Difference between revisions of "Timeline of electricity adoption"

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! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
 
! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
 
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| 1914 || || Wilkins et al.: "In short, by the eve of the First World War in 1914, foreign investors had spread electrification on a vast, global, but very uneven scale. Domestic and international investments had reached the point that some electrification was present in every large city in the world. This did not mean, by any stretch of the imagination, that every household in these cities had electricity. [&hellip;] by the summer of 1914 every large-city dweller around the world was familiar with electric lights at the very minimum and possibly also electric tramways. All parts of a city might not have access to electricity, but all large cities had at least the rudiments of electricity and often more."<ref name="hausman" />{{rp|123}}
 
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| 1831 || || || Michael Faraday announces his discovery of electromagnetic induction.<ref name="hannah">{{cite book |first=Leslie |last=Hannah |title=Electricity Before Nationalisation: A Study of the Development of The Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948 |year=1979 |publisher=The Macmillan Press LTD}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
 
| 1831 || || || Michael Faraday announces his discovery of electromagnetic induction.<ref name="hannah">{{cite book |first=Leslie |last=Hannah |title=Electricity Before Nationalisation: A Study of the Development of The Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948 |year=1979 |publisher=The Macmillan Press LTD}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
 
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|-
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| 1847 || {{dts|October 12}} || || [[wikipedia:Siemens|Siemens]] is founded.
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| 1847 || {{dts|October 12}} || || The [[wikipedia:Siemens & Halske|Siemens & Halske Telegraph Construction Company]] is founded.<ref name="hausman" />{{rp|75}}
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| 1858 || || || The first practical installation of an arc light system is done at the [[wikipedia:South Foreland Lighthouse|South Foreland Lighthouse]].<ref name="ethw_arc_lighting">{{cite web |url=http://ethw.org/Arc_Lighting |title=Arc Lighting |website=Engineering and Technology History Wiki |accessdate=May 22, 2017}}</ref> || United Kingdom
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|-
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| 1876 || || || [[wikipedia:Pavel Yablochkov|Pavel Yablochkov]] develops his [[wikipedia:Yablochkov candle|eponymous candle]], which provided a softer and longer-lasting light compared to the arc light.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pavel-Nikolayevich-Yablochkov |title=Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov {{!}} Russian engineer and inventor |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=May 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russia-ic.com/education_science/gems/661/ |title=Pavel Yablochkov - Let It Be Light! |publisher=Russia-InfoCentre |accessdate=May 22, 2017 |quote=Yablochkov deals with electric illumination, and in 1876 he receives a patent for his electric candle.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ethw.org/Jablochkoff_Candles_in_Paris |title=Jablochkoff Candles in Paris |publisher=Engineering and Technology History Wiki |accessdate=May 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="ethw_arc_lighting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1878 || {{dts|November 15}} || || The Edison Electric Light Company is incorporated in New York. The company provides "financial support for Edison's electric light experiments in return for control of the resulting patents".<ref name="edisons_companies" />
 
| 1878 || {{dts|November 15}} || || The Edison Electric Light Company is incorporated in New York. The company provides "financial support for Edison's electric light experiments in return for control of the resulting patents".<ref name="edisons_companies" />
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1878 || {{dts|December 18}} || || Joseph Swan demonstrates that "a carbon filament in an evacuated glass globe would glow when an electric current was passed through it". This allows for electric lighting that is not excessively bright.<ref name="hannah" />{{rp|4}}
 
| 1878 || {{dts|December 18}} || || Joseph Swan demonstrates that "a carbon filament in an evacuated glass globe would glow when an electric current was passed through it". This allows for electric lighting that is not excessively bright.<ref name="hannah" />{{rp|4}}
 +
|-
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| 1879 || || || Electrification begins in Mexico in the form of power for industrial activity for cotton mills and mining and refining.<ref name="hausman" />{{rp|112}} || Mexico
 
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| 1879 || {{dts|June 28}} || || [[wikipedia:AC motor#History|Walter Baily demonstrates]] an AC motor to the [[wikipedia:Physical Society of London|Physical Society of London]].
 
| 1879 || {{dts|June 28}} || || [[wikipedia:AC motor#History|Walter Baily demonstrates]] an AC motor to the [[wikipedia:Physical Society of London|Physical Society of London]].
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| 1880 || {{dts|December 17}} || || The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York is organized.<ref name="edisons_companies"/>
 
| 1880 || {{dts|December 17}} || || The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York is organized.<ref name="edisons_companies"/>
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1880 || {{dts|December 23}} || || The Edison Electric Light Company of Europe, Ltd. is incorporated to control Edison's electric light patents in Europe (except the United Kingdom).<ref name="edisons_companies" />
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| 1880 || {{dts|December 23}} || || The Edison Electric Light Company of Europe, Ltd. is incorporated to control Edison's electric light patents in Europe (except the United Kingdom).<ref name="edisons_companies" /><ref name="hausman" />{{rp|77}} || United States (New York)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1880–1883 || || || The [[wikipedia:History of trams#Electric trams|first electric trams begin operating]] in Russia (1880), Germany (1881), Britain (1883), and Austria (1883).
 
| 1880–1883 || || || The [[wikipedia:History of trams#Electric trams|first electric trams begin operating]] in Russia (1880), Germany (1881), Britain (1883), and Austria (1883).
 +
|-
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| 1881–1888 || || || Mexican Gas and Electric Light Co. Ltd. installs the first electric street lamp system in Mexico. However, it would not be until February 1894 that the lights begin shining.<ref name="hausman" />{{rp|112}} || Mexico (Mexico City)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1881 || || || The Swan Electric Light Company is founded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/lightbulb.htm |date=January 30, 2007 |author=Phil Ament |title=Light Bulb History - Invention of the Light Bulb |accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 1881 || || || The Swan Electric Light Company is founded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/lightbulb.htm |date=January 30, 2007 |author=Phil Ament |title=Light Bulb History - Invention of the Light Bulb |accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>
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| 1882 || {{dts|August 18}} || || The Electric Lighting Act of 1882 is enacted. This act allows for the creation of a public electricity supply by breaking up (i.e. digging up and temporarily removing) streets in order to place pipes.<ref name="hannah" />{{rp|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EboDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q=break%20up&f=false |title=The Electric Lighting Act 1882 |first1=W. Cunningham |last1=Glen |first2=Alex |last2=Glen}}</ref> The act also provides a twenty-one-year limited tenure to private companies to supply electricity (after which the local government would be allowed to purchase the central station and distribution system).<ref name="hughes">{{cite web |author=Thomas Parke Hughes |title=Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1983}}</ref>{{rp|60}} || United Kingdom
 
| 1882 || {{dts|August 18}} || || The Electric Lighting Act of 1882 is enacted. This act allows for the creation of a public electricity supply by breaking up (i.e. digging up and temporarily removing) streets in order to place pipes.<ref name="hannah" />{{rp|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EboDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q=break%20up&f=false |title=The Electric Lighting Act 1882 |first1=W. Cunningham |last1=Glen |first2=Alex |last2=Glen}}</ref> The act also provides a twenty-one-year limited tenure to private companies to supply electricity (after which the local government would be allowed to purchase the central station and distribution system).<ref name="hughes">{{cite web |author=Thomas Parke Hughes |title=Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1983}}</ref>{{rp|60}} || United Kingdom
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1882 || {{dts|September 4}} || || [[wikipedia:Pearl Street Station|Pearl Street Station]] begins generating electricity.<ref name="edisons_companies">{{cite web |url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm |title=Edison's Companies |website=The Edison Papers |publisher=Rutgers University |date=October 28, 2016 |accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref>
+
| 1882 || {{dts|September 4}} || || [[wikipedia:Pearl Street Station|Pearl Street Station]] begins generating electricity.<ref name="edisons_companies">{{cite web |url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm |title=Edison's Companies |website=The Edison Papers |publisher=Rutgers University |date=October 28, 2016 |accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref> || United States (New York City)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1883 || || || The [[wikipedia:Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Thomson-Houston Electric Company]] is established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/1884-1893.html |title=The Thomson-Houston Electric Incandescent Lamp, 1884-1893 |author=Edward J. Covington |accessdate=May 18, 2017 |quote=The Thomson-Houston Company had been formed in 1883 to produce dynamos and arc lighting; it succeeded the American Electric Company, which had been formed in the year 1880.}}</ref>
 
| 1883 || || || The [[wikipedia:Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Thomson-Houston Electric Company]] is established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/1884-1893.html |title=The Thomson-Houston Electric Incandescent Lamp, 1884-1893 |author=Edward J. Covington |accessdate=May 18, 2017 |quote=The Thomson-Houston Company had been formed in 1883 to produce dynamos and arc lighting; it succeeded the American Electric Company, which had been formed in the year 1880.}}</ref>
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| 1885 || || || The ZBD alternating current transformer is [[wikipedia:Transformer#Closed-core transformers and parallel power distribution|invented].
 
| 1885 || || || The ZBD alternating current transformer is [[wikipedia:Transformer#Closed-core transformers and parallel power distribution|invented].
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1886 || {{dts|January 8}} || || The [[wikipedia:Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse Electric Corporation]] is founded as Westinghouse Electric Company.
+
| 1886 || {{dts|January 8}} || || The [[wikipedia:Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse Electric Corporation]] is founded as Westinghouse Electric Company.<ref name="hausman" />{{rp|91}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1886 || {{dts|November 30}} || || The first commercial alternating current central station in the United States begins operating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ethw.org/Early_Electrification_of_Buffalo#cite_ref-1 |title=Early Electrification of Buffalo |website=Engineering and Technology History Wiki |accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref> || United States (Buffalo, New York)
 
| 1886 || {{dts|November 30}} || || The first commercial alternating current central station in the United States begins operating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ethw.org/Early_Electrification_of_Buffalo#cite_ref-1 |title=Early Electrification of Buffalo |website=Engineering and Technology History Wiki |accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref> || United States (Buffalo, New York)
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|-
 
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| 1889 || || || [[wikipedia:North Eastern Electric Supply Company|NESCo]] is founded by [[wikipedia:John Theodore Merz|John Theodore Merz]] as Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company.
 
| 1889 || || || [[wikipedia:North Eastern Electric Supply Company|NESCo]] is founded by [[wikipedia:John Theodore Merz|John Theodore Merz]] as Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company.
 +
|-
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| 1889 || {{dts|April 24}} || || The Edison General Electric Company [[wikipedia:General Electric#Formation|is incorporated]]. || United States (New York)
 
|-
 
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| 1893 || || || The [[wikipedia:Toaster#History|first electric bread toaster is invented]] by [[wikipedia:Alan MacMasters|Alan MacMasters]]. || United Kingdom
 
| 1893 || || || The [[wikipedia:Toaster#History|first electric bread toaster is invented]] by [[wikipedia:Alan MacMasters|Alan MacMasters]]. || United Kingdom
 
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| 1897 || || || By this time, the United States has electrified almost 90% of its tramway mileage.<ref name="hannah" />{{rp|15}} || United States
 
| 1897 || || || By this time, the United States has electrified almost 90% of its tramway mileage.<ref name="hannah" />{{rp|15}} || United States
 +
|-
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| 1899 || || || The [[wikipedia:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899|Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899]] passes in the United States. Part of the act requires a permit to dam navigable waters. || United States
 
|-
 
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| 1902 || || || The [[wikipedia:Air conditioning#Electromechanical cooling|first modern electric air conditioning unit]] is invented. || United States
 
| 1902 || || || The [[wikipedia:Air conditioning#Electromechanical cooling|first modern electric air conditioning unit]] is invented. || United States
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|-
 
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| 1914 || || || The [[wikipedia:Refrigerator#Domestic refrigerator|first practical electric refrigerator]] is created around this time.
 
| 1914 || || || The [[wikipedia:Refrigerator#Domestic refrigerator|first practical electric refrigerator]] is created around this time.
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| 1920 || {{dts|June 10}} || || The [[wikipedia:Federal Power Act|Federal Water Power Act]] is enacted. This act creates the [[wikipedia:Federal Power Commission|Federal Power Commission]]. || United States
 
|-
 
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| 1935 || || || The [[wikipedia:Rural Utilities Service#Rural Electrification Administration|Rural Electrification Administration]] is created as part of the [[wikipedia:New Deal|New Deal]]. || United States
 
| 1935 || || || The [[wikipedia:Rural Utilities Service#Rural Electrification Administration|Rural Electrification Administration]] is created as part of the [[wikipedia:New Deal|New Deal]]. || United States
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|-
 
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| 1980s–1990s || || || The electricity sector is reformed in several Latin American countries. These mainly take the form of privatizing the sector and unbundling generation, transmission and distribution. Reforms take place in at least [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Chile#Electricity sector reform of 1982|Chile (1982)]], [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Argentina#History of the electricity sector|Argentina (1991–1992)]], [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Brazil#The 1990s reforms|Brazil (1990s)]], [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Uruguay#Power sector reform|Uruguay (1997)]], and [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Bolivia#Unbundling and privatization|Bolivia (1994)]].
 
| 1980s–1990s || || || The electricity sector is reformed in several Latin American countries. These mainly take the form of privatizing the sector and unbundling generation, transmission and distribution. Reforms take place in at least [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Chile#Electricity sector reform of 1982|Chile (1982)]], [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Argentina#History of the electricity sector|Argentina (1991–1992)]], [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Brazil#The 1990s reforms|Brazil (1990s)]], [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Uruguay#Power sector reform|Uruguay (1997)]], and [[wikipedia:Electricity sector in Bolivia#Unbundling and privatization|Bolivia (1994)]].
 +
|-
 +
| 1989 || || || In the United Kingdom, the [[wikipedia:Electricity Act 1989|Electricity Act 1989]] allows large-scale privatization and unbundling the electricity sector.<ref name="hausman">{{cite book |title=Global Electrification: Multinational Enterprise and International Finance in the History of Light and Power, 1878–2007 |first1=William J. |last1=Hausman |first2=Peter |last2=Hertner |first3=Mira |last3=Wilkins |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008}}</ref>{{rp|264}} || United Kingdom
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1992 || || || The United Kingdom [[wikipedia:Department of Energy (United Kingdom)|Department of Energy]] is abolished as part of an effort to privatize the energy industries. || United Kingdom
 
| 1992 || || || The United Kingdom [[wikipedia:Department of Energy (United Kingdom)|Department of Energy]] is abolished as part of an effort to privatize the energy industries. || United Kingdom

Revision as of 14:57, 23 May 2017

This is a timeline of electricity adoption.

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
1914 Wilkins et al.: "In short, by the eve of the First World War in 1914, foreign investors had spread electrification on a vast, global, but very uneven scale. Domestic and international investments had reached the point that some electrification was present in every large city in the world. This did not mean, by any stretch of the imagination, that every household in these cities had electricity. […] by the summer of 1914 every large-city dweller around the world was familiar with electric lights at the very minimum and possibly also electric tramways. All parts of a city might not have access to electricity, but all large cities had at least the rudiments of electricity and often more."[1]:123

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details Location
1800 Alessandro Volta develops the first battery.[2]
1802–1809 Sometime during this period, Humphry Davy first demonstrates the arc lamp.
1816 The first working electrical telegraph is built by Francis Ronalds.
1831 Michael Faraday announces his discovery of electromagnetic induction.[3]:3
1847 October 12 The Siemens & Halske Telegraph Construction Company is founded.[1]:75
1858 The first practical installation of an arc light system is done at the South Foreland Lighthouse.[4] United Kingdom
1876 Pavel Yablochkov develops his eponymous candle, which provided a softer and longer-lasting light compared to the arc light.[5][6][7][4]
1878 November 15 The Edison Electric Light Company is incorporated in New York. The company provides "financial support for Edison's electric light experiments in return for control of the resulting patents".[8]
1878 December 18 Joseph Swan demonstrates that "a carbon filament in an evacuated glass globe would glow when an electric current was passed through it". This allows for electric lighting that is not excessively bright.[3]:4
1879 Electrification begins in Mexico in the form of power for industrial activity for cotton mills and mining and refining.[1]:112 Mexico
1879 June 28 Walter Baily demonstrates an AC motor to the Physical Society of London.
1879 November 1 Thomas Edison's carbon-filament incandescent lamp is patented.[9]
1880 Joseph Swan obtains a British patent for his incandescent light bulb.[9]
1880 The Brush Electric Company, which manufactures arc light systems, is established. The company is formed as a result of restructuring of the Telegraph Supply Company of Cleveland.[10]
1880 December 17 The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York is organized.[8]
1880 December 23 The Edison Electric Light Company of Europe, Ltd. is incorporated to control Edison's electric light patents in Europe (except the United Kingdom).[8][1]:77 United States (New York)
1880–1883 The first electric trams begin operating in Russia (1880), Germany (1881), Britain (1883), and Austria (1883).
1881–1888 Mexican Gas and Electric Light Co. Ltd. installs the first electric street lamp system in Mexico. However, it would not be until February 1894 that the lights begin shining.[1]:112 Mexico (Mexico City)
1881 The Swan Electric Light Company is founded.[11]
1881 September Godalming becomes the first town in the world with a public electricity supply. The central station here is water-powered.[3]
1882 January 12 Holborn Viaduct power station begins running. It is steam-powered.[3]:7 United Kingdom (London)
1882 March 15 The Edison Electric Light Company, Ltd. is organized in London.[8] United Kingdom
1882 August 18 The Electric Lighting Act of 1882 is enacted. This act allows for the creation of a public electricity supply by breaking up (i.e. digging up and temporarily removing) streets in order to place pipes.[3]:5[12] The act also provides a twenty-one-year limited tenure to private companies to supply electricity (after which the local government would be allowed to purchase the central station and distribution system).[13]:60 United Kingdom
1882 September 4 Pearl Street Station begins generating electricity.[8] United States (New York City)
1883 The Thomson-Houston Electric Company is established.[14]
1883 March 13 The German Edison company, known as Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität at the time, is founded by Emil Rathenau.[13] The company would later be renamed to AEG.
1883 October The English Edison Company and Swan Electric Light Company merge to form the Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company, Ltd.[13]:62[8]
1884 The modern steam turbine is invented by Charles Parsons. A production model would be installed in the Forth Banks power station in Newcastle in 1888.[3]:13
1885 The ZBD alternating current transformer is [[wikipedia:Transformer#Closed-core transformers and parallel power distribution|invented].
1886 January 8 The Westinghouse Electric Corporation is founded as Westinghouse Electric Company.[1]:91
1886 November 30 The first commercial alternating current central station in the United States begins operating.[15] United States (Buffalo, New York)
1888 June 28 The Electric Lighting Act of 1888 is enacted. This act amends the act from 1882 by extending the tenure for private companies from twenty-one to forty-two years.[13]:64 United Kingdom
1889 NESCo is founded by John Theodore Merz as Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company.
1889 April 24 The Edison General Electric Company is incorporated. United States (New York)
1893 The first electric bread toaster is invented by Alan MacMasters. United Kingdom
1897 By this time, the United States has electrified almost 90% of its tramway mileage.[3]:15 United States
1899 The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 passes in the United States. Part of the act requires a permit to dam navigable waters. United States
1902 The first modern electric air conditioning unit is invented. United States
1904 The first electric washing machines are created around this time.
1905 By this time, Britain has electrified almost 90% of its tramway mileage.[3]:15 United Kingdom
1906 The first patents for induction cooking date back to around this time. However, modern implementations would arrive only in the 1970s.
1907 The first portable electric vacuum cleaner is invented. United States
1910s–1920s The first electric dishwasher is produced around this time. Wikipedia shows a photo of one from "about 1917". Some other sources credit "the Walker brothers" in 1913.[16] By the mid-1920s, there are companies dedicated to manufacturing electric dishwashers.[17]
1914 The first practical electric refrigerator is created around this time.
1920 June 10 The Federal Water Power Act is enacted. This act creates the Federal Power Commission. United States
1935 The Rural Electrification Administration is created as part of the New Deal. United States
1936 May 20 The Rural Electrification Act is enacted. United States
1946 Electricity production and distribution in France is nationalized.[18]:315 France
1947 The microwave oven becomes commercially available.
1948 April 1 In Britain, the Electricity Act 1947 nationalizes the electricity generation and supply industry. The act would be repealed in 1989 with the Electricity Act 1989. United Kingdom
1978 October Economy 7 is introduced in the United Kingdom. United Kingdom
1980s–1990s The electricity sector is reformed in several Latin American countries. These mainly take the form of privatizing the sector and unbundling generation, transmission and distribution. Reforms take place in at least Chile (1982), Argentina (1991–1992), Brazil (1990s), Uruguay (1997), and Bolivia (1994).
1989 In the United Kingdom, the Electricity Act 1989 allows large-scale privatization and unbundling the electricity sector.[1]:264 United Kingdom
1992 The United Kingdom Department of Energy is abolished as part of an effort to privatize the energy industries. United Kingdom
2000 April California electricity crisis

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Hausman, William J.; Hertner, Peter; Wilkins, Mira (2008). Global Electrification: Multinational Enterprise and International Finance in the History of Light and Power, 1878–2007. Cambridge University Press. 
  2. ↑ Jeffrey La Favre (1998). "Brush's Arc Lamp". Retrieved May 18, 2017. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Hannah, Leslie (1979). Electricity Before Nationalisation: A Study of the Development of The Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948. The Macmillan Press LTD. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Arc Lighting". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. Retrieved May 22, 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov | Russian engineer and inventor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 22, 2017. 
  6. ↑ "Pavel Yablochkov - Let It Be Light!". Russia-InfoCentre. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Yablochkov deals with electric illumination, and in 1876 he receives a patent for his electric candle. 
  7. ↑ "Jablochkoff Candles in Paris". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. Retrieved May 22, 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "Edison's Companies". The Edison Papers. Rutgers University. October 28, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Edison's Incandescent Lamp". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. Retrieved May 17, 2017. 
  10. ↑ Jeffrey La Favre (1998). "Charles Francis Brush". Retrieved May 20, 2017. 
  11. ↑ Phil Ament (January 30, 2007). "Light Bulb History - Invention of the Light Bulb". Retrieved May 20, 2017. 
  12. ↑ Glen, W. Cunningham; Glen, Alex. "The Electric Lighting Act 1882". 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Thomas Parke Hughes (1983). "Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930". The Johns Hopkins University Press. 
  14. ↑ Edward J. Covington. "The Thomson-Houston Electric Incandescent Lamp, 1884-1893". Retrieved May 18, 2017. The Thomson-Houston Company had been formed in 1883 to produce dynamos and arc lighting; it succeeded the American Electric Company, which had been formed in the year 1880. 
  15. ↑ "Early Electrification of Buffalo". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. Retrieved May 18, 2017. 
  16. ↑ "A Visit to a 1930s Appliance Show". Retrieved May 16, 2017. In 1913 when the Walker Brothers hardware store was wired for electricity they produced thier first electric dishwasher. 
  17. ↑ "Early Electric Dishwasher". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved May 16, 2017. 
  18. ↑ Beltran, Alain. "Competitiveness and Electricity: Electricité de France Since 1946" (PDF). 
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