Difference between revisions of "Timeline of healthcare in Germany"

This is a '''timeline of [[healthcare in Germany]]''', focusing on modern healthcare system first adopted in this country. Major events such as policies and organizations are included.

|<1883||Modern [[science-based medicine]] is shaped through endless scientific discoveries by [[Germans|German]] scientists. Some major events from early times concerning healthcare include the foundation of [[University Hospital Heidelberg]] (1388).

|1883–1911||Development of the first healthcare system of modern history, starting with policies of the introduced [[Otto von Bismarck]]'s [[Otto Von Bismarck#social legislation|social legislation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/shi_key_factors.pdf|title=Social health insurance|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>

|1911–1933||After the [[Reich Insurance Code]] (RVO for Reichsversicherungsordnung) is introduced,  health, pension and accident insurance are integrated under one set of laws. The RVO becomes the decisive legal basis for health insurance law. Compulsory insurance is extended to messengers, migrant workers, and those working in farming and forestry.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/>  

|1933–1945||Under the rule of [[National Socialism]], the organization, financing and supervision of the health insurance funds are altered dramatically. Self-administration is abolished and state-approved directors are assigned to each fund. Among important reforms is the introduction of health insurance for pensioners in 1941.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/>

|1945–1990||Two states period: The [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR/East Germany) and the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] (FRG/West Germany). A socialist model healthcare system is adopted in East Germany, while self-administration is reinstated in West Germany in 1952.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/><ref name=Insights-From-Health-Care-in-Germany/>

|1990–present||After [[German reunification]], former East Germany assimilates to the [[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]] healthcare system. The unification treaty rules that federal German health insurance law is to apply to the new east German Länder.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/><ref name=Insights-From-Health-Care-in-Germany/>

[[File:Germany life expectancy.png|thumb|none|400px|Evolution of life expectancy in Germany for the period 1875-2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Expectancy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy/#life-expectancy-has-improved-globally|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>]]

|1388||Organization||[[University Hospital Heidelberg]] is founded. It is the first one within the actual Federal Republic of Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microdis-eu.be/content/partners|website=microdis-eu.be|title=University Hospital Heidelberg|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Heidelberg]]

|1456||Organization||[[Greifswald University Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medizin.uni-greifswald.de|title=Greifswald University Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Greifswald]]

|1457||Organization||[[University Medical Center Freiburg]], a hospital and research unit, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Medical Center|url=http://www.uni-freiburg.de/universitaet-en/uniklinik|website=uni-freiburg.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=University Medical Center Freiburg - International Medical Service (IMS)|url=https://www.healthregion-freiburg.de/en/uniklinik|website=healthregion-freiburg.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Freiburg im Breisgau]]

|1710||Organization||The [[Charité|Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin]] founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historie im Überblick|url=https://www.charite.de/die_charite/profil/historie/|website=charite.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William Held Film: Charité Berlin [1919-1922]|url=http://www.filmportal.de/en/video/approaching-the-charite|website=filmportal.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Berlin]]

|1783||Organization||[[University Hospital Bonn]] founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Hospital Bonn|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.15090.3d|website=grid.ac|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Bonn]]

|1834||Organization||[[Rechts der Isar Hospital]] founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rechts der Isar Hospital|url=http://www.sanitatis-international.com/rechts_der_isar_hospital.html|website=sanitatis-international.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Munich]]

|1854||Policy||First components of social security created for [[miners]].<ref name=German-health-insurance/>||

|1865||Organization||[[Martin Gropius Krankenhaus]], a neuro-psychiatric hospital, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doppeltes Krankenhaus-Jubiläum|url=http://www.bab-lokalanzeiger.de/mediathek/23649/Doppeltes_Krankenhaus_Jubilaeum.html|website=bab-lokalanzeiger.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Eberswalde]]

|1867||Organization||[[Bethel Institution]] founded.<ref name="Obendiek 1992 57">Enno Obendiek, "Die Theologische Erklärung von Barmen 1934: Hinführung", in: ''"… den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden'', Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp.&nbsp;52–58, here p.&nbsp;57. ISBN 3-7858-0346-X</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1860 to 1880 – The Initial Years|url=http://www.bethel.eu/about-us/the-bethel-chronicle/1860-to-1880.html|website=bethel.eu|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Bielefeld]]

|1871||Development||German national unity is established. Workers begin to organize labor unions, fighting both industrial employers and the [[Prussia|Prussian State]]. Under pressure, business leaders begin to conceive the idea of developing "sickness funds" to respond workers.<ref name=Insights-From-Health-Care-in-Germany>{{cite journal |author=Christa Altenstetter |date= |title=Insights From Health Care in Germany |journal= Am J Public Health|publisher=PubMed |volume= 93|issue= |pages= 38–44|doi= 10.2105/ajph.93.1.38|pmc=1447688 |pmid= 12511381 |year=2003}}</ref>||

|1883 ||Policy/development|| Under the rule of [[Otto Von Bismarck]], Health Insurance Act is adopted.<ref name=Germany-Development-of-the-Health-Care-System>{{cite web|url=http://www.photius.com/countries/germany/society/germany_society_development_of_the_h~1372.html|title=Germany Development of the Health Care System|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref> Beginning of the national social health insurance, which is considered to be the first in history.<ref name=Insights-From-Health-Care-in-Germany/> An estimated 5% to 10% of the total population is initially covered.<ref name=Social-Health-Insurance/> Coverage for [[blue-collar worker]]s (in saltworks, processing plants, factories, metallurgical plants, railway companies, shipping companies, shipyards, building companies, trade companies, power plants), craftsmen, persons employed by lawyers, notaries, bailiffs, industrial cooperatives and insurance funds.<ref name=German-health-insurance/>||   

|1889||Organization||[[University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf|url=http://www.uke-io.de/universitymedical-center.html|website=uke-io.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_Medical_Center_Hamburg-Eppendorf|publisher=[[ResearchGate]]|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Hamburg]]

|1890||Organization||[[Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil]],a teaching hospital, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historie|url=http://bergmannsheil.bg-kliniken.de/das-bergmannsheil/historie/|website=bg-kliniken.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals in Germany for Expatriates|url=https://www.internationalcitizens.com/hospitals/germany/|website=internationalcitizens.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Bochum]]

|1894||Organization||[[Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannstrost Halle]], a teaching hospital, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vom Genesungshaus zum Traumazentrum|url=http://www.bergmannstrost.de/das-bergmannstrost/geschichte/|website=bergmannstrost.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Berufsgenossenschaftliches Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle gGmbH|url=https://www.kliniken.de/krankenhaus/plz-06/halle-saale/berufsgenossenschaftliches-klinikum-bergmannstrost-halle-ggmbh-1241K.html|website=kliniken.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]

|1900||Organization||The [[Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine]], a research institute, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=geschichte|url=http://www.bnitm.de/das-institut/geschichte/|website=bnitm.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM)|url=http://www.who.int/buruli/research/institutions/bnitm/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Hamburg]]

|1910||Report||37% of the population is covered by [[social health insurance]].<ref name=Social-Health-Insurance>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/shi_key_factors.pdf|title=Social Health Insurance|accessdate=17 July 2016}}</ref>||

|1911||Policy||The [[Reich Insurance Code]] is launched, systematizing health, pension and accident insurance, integrating them under one set of laws.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/> Social health insurance in extended to and forestry workers, Domestic servants and itinerant workers.<ref name=German-health-insurance/>||  

|1917||Organization||[[Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry]], a research institute, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=When the Brain  Switches to Standby|url=https://www.mpg.de/10856779/F003_Focus_032-038.pdf|website=mpg.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Munich]]

|1929||Organization||The [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research]] is founded (later renamed [[Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=A History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research: 1929-1939|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/medicine/states/index.html|website=nobelprize.org|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Göttingen]]

|1933||Policy||Under [[Nazi regime]], health insurance becomes subject to total control by [[Berlin]]. Self-administration is abolished and state-approved directors are assigned to each fund.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/><ref name=Insights-From-Health-Care-in-Germany/> ||

|1938||Organization||[[Bayreuth Medical Center]], a teaching hospital, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bayreuth Medical Center|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.419804.0|website=grid.ac|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Bayreuth]]

|1939||Crisis||[[World War II]] starts with the [[German invasion of Poland]].||

|1945|| ||German surrender. [[End of World War II in Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/7/newsid_3578000/3578325.stm|title=End of World War II in Europe|author=|date=|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>||

|1949||Political change||Creation of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR/East Germany) and the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] (FRG/West Germany). Control over sickness funds in West Germany reverts to business and labor, while East Germany keeps a state-run delivery system.<ref name=Insights-From-Health-Care-in-Germany/>||  

|1950||Report||70% of the population is covered by [[social health insurance]].<ref name=Social-Health-Insurance/>||

|1952||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: self-administration is reinstated.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/>||

|1964||Organization||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: [[German Cancer Research Center]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Figures and Facts|url=http://www.dkfz.de/en/dkfz/quick-facts.html|website=dkfz.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg|url=http://www.phdportal.com/universities/9664/german-cancer-research-center-in-heidelberg.html|website=phdportal.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Heidelberg]]

|1964||Organization||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Medicine in Mannheim]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim|url=https://www.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/index_e.html|website=uni-heidelberg.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Heidelberg|url=http://www.university-directory.eu/Germany/University-of-Heidelberg--Faculty-of-Medicine-Mannheim--CBTM--Department-of-Cell-and-Molecular-Biol-.html|website=university-directory.eu|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Mannheim]]

|1965||Organization||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: The [[Hannover Medical School]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Hannover Medical School (MHH)|url=https://www.mh-hannover.de/index.php?&L=1|website=mh-hannover.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hannover Medical School|url=http://www.phdportal.com/universities/1077/hannover-medical-school.html|website=phdportal.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Hannover]]

|1966||Organization||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: [[Uniklinikum Aachen]], a university hospital, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uniklinik RWTH Aachen – then and now|url=https://www.ukaachen.de/en/about-us/history-of-the-hospital.html|website=ukaachen.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uniklinik RWTH Aachen|url=http://www.europehealth.com/ar/portfolio/uniklinik-rwth-aachen/|website=europehealth.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Aachen]]

|1966||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: Health insurance coverage is extended to salespeople.<ref name=Germany-Development-of-the-Health-Care-System/>||

|1969||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: The Act on Continued Payment of Wages establishes that blue-collar and white-collar (salaried) workers are to be treated equally in terms of continued remuneration in case of illness.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/>||

|1972||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: Health insurance coverage is extended to self-employed agricultural workers.<ref name=German-health-insurance/><ref name=Germany-Development-of-the-Health-Care-System/>||

|1973||Organization||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: The [[German National Library of Medicine]] is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reimann|first1=Iris|title=Erfolgreich recherchieren - Medizin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xMwnc2djvoC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=%221973%22+%22Deutsche+Zentralbibliothek+f%C3%BCr+Medizin%22&source=bl&ots=WpCqoLvRPP&sig=7EEHeprKlB2LbRhnm3isq6vRAOY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb5uO0kaTRAhUJlpAKHaS9AOMQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&q=%221973%22%20%22Deutsche%20Zentralbibliothek%20f%C3%BCr%20Medizin%22&f=false|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stam|first1=David H.|title=International Dictionary of Library Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APtYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%221973%22+%22German+National+Library+of+Medicine%22&source=bl&ots=u_gDxr_99E&sig=rWDlmk51f6hqFLfCFWd99gvfxcU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4--CjkKTRAhVSlpAKHZSrDU4Q6AEINzAF#v=onepage&q=%221973%22%20%22German%20National%20Library%20of%20Medicine%22&f=false|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Cologne]]

|1975||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: Social health insurance is extended to students and all disabled.<ref name=German-health-insurance/>||

|1977||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: Health Care Cost Containment Act is introduced in an effort to keep spiraling costs under control.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/><ref name=Reform-of-health-care-in-Germany>{{cite journal |author=Jeremy W. Hurst |date= |title=Reform of health care in Germany |journal= Health Care Financ Rev|publisher= |volume= 12|issue= |pages= 73–86|doi= |pmc=4193657 |pmid= 10110879 |year=1991}}</ref>||

|1980||Organization||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: [[Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gesellschafter/Aufsichtsrat|url=http://www.hdz-nrw.de/hdz-nrw/organisation-und-struktur/gesellschafter-aufsichtsrat/|website=hdz-nrw.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> ||[[Bad Oeynhausen]]

|1982||Policy||Reform in the [[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]. Hospital Cost Containment Act: Hospital expenditure, which was largely excluded from the 1977 Act, begins to be remedied in this reform. The common goal is to bring the growth of healthcare expenditures in line with growth of wages and salaries of sickness fund members.<ref name=Reform-of-health-care-in-Germany/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Markus Schneider |date= |title=Health care cost containment in the Federal Republic of Germany |journal= Health Care Financ Rev|publisher=PubMed |volume= 12|issue= |pages= 87–101|doi= |pmc=4193659 |pmid= 10113614 |year=1991}}</ref>||

|1982||Organization||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: [[Augsburg Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historie|url=http://www.klinikum-augsburg.de/3783/Ueber_uns/Historie.htm|website=klinikum-augsburg.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Augsburg Hospital|url=https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/germany/augsburg-hospital/57620481140ba013328b456e|website=natureindex.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Augsburg]]  

|1983||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: Cost containment law is reintroduced in order to control healthcare costs.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/>||

|1989||Policy||[[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]]: Health Care Reform Act. Described as the most important statute on the statutory health insurance system since the Law of 1911. Aimed both at cost containment and at financing some selected improvements to benefits.<ref name=Reform-of-health-care-in-Germany/>||     

|1990||Political change||[[German reunification]]. East Germany assimilates to the [[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]] healthcare system.<ref name=Insights-From-Health-Care-in-Germany/>||

|1992||Organization||[[Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://www.mdc-berlin.de/269342/en/about_the_mdc|website=mdc-berlin.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association|url=http://eu-life.eu/institution/max-delbr%C3%BCck-center-molecular-medicine-helmholtz-association|website=eu-life.eu|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||Berlin

|1993||Organization||[[Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology]], a research institute, is founded.<ref name=deutsche-sozialversicherung/><ref>{{cite web|title=Geschichte|url=http://www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/institut/geschichte|website=mpg.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Berlin]]

|2000||Report||88% of the population is covered by [[social health insurance]].<ref name=Social-Health-Insurance />||

|2001||Organization||[[Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine]], research institute, is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine|url=http://www.mpi-muenster.mpg.de/79995/history|website=mpg.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Biomedicine|website=|publisher=ResearchGate|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>||[[Münster]]

|2004||Policy||Germany adapts the Australian diagnosis-related group (DRG) system as the sole system of paying for recurrent hospital expenditures, except for psychiatric care where [[per diem]] charges still apply.<ref name= ispor/>||

|2006||Organization||The [[Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine]] is founded as a research institute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Translationszentrum für Regenerative Medizin - Leipzig (TRM)|url=https://www.uni-leipzig.de/forschb/06/508101.htm|website=uni-leipzig.de|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Gesundes Kinzigtal]] project starts.||[[Leipzig]]

|2010||Policy||The [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]-[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FPD]] coalition passes the GKV-''Finanzierungsgesetz'' for insurance reform and the ''Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz'' (AMNOG) for pharmaceutical reform in order to contain rising costs resulting from a demographic transition toward an older population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicgs.org/issue/health-care-reform-in-germany-2011-reform/|title=Health Care Reform in Germany: 2011 Reform |author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>||

* [[Healthcare in Germany]]

* [[Timeline of global health]]

[[Category:Health in Germany]]

[[Category:Health-related timelines]]