded.[31] | Cairo |
| 2007 | Policy | Egypt bans female circumcision.[29] | |
| 2008 | Organization | In response to Hepatitis C epidemic, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population launches a campaign with two major elements: education, where hospital staff is taught about infection control; and requirement for every hospital to have an infection control committee with clear authority to monitor the situation of the hospital.[32] | |
| 2010 | Crisis | Study estimates that more than half a million people in Egypt are newly infected by hepatitis C each year. While globally, roughly 1 person in 50 is infected with the virus, in Egypt, study finds a ratio at about one person in seven.[32] | |
| 2014 | Report | Around half of Egypt’s total population is served by the country’s public health care system, according to government and World Bank data. Around 72% of all health care costs are paid for out-of-pocket by patients and their families.[33] | |
| 2014 | Policy | A new constitution is approved by popular referendum, replacing the nation’s previous 2012 constitution. Article 18 of the new document guarantees the right to health and access to quality health care, in addition to mandating that the government allocate a minimum of 3% of GDP to health care expenditure.[33] | |
| 2016 | Organization | The first digital hospital in Egypt, a branch of the Children’s Cancer Hospital, is founded.[34] | |
| 2016 | Report | Life expectancy in Egypt is estimated at 73.94 years, being ranked 127th out of 228 political subdivisions.[35] |
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "What Is Ancient Egyptian Medicine?". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Comparison Between Egyptian and Medieval Medicine". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ "Popular Religion: Magical Uses of Imagery in Byzantine Art". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ Efraim Lev (2013). "Mediators between Theoretical and Practical Medieval Knowledge: Medical Notebooks from the Cairo Genizah and their Significance". Med Hist. 57: 487–515. PMC 3865955
. PMID 24069914. doi:10.1017/mdh.2013.56.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Abugideiri, Hibba. Gender and the Making of Modern Medicine in Colonial Egypt. p. 29.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Egypt: Legal Responses to Health Emergencies". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "Egypt profile - Timeline". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ Olivia Sterns. "Muslim inventions that shaped the modern world". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ "Kasr El Aini Hospital". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Gehad A. Abo El Ata, Michele Nahmias. "Occupational Safety and Heal thin EGYPT" (PDF). Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ "Egyptian Red Crescent Society". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Hassab Hospital". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 "Health system profile of Egypt" (PDF). Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "About CARE International in Egypt". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "developing countries: Egypt, China, India, and South Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ravi P. Rannan-Eliya, Claudia Blanco-Vidal, A. K. Nandakumar. "The Distribution of Health Care Resources in Egypt: Implications for Equity" (PDF). Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Background of Health Care in Egypt" (PDF). Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ "National Cancer Institute Egypt". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Theodor Bilharz Research Institute". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Shabrawishy Hospital Blood Bank". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ Gericke, Christian A. "Nile Badrawi Hospital". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "NGO Arab states". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Financing health care in Egypt" (PDF). Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ Martorell, R (2000). Obesity in Women from Developing Countries.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Attempts of healthcare system reform in Egypt". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Dar Al Fouad". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Al O'youn Al Dawli". Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Egypt bans female circumcision". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "global Health". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "57357 Hospital". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Global health: A uniquely Egyptian epidemic". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "New government policy in Egypt to recalibrate health care system". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Digital healthcare: CCHE creates Egypt's first digital hospital". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ↑ "The World: Life Expectancy (2016)". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
