Difference between revisions of "Timeline of cholera"

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Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It infects the small intestine. Cholera is still active throughout the world. Estimates from 2010 say that between three- and five million people get cholera every year, and 58,000–130,000 people die from the disease every year.^[1]

Big picture

Time period	Key developments
5th century BC	Cholera probably originates in the Indian subcontinent, where almost all of the cholera pandemics would later originate.^[2]
1816–1923	The first six cholera pandemics happen in an almost continuous period of time. Mostly as a result of increased commerce, but also migration and pilgrimage.^[3]
1879–1883	Major scientific breakthroughs happen: the first immunization by Pasteur, the first vaccine against cholera, and the identification of the bacterium vibrio cholerae by Filippo Pacini and Robert Koch.
1945–1948	Formation of the United Nations and World Health Organization (WHO).
1961 onwards	The seventh cholera pandemic breaks out, after a long hiatus. Oral rehydration therapy is introduced in the late 70s.^[4]
Present times	The seventh cholera pandemic continues today at a much smaller scale with outbreaks across the developing world. Epidemics occur after war, civil unrest, or natural disasters when water and food supplies become contaminated with vibrio cholerae in areas with crowded living conditions and poor sanitation.^[5]

Full timeline

Distribution of cholera cases, year 2000. *Does not include Bangla Desh, Pakistan, and other countries.^[6]

Distribution of cholera deaths, year 2000. *Does not include Bangla Desh, Pakistan, and other countries.^[6]

Cholera cases and deaths reported by India to the world health organization 1997-2006.^[7]

Year/Period	Event type	Event	Present-day geographic location
460–377 BCE	Science development	Hippocrates is the first to mention the term cholera in his writings, although the exact disease he refers to is unknown.^[8]^[9]	Greece
1563	Medical development	Cholera is first recorded in a medical report.^[10]	India
1817–1824	Epidemic	The first cholera pandemic begins near Calcutta, reaching most of Asia. It is thought to have killed over 100,000 people.^[11]	India, Thailand, Philippines, Java, Oman, China, Japan, Persian Gulf, Iraq, Syria, Transcaucasia, Astrakhan (Russia), Zanzibar, and Mauritius.
1819	Epidemic	Cholera epidemic reaches the island of Java from Bengal.^[12]	Indonesia
1848		The Public Health Act 1848 establishes the first local boards of health in England and Wales. The boards would ensure proper drainage in homes and dependable water supplies.^[13]	England and Wales
1829–1851	Epidemic	The second cholera pandemic, known as the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic, arguably starts along the Ganges river. It is the first to reach Europe and North America. Like in the first one, fatalities reach six figures.^[11]	India, western and eastern Asia, Europe, Americas.
1830-1831	Epidemic	Cholera epidemic across Europe gives rise to the Cholera Riots in Russia^[14] and England.^[15]	Europe
1831	Scientific development	Scottish physician William Brooke O'Shaughnessy notices that the composition for the stool water in cholera ptients is very similar to that of their blood plasma. These values are found close to those of normal controls, except that the patients have markedly reduced water content. From this data, O'Shaughnessy suggests that replacing water and salt would be beneficial to them.^[16]	Great Britain
1832	Medical development (treatment)	Medical pioneer Thomas Latta develops the first intravenous saline drip.^[17]	Scotland (Leith)
1832	Epidemic	Cholera claims 6536 victims in London and 20,000 in Paris (out of a population of 650,000), and is responsible for about 100000 deaths in France as a whole. The epidemic reaches Russia, Quebec, Ontario and New York in the same year. In Portugal, cholera is brought to Oporto in on the boats that carry troops from Ostend to help the Liberal army during the civil war. From Oporto, cholera spreads throughout the country, and more than 40000 people perish. It is calculated that cholera killed more people than the war itself.^[18]	Europe, North America
1851–1938	Organization	The International Sanitary Conferences, largely inspired by the cholera pandemics, are held with the objective to standardize international quarantine regulations against the spread of cholera and other diseases.^[19]	Paris, Constantinople, Vienna, Washington, Rome, Venice, Dresden
1852–1860	Epidemic	The third cholera pandemic starts along the Ganges delta. Millions are infected in Russia. Death toll reaches one million.^[11]	Asia, Europe, Africa and North America
1853	Epidemic	Third cholera pandemic: the Copenhagen cholera outbreak kills almost 5000 people in less than three months.^[20]	Denmark
1854	Scientific development	Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini publishes his paper "Microscopical observations and pathological deductions on cholera" in which he describes his discovery of micro-organisms which he names Vibrio, and its relation to cholera. Pacini becomes the first to isolate the cholera bacterium vibrio cholerae.^[21]^[22]	Italy
1854	Epidemic	Cholera epidemic reaches China, Japan; and Mauritius, where four outbreaks occur until 1862.^[23] In London, Broad Street cholera outbreak kills at least 500 people.^[24]	China, Japan, Mauritius, England
1854	Scientific development	First demonstration by John Snow, during an epidemic in London, that the transmission of cholera is significantly reduced when uncontaminated water is provided to the population.^[5]^[10]	England
1854	Organization	Cholera Hospital is established. It built to treat cholera patients who are denied admittance to City Hospital in Manhattan during a cholera epidemics in the same year.^[25]^[26]	United States (New York City)
1856–1857	Epidemic	Cholera is recorded in several parts of Central America and Guyana.^[23]	Central America, South America
1863–1875	Epidemic	The fourth cholera pandemic starts again in the Ganges delta.^[11]	Asia, Middle East, Russia, Europe, Africa and North America
1865	Epidemic	Fourth cholera pandemic: The Mecca pilgrimage becomes the scene of a major epidemic. It is calculated that 30000 deaths occur out of 90000 pilgrims.^[23]	Saudi Arabia (Mecca)
1865–1866	Epidemic	Fourth cholera pandemic: Cholera arrives again to the United States. Deplorable sanitary conditions make favorable for the spread of the disease.^[23]	United States
1869	Epidemic	Fourth cholera pandemic: About 70000 people are reported dead in Zanzibar.^[23]	Tanzania
1879	Scientific development	Louis Pasteur succeeds in immunizing chicken from cholera.^[27]	France
1881–1896	Epidemic	Fifth cholera pandemic begins in India. It is the first to reach South America.^[11]	Asia, Africa, Russia, Europe, South America
1883	Scientific development	Identification of bacterium vibrio cholerae by Robert Koch. Although not the first description, the discovery of the cholera organism is credited to Koch, who independently identifies the bacterium during an outbreak in Egypt.^[5]
1885	Medical development (drug)	Spanish physician Jaume Ferran i Clua develops a cholera vaccine, which is the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease. Ferrán vaccinates about 50,000 people in Valencia during a cholera epidemic.^[18]^[28]	Spain
1892	Medical development (drug)	Russian bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine, working at Pasteur Institute, announces a new cholera vaccine.^[29]^[30]
1899–1923	Epidemic	The sixth pandemic kills more than 800,000 people in India where it begins.^[11]	India, Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia.
1923	Scientific development	The first studies on cholera phages are carried out. Later summarized in 1959.^[31]^[22]
1935	Epidemic	New cholera biotype El Tor causes major epidemic outbreak in Celebes Islands. El Tor biotype is also isolated in Indonesia (strain M66-2) during an outbreak later in 1937.^[31]	Indonesia
1935	Scientific development	The serological classification of vibrio cholerae is first described.^[32]
1948	Organization	Formation of the World Health Organization (WHO).^[19]	Geneva
1948	Medical development (drug)	Antibiotic tetracycline is introduced. It is used for treating several types of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, including vibrio cholerae.^[33]
1951–1959	Scientific development	Indian pathologist Sambhu Nath De discovers that cholera is caused by a potent exotoxin (cholera toxin) affecting intestinal permeability. Nath De also demonstrates that bacteria-free culture filtrates of vibrio cholerae are enterotoxic. Sambu Nath De also develops a reproducible animal model for the disease. These works are considered milestones in the history of the fight against cholera.^[4]
1952	Medical development (drug)	Erythromycin is introduced. It is used for the treatment of cholera.^[34]^[35]
1961–present	Epidemic	The seventh cholera pandemic, starting in Indonesia, continues today at a much smaller scale.^[11]	Asia, Africa, Americas, Europe, Oceania
1967	Medical development (drug)	Doxycycline is introduced as antibiotic. It is proved to be an effective treatment for cholera.^[36]^[35]
1968	Medical development (drug)	Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is introduced. It is used for treating cholera among multiple other diseases.^[37]^[38]
1971–2012	Epidemic	Seventh cholera pandemic: cholera is first reported in Cameroon in 1971. In the period between 2000 and 2012, 43474 cholera cases are reported: 1748 are fatal (mean annual case fatality ratio of 7.9%), with an attack rate of 17.9 reported cases per 100000 inhabitants per year.^[39]	Cameroon
1974	Scientific development	Researchers show that more than 10⁸ vibrio cholerae cells are required to induce infection and diarrhoea.^[32]
1976	Scientific development	Researchers report that a combination of vibrio cholerae O1 antigens such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cholera toxin (CT) or choleragenoid (now termed Cholera Toxin B or CTB) induces more than 100-fold greater protection of rabbits against a challenge with live vibrios than does vaccination with either of the two antigens alone.^[40]
1979	Medical development (treatment)	Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is introduced as a technique of fluid replacement used to prevent or treat dehydration especially due to diarrhea. ORT rapidly becomes the cornerstone of programmes for the control of diarrhoeal diseases. Oral rehydration therapy dramatically would brought down the cholera case fatality rate from 30% in 1980 to around 3.6% in 2000.^[4]^[41]
1984	Medical development (drug)	United States FDA approves serotonin antagonist ondansetron. Ondansetron diminishes cholera toxin-evoked secretion.^[42]^[43]	United States
1984	Epidemic	Seventh cholera pandemic: cholera epidemic reaches Mali. 1793 cases and 406 deaths are reported.^[44]	Mali
1986	Medical development (drug)	United States FDA approves antibacterial norfloxacin. It is proved to be effective for the treatment of cholera.^[45]	United States
1986	Scientific development	Molecular technique for bacterial identification ribotyping begins. It would be used for characterizing cholera strains.^[46]^[31]
1990 (circa)	Scientific development	Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis technique is first described. It is used to subtype bacterial strains. PFGE would show to be useful for the identification of spread of specific clones in many cholera outbreak investigations.^[47]^[31]
1990 (circa)	Scientific development	Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis is first described. RAPD would be used for characterizing representative strains of vibrio cholerae.^[48]^[31]
1991	MEdical development (drug)	Oral cholera vaccine Dukoral is introduced. It is manufactured by Crucell.^[49]	Netherlands
1992–1993	Epidemic	New strain of cholera, new strain of cholera, Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 Bengal emerges and causes outbreaks in Bangladesh and India. Disease from this strain becomes endemic in at least 11 countries.^[5]
1994	Epidemic	Seventh cholera pandemic: cholera cases are notified from 94 countries, the highest ever number of countries in one year.^[32]
1998	Scientific Development	Multilocus sequence typing analysis (MLST) is first described. MLST has better discriminatory ability for typing vibrio cholerae than does pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and provides a measure of phylogenetic relatedness.^[50]^[31]
2001	Medical development (drug)	United States FDA approves serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist granisetron. Granisetron markedly diminishes cholera toxin-evoked secretion.^[42]^[43]	United States
2005	Scientific development	Small molecule virstatin is found to inhibit virulence expression in vibrio cholerae.^[51]^[52]^[53]	United States
2007	Medical development (drug)	Researchers from the University of Tokyo develop a type of rice that carries the cholera vaccine.^[54]^[55]	Japan
2007	Epidemic	Iraq cholera outbreak. 4667 cases reported. The median age of the cases is 11 years.^[56]	Iraq
2008	Epidemic	Zimbabwean cholera outbreak. 98741 cases and 4293 deaths reported.^[57]^[58]	Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia.
2009	Epidemic	The World Health Organization reports more than 220,000 cases of cholera and almost 5,000 deaths worldwide.^[59]
2009	Medical development (drug)	Oral cholera vaccine Shanchol is introduced. It contains killed whole cells of vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139. Shanchol is manufactured by Shantha Biotechnics.^[49]^[60]	India
2009	Epidemic	Papua New Guinea cholera outbreak results in over 15000 cases and more than 500 deaths.^[61]	Papua New Guinea
2010–present	Epidemic	Haiti cholera outbreak kills over 9,500 people across four countries.^[62]	Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela and Florida (U.S.)
2011	Scientific development	Multi-virulence locus sequencing typing technique is first described. MVLST would be used for determining the genetic variation and relatedness of vibrio cholerae strains of different zerogroups.^[63]^[31]
2012	Epidemic	Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak. At least 392 people are reportedly killed and more than 25,000 others are infected.^[64]^[65]	Sierra Leone, Guinea
2014–2015	Epidemic	Cholera outbreak in Africa. 1,475 reported deaths,^[66] 84,675 reported cases.^[66]	Ghana, Nigeria, Niger, Togo, Benin, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Chad, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea
2015	Medical development (drug)	Oral cholera vaccine Euvichol is introduced. Euvichol is manufactured by EuBiologics.^[49]	South Korea
2016	Medical development (drug)	United States FDA approves Vaxchora for the prevention of cholera.^[67]	United States

References

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Template:Cholera

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Category:Medicine timelines

[Loz2012-1] Lozano R, Naghavi M, et al. 2012 (Dec 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.

[2] Fabini, D. Orata; Keim, Paul S.; Boucher, Yan. "The 2010 Cholera Outbreak in Haiti: How Science Solved a Controversy". US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Healthurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974815/. 10: e1003967. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003967. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[3] Tatem, A.J.; Rogers, D.J.; Hay, S.I. "Global Transport Networks and Infectious Disease Spread". Adv Parasitol. National Institutes of Health. 62: 293–343. PMC 3145127. PMID 16647974. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62009-X.

[From_endotoxin_to_exotoxin:_De.E2.80.99s_rich_legacy_to_cholera-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Nair, G Balakrish; Narain, Jai P. "From endotoxin to exotoxin: De's rich legacy to cholera". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 88: 237–240. doi:10.2471/BLT.09.072504. Retrieved 18 December 2016.

[Background-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Handa, Sanjeev (February 16, 2016). "Cholera: Background". MedScape. Retrieved April 23, 2016.

[cholera_statistics_2000-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "Cholera statistics, 2000". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

[7] "Bulletin of the World Health Organization". SciELO. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

[8] Kousoulis, AA. "Etymology of Cholera". Emerg Infect Dis. National Institutes of Health. 18: 540. PMC 3309598. PMID 22377194. doi:10.3201/eid1803.111636.

[9] Kousoulis, Antony E. (March 1, 2012). "Etymology of cholera". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18: 540. PMC 3309598. PMID 22377194. doi:10.3201/eid1803.111636.

[origins-10] 10.0 ^10.1 "Origins of Cholera". choleraandthethames.co.uk. Retrieved April 23, 2016.

[seven-pandemics-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC News. May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2016.

[On_the_Early_Seats_of_Cholera_in_India.2C_and_in_the_East:_With_Reference_to_...-12] Macpherson, John. On the Early Seats of Cholera in India, and in the East: With Reference to ... Retrieved 14 December 2016.

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@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 | 460–377 BCE || Science development || [[wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]] is the first to mention the term ''cholera'' in his writings, although the exact disease he refers to is unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Etymology of Cholera|doi=10.3201/eid1803.111636|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]]|pmc=3309598|pmid=22377194|volume=18|journal=Emerg Infect Dis|pages=540 | last1 = Kousoulis | first1 = AA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Etymology of cholera|last = Kousoulis|first = Antony E.|journal = [[wikipedia:Emerging Infectious Diseases|Emerging Infectious Diseases]]|date = March 1, 2012|pmc=3309598|pmid=22377194|doi=10.3201/eid1803.111636|volume=18|pages=540}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]]
 |-
-| 1563 || Science development ||  Cholera is first recorded in a medical report.<ref name=origins/> || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
+| 1563 || Medical development ||  Cholera is first recorded in a medical report.<ref name=origins/> || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
 |-
 | 1817–1824 || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:1817–24 cholera pandemic|first cholera pandemic]] begins near [[wikipedia:Calcutta|Calcutta]], reaching most of Asia. It is thought to have killed over 100,000 people.<ref name=seven-pandemics>{{cite web|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|publisher = [[wikipedia:CBC News|CBC News]]|date = May 9, 2008|accessdate = April 23, 2016}}</ref> ||  [[wikipedia:India|India]], [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]], [[wikipedia:Java|Java]], [[wikipedia:Oman|Oman]], [[wikipedia:China|China]], [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]], [[wikipedia:Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf]], [[wikipedia:Iraq|Iraq]], [[wikipedia:Syria|Syria]], [[wikipedia:Transcaucasia|Transcaucasia]], [[wikipedia:Astrakhan|Astrakhan]] ([[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]), [[wikipedia:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], and [[wikipedia:Mauritius|Mauritius]].
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 | 1830-1831 || Epidemic ||  Cholera epidemic across Europe gives rise to the [[wikipedia:Cholera Riots|Cholera Riots]] in Russia<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia, cholera riots  of 1830 –1831|url=http://www.unm.edu/~ybosin/documents/rus_chol.pdf|publisher=[[wikipedia:University of New Mexico|University of New Mexico]]|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> and England.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fear and frustration--the Liverpool cholera riots of 1832.|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05463-0|pmid=11476860 | volume=358|journal=Lancet|pages=233-7 | last1 = Gill | first1 = G | last2 = Burrell | first2 = S | last3 = Brown | first3 = J}}</ref> || Europe
 |-
-| 1831 || Science development || Scottish physician [[wikipedia:William Brooke O'Shaughnessy|William Brooke O'Shaughnessy]] notices that the composition for the stool water in cholera ptients is very similar to that of their [[wikipedia:blood plasma|blood plasma]]. These values are found close to those of normal controls, except that the patients have markedly reduced water content. From this data, O'Shaughnessy suggests that replacing water and salt would be beneficial to them.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lifshitz|first1=Fima|title=Childhood Nutrition|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rigUEE-VzxAC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%221831%22+%22William+Brooke+O%27Shaughnessy+%22+%22cholera%22&source=bl&ots=f6HXudOiIl&sig=ZLTjOZ1ItBtFyOU71kllhoFN7rQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7nenosurQAhVIHpAKHaujAmQQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=%221831%22%20%22William%20Brooke%20O%27Shaughnessy%20%22%20%22cholera%22&f=false}}</ref> || Great Britain
+| 1831 || Scientific development || Scottish physician [[wikipedia:William Brooke O'Shaughnessy|William Brooke O'Shaughnessy]] notices that the composition for the stool water in cholera ptients is very similar to that of their [[wikipedia:blood plasma|blood plasma]]. These values are found close to those of normal controls, except that the patients have markedly reduced water content. From this data, O'Shaughnessy suggests that replacing water and salt would be beneficial to them.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lifshitz|first1=Fima|title=Childhood Nutrition|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rigUEE-VzxAC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%221831%22+%22William+Brooke+O%27Shaughnessy+%22+%22cholera%22&source=bl&ots=f6HXudOiIl&sig=ZLTjOZ1ItBtFyOU71kllhoFN7rQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7nenosurQAhVIHpAKHaujAmQQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=%221831%22%20%22William%20Brooke%20O%27Shaughnessy%20%22%20%22cholera%22&f=false}}</ref> || Great Britain
 |-
-| 1832 || Science development (treatment) || Medical pioneer [[wikipedia:Thomas Latta|Thomas Latta]] develops the first intravenous [[wikipedia:saline drip|saline drip]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy|url=http://bji.sagepub.com/content/10/1_suppl/s3.refs|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Journal of Infection Prevention|Journal of Infection Prevention]]''|date = September 1, 2009|accessdate = April 23, 2016}}</ref>|| Scotland (Leith)
+| 1832 || Medical development (treatment) || Medical pioneer [[wikipedia:Thomas Latta|Thomas Latta]] develops the first intravenous [[wikipedia:saline drip|saline drip]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy|url=http://bji.sagepub.com/content/10/1_suppl/s3.refs|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Journal of Infection Prevention|Journal of Infection Prevention]]''|date = September 1, 2009|accessdate = April 23, 2016}}</ref>|| Scotland (Leith)
 |-
 | 1832 || Epidemic || Cholera claims 6536 victims in London and 20,000 in Paris (out of a population of 650,000), and is responsible for about 100000 deaths in France as a whole. The epidemic reaches Russia, [[wikipedia:Quebec|Quebec]], [[wikipedia:Ontario|Ontario]] and New York in the same year. In [[wikipedia:Portugal|Portugal]], cholera is brought to [[wikipedia:Oporto|Oporto]] in on the boats that carry troops from Ostend to help the Liberal army during the [[wikipedia:Liberal Wars|civil war]]. From Oporto, cholera spreads throughout the country, and more than 40000 people perish. It is calculated that cholera killed more people than the war itself.<ref name="The Portuguese cholera morbus epidemic of 1853–56 as seen by the press" /> || [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]], [[wikipedia:North America|North America]]
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 | 1883 || Scientific development || Identification of bacterium ''[[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]]'' by [[wikipedia:Robert Koch|Robert Koch]]. Although not the first description, the discovery of the cholera organism is credited to Koch, who independently identifies the bacterium during an outbreak in [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]].<ref name="Background">{{cite web|title=Cholera: Background|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-overview|last = Handa|first = Sanjeev|publisher=[[wikipedia:MedScape|MedScape]]|accessdate = April 23, 2016|date = February 16, 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1885 || Scientific development (drug) || Spanish physician [[wikipedia:Jaume Ferran i Clua|Jaume Ferran i Clua]] develops a cholera vaccine, which is the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease. Ferrán vaccinates about 50,000 people in [[wikipedia:Valencia|Valencia]] during a cholera epidemic.<ref name="The Portuguese cholera morbus epidemic of 1853–56 as seen by the press">{{cite web|title=The Portuguese cholera morbus epidemic of 1853–56 as seen by the press|url=http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/66/1/41|publisher=[[wikipedia:The Royal Society|The Royal Society]]|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrán Vaccinating for Cholera|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/ferr%C3%A1n-vaccinating-cholera|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]
+| 1885 || Medical development (drug) || Spanish physician [[wikipedia:Jaume Ferran i Clua|Jaume Ferran i Clua]] develops a cholera vaccine, which is the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease. Ferrán vaccinates about 50,000 people in [[wikipedia:Valencia|Valencia]] during a cholera epidemic.<ref name="The Portuguese cholera morbus epidemic of 1853–56 as seen by the press">{{cite web|title=The Portuguese cholera morbus epidemic of 1853–56 as seen by the press|url=http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/66/1/41|publisher=[[wikipedia:The Royal Society|The Royal Society]]|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrán Vaccinating for Cholera|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/ferr%C3%A1n-vaccinating-cholera|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]
 |-
-| 1892 || Scientific development (drug) || Russian bacteriologist [[wikipedia:Waldemar Haffkine|Waldemar Haffkine]], working at [[wikipedia:Pasteur Institute|Pasteur Institute]], announces a new cholera vaccine.<ref name="Milestones in Combating Cholera">{{cite web|last1=BAKALAR|first1=NICHOLAS|title=Milestones in Combating Cholera|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/science/milestones-in-combating-cholera.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:The New York Times|The New York Times]]|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Waldemar Haffkine|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/waldemar-haffkine|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> ||
+| 1892 || Medical development (drug) || Russian bacteriologist [[wikipedia:Waldemar Haffkine|Waldemar Haffkine]], working at [[wikipedia:Pasteur Institute|Pasteur Institute]], announces a new cholera vaccine.<ref name="Milestones in Combating Cholera">{{cite web|last1=BAKALAR|first1=NICHOLAS|title=Milestones in Combating Cholera|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/science/milestones-in-combating-cholera.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:The New York Times|The New York Times]]|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Waldemar Haffkine|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/waldemar-haffkine|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1899–1923 || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:1899–1923 cholera pandemic|sixth]] pandemic kills more than 800,000 people in India where it begins.<ref name=seven-pandemics/> || India, Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia.
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 | 1935 || Epidemic || New cholera biotype [[wikipedia:El Tor|El Tor]] causes major epidemic outbreak in [[wikipedia:Sulawesi|Celebes Islands]]. El Tor biotype is also isolated in Indonesia (strain M66-2) during an outbreak later in 1937.<ref name="Molecular tools in understanding the evolution of Vibrio cholera" /> || [[wikipedia:Indonesia|Indonesia]]
 |-
-| 1935 || Science development || The serological classification of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] is first described.<ref name="Vibrio cholerae: Description Taxonomy and serological classification">{{cite web|title=Vibrio cholerae: Description Taxonomy and serological classification|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/admicrob6.pdf|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref> ||
+| 1935 || Scientific development || The serological classification of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] is first described.<ref name="Vibrio cholerae: Description Taxonomy and serological classification">{{cite web|title=Vibrio cholerae: Description Taxonomy and serological classification|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/admicrob6.pdf|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1948 || Organization || Formation of the World Health Organization (WHO).<ref name="markel"/>|| [[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]]
 |-
-| 1948 || Scientific development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Antibiotic|Antibiotic]] [[wikipedia:tetracycline|tetracycline]] is introduced. It is used for treating several types of infections caused by susceptible [[wikipedia:bacteria|bacteria]], including [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]].<ref>{{cite web|title=tetracycline|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/tetracycline/article.htm|publisher=[[wikipedia:MedicineNet|MedicineNet]]|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> ||
+| 1948 || Medical development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Antibiotic|Antibiotic]] [[wikipedia:tetracycline|tetracycline]] is introduced. It is used for treating several types of infections caused by susceptible [[wikipedia:bacteria|bacteria]], including [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]].<ref>{{cite web|title=tetracycline|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/tetracycline/article.htm|publisher=[[wikipedia:MedicineNet|MedicineNet]]|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1951–1959 || Scientific development || Indian pathologist [[wikipedia:Sambhu Nath De|Sambhu Nath De]] discovers that cholera is caused by a potent [[wikipedia:exotoxin|exotoxin]] ([[wikipedia:cholera toxin|cholera toxin]]) affecting intestinal permeability. Nath De also demonstrates that bacteria-free culture filtrates of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] are [[wikipedia:enterotoxin|enterotoxic]]. Sambu Nath De also develops a reproducible animal model for the disease. These works are considered milestones in the history of the fight against cholera.<ref name="From endotoxin to exotoxin: De’s rich legacy to cholera">{{cite journal|last1=Nair|first1=G Balakrish|last2=Narain|first2=Jai P|title=From endotoxin to exotoxin: De’s rich legacy to cholera|journal=Bulletin of the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|doi=10.2471/BLT.09.072504|url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/3/09-072504/en/|accessdate=18 December 2016|volume=88|pages=237–240}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1952 || Scientific development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Erythromycin|Erythromycin]] is introduced. It is used for the treatment of cholera.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Origin of Erythromycin-Resistant Strains of Micrococcus Pyogenes in Infections|doi=10.1001/archinte.1955.00250090057008|url=http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/560103|accessdate=12 December 2016|volume=95|journal=A.M.A. Archives of Internal Medicine|pages=419}}</ref><ref name="Antibiotic Treatment">{{cite news|title=Antibiotic Treatment|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/antibiotic-treatment.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> ||
+| 1952 || Medical development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Erythromycin|Erythromycin]] is introduced. It is used for the treatment of cholera.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Origin of Erythromycin-Resistant Strains of Micrococcus Pyogenes in Infections|doi=10.1001/archinte.1955.00250090057008|url=http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/560103|accessdate=12 December 2016|volume=95|journal=A.M.A. Archives of Internal Medicine|pages=419}}</ref><ref name="Antibiotic Treatment">{{cite news|title=Antibiotic Treatment|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/antibiotic-treatment.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1961–present || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:1961–75 cholera pandemic|seventh cholera pandemic]], starting in Indonesia, continues today at a much smaller scale.<ref name=seven-pandemics/> ||  Asia, Africa, Americas, Europe, Oceania
 |-
-| 1967 || Scientific development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] is introduced as [[wikipedia:antibiotic|antibiotic]]. It is proved to be an effective treatment for cholera.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Research on Doxycycline|url=https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/doxycycline/|accessdate=13 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref><ref name="Antibiotic Treatment"/> ||
+| 1967 || Medical development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] is introduced as [[wikipedia:antibiotic|antibiotic]]. It is proved to be an effective treatment for cholera.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Research on Doxycycline|url=https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/doxycycline/|accessdate=13 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref><ref name="Antibiotic Treatment"/> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || Scientific development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] is introduced. It is used for treating cholera among multiple other diseases.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=Joanne M.-W.|title=Considerations when prescribing trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole|pmc=3216436|pmid=21989472|doi=10.1503/cmaj.111152|volume=183|journal=CMAJ|pages=1851-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Co-trimoxazole|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/co-trimoxazole.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Drugs.com|Drugs.com]]|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> ||
+| 1968 || Medical development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] is introduced. It is used for treating cholera among multiple other diseases.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=Joanne M.-W.|title=Considerations when prescribing trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole|pmc=3216436|pmid=21989472|doi=10.1503/cmaj.111152|volume=183|journal=CMAJ|pages=1851-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Co-trimoxazole|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/co-trimoxazole.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Drugs.com|Drugs.com]]|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1971–2012 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Seventh cholera pandemic|Seventh cholera pandemic]]: cholera is first reported in Cameroon in 1971. In the period between 2000 and 2012, 43474 cholera cases are reported: 1748 are fatal (mean annual case fatality ratio of 7.9%), with an attack rate of 17.9 reported cases per 100000 inhabitants per year.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Franky|first1=Simon|last2=Baonga Ba Pouth|last3=Teboh|first3=Andrew|last4=Yang|first4=Yang|last5=Arabi|first5=Mouhaman|last6=D. Sugimoto|first6=Jonathan|last7=Glenn Morris Jr.|first7=John|last8=Mbam|first8=Leonard M.|last9=Blackburn|first9=Jason K.|last10=Morris|first10=Lillian|last11=T. Kracalik|first11=Ian|last12=Liang|first12=Song|last13=Ngwa|first13=Moise C|title=Cholera in Cameroon, 2000-2012: Spatial and Temporal Analysis at the Operational (Health District) and Sub Climate Levels|journal=[[wikipedia:PLOS|PLOS]]|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005105|accessdate=18 December 2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005105|volume=10|pages=e0005105}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Cameroon|Cameroon]]
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 | 1976 || Scientific development || Researchers report that a combination of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] O1 antigens such as [[wikipedia:lipopolysaccharides|lipopolysaccharides]] (LPS) and [[wikipedia:cholera toxin|cholera toxin]] (CT) or choleragenoid (now termed Cholera Toxin B or CTB) induces more than 100-fold greater protection of rabbits against a challenge with live vibrios than does vaccination with either of the two antigens alone.<ref name="Critical Analysis of Compositions and Protective Efficacies of Oral Killed Cholera Vaccines">{{cite journal|last1=Alexander|first1=T. S.|title=Critical Analysis of Compositions and Protective Efficacies of Oral Killed Cholera Vaccines|doi=10.1128/CVI.00378-14|publisher=[[wikipedia:United States National Library of Medicine|United States National Library of Medicine]]|pmc=4178583|pmid=25056361|volume=21|journal=Clin Vaccine Immunol|pages=1195-205}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1979 || Scientific development (treatment) || [[wikipedia:Oral rehydration therapy|Oral rehydration therapy]] (ORT) is introduced as a technique of fluid replacement used to prevent or treat dehydration especially due to [[wikipedia:diarrhea|diarrhea]]. ORT rapidly becomes the cornerstone of programmes for the control of diarrhoeal diseases. Oral rehydration therapy dramatically would brought down the cholera case fatality rate from 30% in 1980 to around 3.6% in 2000.<ref name="From endotoxin to exotoxin: De’s rich legacy to cholera"/><ref name="Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy.">{{cite journal|title=Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy.| pmid=11100619 | volume=78 | pmc=2560623| year=2000| journal=Bull. World Health Organ.| pages=1246–55 | last1 = Victora | first1 = CG | last2 = Bryce | first2 = J | last3 = Fontaine | first3 = O | last4 = Monasch | first4 = R}}</ref> ||
+| 1979 || Medical development (treatment) || [[wikipedia:Oral rehydration therapy|Oral rehydration therapy]] (ORT) is introduced as a technique of fluid replacement used to prevent or treat dehydration especially due to [[wikipedia:diarrhea|diarrhea]]. ORT rapidly becomes the cornerstone of programmes for the control of diarrhoeal diseases. Oral rehydration therapy dramatically would brought down the cholera case fatality rate from 30% in 1980 to around 3.6% in 2000.<ref name="From endotoxin to exotoxin: De’s rich legacy to cholera"/><ref name="Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy.">{{cite journal|title=Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy.| pmid=11100619 | volume=78 | pmc=2560623| year=2000| journal=Bull. World Health Organ.| pages=1246–55 | last1 = Victora | first1 = CG | last2 = Bryce | first2 = J | last3 = Fontaine | first3 = O | last4 = Monasch | first4 = R}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1984 || Scientific development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves [[wikipedia:serotonin antagonist|serotonin antagonist]] [[wikipedia:ondansetron|ondansetron]]. Ondansetron diminishes [[wikipedia:cholera toxin|cholera toxin]]-evoked secretion.<ref name="5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea/vomiting"/><ref name="Actions of serotonin antagonists on cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion."/> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+| 1984 || Medical development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves [[wikipedia:serotonin antagonist|serotonin antagonist]] [[wikipedia:ondansetron|ondansetron]]. Ondansetron diminishes [[wikipedia:cholera toxin|cholera toxin]]-evoked secretion.<ref name="5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea/vomiting"/><ref name="Actions of serotonin antagonists on cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion."/> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 |-
 | 1984 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Seventh cholera pandemic|Seventh cholera pandemic]]: cholera epidemic reaches Mali. 1793 cases and 406 deaths are reported.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=TAUXE|first1=ROBERT V.|last2=HOLMBERG|first2=SCOTT D.|last3=DODIN|first3=ANDRE|last4=WELLS|first4=JOY V.|last5=BLAKE|first5=PAUL A.|title=idemic cholera in Mali: high mortality and multiple routes of transmission in a famine area|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249226/pdf/epidinfect00008-0102.pdf|accessdate=18 December 2016|pmc=2249226|pmid=3356224|volume=100|journal=Epidemiol Infect|pages=279–89|doi=10.1017/s0950268800067418}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Mali|Mali]]
 |-
-| 1986 || Scientific development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves antibacterial [[wikipedia:norfloxacin|norfloxacin]]. It is proved to be effective for the treatment of cholera.<ref>{{cite web|title=NORFLOXACIN|url=https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/Norfloxacin.htm|publisher=[[wikipedia:United States National Library of Medicine|United States National Library of Medicine]]|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+| 1986 || Medical development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves antibacterial [[wikipedia:norfloxacin|norfloxacin]]. It is proved to be effective for the treatment of cholera.<ref>{{cite web|title=NORFLOXACIN|url=https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/Norfloxacin.htm|publisher=[[wikipedia:United States National Library of Medicine|United States National Library of Medicine]]|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 |-
 | 1986 || Scientific development || Molecular technique for bacterial identification [[wikipedia:ribotyping|ribotyping]] begins. It would be used for characterizing cholera strains.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dalsgaard|first1=A|last2=Echeverria|first2=P|last3=Larsen|first3=J L|last4=Siebeling|first4=R|last5=Serichantalergs|first5=O|last6=Huss|first6=H H|title=Application of ribotyping for differentiating Vibrio cholerae non-O1 isolated from shrimp farms in Thailand.|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]]|pmc=167279|pmid=7534053|volume=61|journal=Appl Environ Microbiol|pages=245-51}}</ref><ref name="Molecular tools in understanding the evolution of Vibrio cholera" /> ||
@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
 | 1990 (circa) || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA|Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA]] analysis is first described. RAPD would be used for characterizing representative strains of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chhotray|first1=GP|last2=Pal|first2=BB|last3=Khuntia|first3=HK|last4=Chowdhury|first4=NR|last5=Chakraborty|first5=S|last6=Yamasaki|first6=S|last7=Ramamurthy|first7=T|last8=Takeda|first8=Y|last9=Bhattacharya|first9=SK|last10=Nair|first10=GB.|title=Incidence and molecular analysis of Vibrio cholerae associated with cholera outbreak subsequent to the super cyclone in Orissa, India.|pmid=12002529|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]]|pmc=2869804|volume=128|journal=Epidemiol Infect|pages=131-8}}</ref><ref name="Molecular tools in understanding the evolution of Vibrio cholera" /> ||
 |-
-| 1991 || Scientific development (drug) || Oral cholera vaccine [[wikipedia:Dukoral|Dukoral]] is introduced. It is manufactured by [[wikipedia:Crucell|Crucell]].<ref name="Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know" /> || [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]]
+| 1991 || MEdical development (drug) || Oral cholera vaccine [[wikipedia:Dukoral|Dukoral]] is introduced. It is manufactured by [[wikipedia:Crucell|Crucell]].<ref name="Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know" /> || [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]]
 |-
 | 1992–1993 || Epidemic || New strain of cholera, new strain of cholera, '''Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 Bengal''' emerges and causes outbreaks in [[wikipedia:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and [[wikipedia:India|India]]. Disease from this strain becomes endemic in at least 11 countries.<ref name="Background" /> ||
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 | 1998 || Scientific Development || [[wikipedia:Multilocus sequence typing analysis|Multilocus sequence typing analysis]] (MLST) is first described. MLST has better discriminatory ability for typing vibrio cholerae than does pulsed-field [[wikipedia:gel electrophoresis|gel electrophoresis]] and provides a measure of phylogenetic relatedness.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Faruque|first1=Shah M.|last2=Nair|first2=G. Balakrish|title=Vibrio Cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fP67F_eOSgQC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=%221998%22+%22+multilocus+sequence+typing%22+%22cholera%22&source=bl&ots=DcgVo-UCrY&sig=cgNklc8YI01dtZTavAWxwYh8oNQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLvpeu3f7QAhVGlZAKHZVSAywQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%221998%22%20%22%20multilocus%20sequence%20typing%22%20%22cholera%22&f=false|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Molecular tools in understanding the evolution of Vibrio cholera" /> ||
 |-
-| 2001 || Scientific development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves [[wikipedia:serotonin|serotonin]] [[wikipedia:5-HT3 antagonist|5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist]] [[wikipedia:granisetron|granisetron]]. Granisetron markedly diminishes [[wikipedia:cholera toxin|cholera toxin]]-evoked secretion.<ref name="5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea/vomiting">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Howard S.|last2=Cox|first2=Lorraine R.|last3=Smith|first3=Eric J.|title=5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea/vomiting|url=http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1037/1263|publisher=Annals of Palliative Medicine|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Actions of serotonin antagonists on cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion.">{{cite journal|last1=Sjöqvist|first1=A|last2=Cassuto|first2=J|last3=Jodal|first3=M|last4=Lundgren|first4=O.|title=Actions of serotonin antagonists on cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion.|journal=Acta Physiol Scand|doi=10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09360.x|pmid=1355626|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1355626|accessdate=18 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]]|volume=145|pages=229-37}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+| 2001 || Medical development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves [[wikipedia:serotonin|serotonin]] [[wikipedia:5-HT3 antagonist|5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist]] [[wikipedia:granisetron|granisetron]]. Granisetron markedly diminishes [[wikipedia:cholera toxin|cholera toxin]]-evoked secretion.<ref name="5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea/vomiting">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Howard S.|last2=Cox|first2=Lorraine R.|last3=Smith|first3=Eric J.|title=5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea/vomiting|url=http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1037/1263|publisher=Annals of Palliative Medicine|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Actions of serotonin antagonists on cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion.">{{cite journal|last1=Sjöqvist|first1=A|last2=Cassuto|first2=J|last3=Jodal|first3=M|last4=Lundgren|first4=O.|title=Actions of serotonin antagonists on cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion.|journal=Acta Physiol Scand|doi=10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09360.x|pmid=1355626|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1355626|accessdate=18 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]]|volume=145|pages=229-37}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 |-
 | 2005 || Scientific development || Small molecule [[wikipedia:virstatin|virstatin]] is found to inhibit virulence expression in ''[[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Remaut|first1=Han|last2=Fronzes|first2=Rémi|title=Bacterial Membranes: Structural and Molecular Biology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pdEAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA473&lpg=PA473&dq=%222005%22+%22virstatin%22+%22cholera%22&source=bl&ots=TlHOIB8B-f&sig=oWCfWRdG31XvlMmA-7JP3iUspOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUw8acsPHQAhXKj5AKHTWLBsoQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=%222005%22%20%22virstatin%22%20%22cholera%22&f=false|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rédei|first1=George P.|title=Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics, and Informatics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=c9e9pqQCqrEC&pg=PA2083&lpg=PA2083&dq=virstatin+2005&source=bl&ots=MiPQHQxzpN&sig=OQD10eZ9C8yq8BEamMnm5BBfvcY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQvrzJr_HQAhXIEJAKHWANA_0Q6AEISjAI#v=onepage&q=virstatin%202005&f=false|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grunwald|first1=Peter|title=Carbohydrate-Modifying Biocatalysts|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6anSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=virstatin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi21LWp3PTQAhWKnJAKHbI0Ab0Q6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=virstatin&f=false|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 |-
-| 2007 || Scientific development (drug) || Researchers from the University of Tokyo develop a type of rice that carries the cholera vaccine.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kotar|first1=S.L.|last2=Gessler|first2=J.E.|title=Cholera: A Worldwide History|page=288|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N3wgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288&lpg=PA288&dq=Researchers+from+the+University+of+Tokyo+develop+a+type+of+rice+that+carries+the+cholera+vaccine&source=bl&ots=GTOA9THAC8&sig=8smlE1ZDhE-6f0KdR7vYku_9Qi8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0rbis1_TQAhXLg5AKHVFuAMcQ6AEILzAE#v=onepage&q=Researchers%20from%20the%20University%20of%20Tokyo%20develop%20a%20type%20of%20rice%20that%20carries%20the%20cholera%20vaccine&f=false|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha ||first1=Kounteya|title=Breakthrough in cholera cure|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Breakthrough-in-cholera-cure/articleshow/2118293.cms|accessdate=14 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:The Times of India|The Times of India]]|date=June 13, 2007}}</ref>|| Japan
+| 2007 || Medical development (drug) || Researchers from the University of Tokyo develop a type of rice that carries the cholera vaccine.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kotar|first1=S.L.|last2=Gessler|first2=J.E.|title=Cholera: A Worldwide History|page=288|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N3wgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288&lpg=PA288&dq=Researchers+from+the+University+of+Tokyo+develop+a+type+of+rice+that+carries+the+cholera+vaccine&source=bl&ots=GTOA9THAC8&sig=8smlE1ZDhE-6f0KdR7vYku_9Qi8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0rbis1_TQAhXLg5AKHVFuAMcQ6AEILzAE#v=onepage&q=Researchers%20from%20the%20University%20of%20Tokyo%20develop%20a%20type%20of%20rice%20that%20carries%20the%20cholera%20vaccine&f=false|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha ||first1=Kounteya|title=Breakthrough in cholera cure|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Breakthrough-in-cholera-cure/articleshow/2118293.cms|accessdate=14 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:The Times of India|The Times of India]]|date=June 13, 2007}}</ref>|| Japan
 |-
 | 2007 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:2007 Iraq cholera outbreak|Iraq cholera outbreak]]. 4667 cases reported. The median age of the cases is 11 years.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khwaif|first1=JM|last2=Hayyawi|first2=AH|last3=Yousif|first3=TI|title=Cholera outbreak in Baghdad in 2007: an epidemiological study.|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]]|pmid=20799583|volume=16|journal=East Mediterr Health J|pages=584-9}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Iraq|Iraq]]
@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 | 2009 || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] reports more than 220,000 cases of cholera and almost 5,000 deaths worldwide.<ref name="Costs of Illness Due to Cholera, Costs of Immunization and Cost-Effectiveness of an Oral Cholera Mass Vaccination Campaign in Zanzibar">{{cite journal|title=Costs of Illness Due to Cholera, Costs of Immunization and Cost-Effectiveness of an Oral Cholera Mass Vaccination Campaign in Zanzibar|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001844|pmc=3464297 | pmid=23056660|volume=6|journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis|pages=e1844 | last1 = Schaetti | first1 = C | last2 = Weiss | first2 = MG | last3 = Ali | first3 = SM | last4 = Chaignat | first4 = CL | last5 = Khatib | first5 = AM | last6 = Reyburn | first6 = R | last7 = Duintjer Tebbens | first7 = RJ | last8 = Hutubessy | first8 = R}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2009 || Scientific development (drug) || Oral cholera vaccine Shanchol is introduced. It contains killed whole cells of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] serogroups O1 and O139. Shanchol is manufactured by [[wikipedia:Shantha Biotechnics|Shantha Biotechnics]].<ref name="Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know">{{cite web|title=Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know|url=https://www.stopcholera.org/sites/cholera/files/oral_cholera_vaccine_what_you_need_to_know_0.pdf|accessdate=10 December 2016|website=stopcholera.org}}</ref><ref name="Vaccines">{{cite web|title=Vaccines|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/vaccines.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
+| 2009 || Medical development (drug) || Oral cholera vaccine Shanchol is introduced. It contains killed whole cells of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] serogroups O1 and O139. Shanchol is manufactured by [[wikipedia:Shantha Biotechnics|Shantha Biotechnics]].<ref name="Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know">{{cite web|title=Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know|url=https://www.stopcholera.org/sites/cholera/files/oral_cholera_vaccine_what_you_need_to_know_0.pdf|accessdate=10 December 2016|website=stopcholera.org}}</ref><ref name="Vaccines">{{cite web|title=Vaccines|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/vaccines.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
 |-
 | 2009 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:2009 Papua New Guinea cholera outbreak|Papua New Guinea cholera outbreak]] results in over 15000 cases and more than 500 deaths.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Horwood|first1=PF|last2=Karl|first2=S|last3=Mueller|first3=I|last4=Jonduo|first4=MH|last5=Pavlin|first5=BI|last6=Dagina|first6=R|last7=Ropa|first7=B|last8=Bieb|first8=S|last9=Rosewell|first9=A|last10=Umezaki|first10=M|last11=Siba|first11=PM|last12=Greenhill|first12=AR|title=Spatio-temporal epidemiology of the cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea, 2009-2011.|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]]|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25141942|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 | 2010–present || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Haiti cholera outbreak|Haiti cholera outbreak]] kills over 9,500 people across four countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Haiti cholera outbreak|url=http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=28070+&Itemid=999999&lang=fr|publisher=[[wikipedia:Pan American Health Organization|Pan American Health Organization]]|accessdate = April 23, 2016}}</ref>|| Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela and Florida (U.S.)
 |-
-| 2011 || Science development || [[wikipedia:Multi-virulence locus sequencing typing|Multi-virulence locus sequencing typing]] technique is first described. MVLST would be used for determining the genetic variation and relatedness of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] strains of different zerogroups.<ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Vibrio Research and Application: 2012 Edition|page=80|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bre_pmwAzIUC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=%22MVLST%22+%22cholera%22&source=bl&ots=CSx04NcqLw&sig=gFS7IojmrAWc12V03Gb2CL3VdAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9zLOS8P7QAhVGHJAKHS9mB1kQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=%22MVLST%22%20%22cholera%22&f=false|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Molecular tools in understanding the evolution of Vibrio cholera" /> ||
+| 2011 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Multi-virulence locus sequencing typing|Multi-virulence locus sequencing typing]] technique is first described. MVLST would be used for determining the genetic variation and relatedness of [[wikipedia:vibrio cholerae|vibrio cholerae]] strains of different zerogroups.<ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Vibrio Research and Application: 2012 Edition|page=80|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bre_pmwAzIUC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=%22MVLST%22+%22cholera%22&source=bl&ots=CSx04NcqLw&sig=gFS7IojmrAWc12V03Gb2CL3VdAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9zLOS8P7QAhVGHJAKHS9mB1kQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=%22MVLST%22%20%22cholera%22&f=false|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Molecular tools in understanding the evolution of Vibrio cholera" /> ||
 |-
 | 2012 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak|Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak]]. At least 392 people are reportedly killed and more than 25,000 others are infected.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cholera outbreak easing|url=http://www.irinnews.org/news/2012/09/24/cholera-outbreak-easing|accessdate=13 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:IRIN|IRIN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cholera - rising with the downpours|url=http://www.irinnews.org/news/2012/08/31/cholera-rising-downpours|publisher=[[wikipedia:IRIN|IRIN]]|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]], [[wikipedia:Guinea|Guinea]]
@@ Line 159: / Line 159: @@
 | 2014–2015 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:2014–15 African cholera outbreak|Cholera outbreak]] in Africa. 1,475 reported deaths,<ref name=ghana>{{cite web|title=Cholera in Ghana|url=http://www.unicef.org/cholera/files/Cholera_regional_update_W52_2014_West_and_Central_Africa.pdf|publisher=[[wikipedia:UNICEF|UNICEF]]|date=15 November 2014}}</ref> 84,675 reported cases.<ref name=ghana/>|| Ghana, Nigeria, Niger, Togo, Benin, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Chad, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea
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-| 2015 || Scientific development (drug) || Oral cholera vaccine Euvichol is introduced. Euvichol is manufactured by [[wikipedia:EuBiologics|EuBiologics]].<ref name="Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know" /> || [[wikipedia:South Korea|South Korea]]
+| 2015 || Medical development (drug) || Oral cholera vaccine Euvichol is introduced. Euvichol is manufactured by [[wikipedia:EuBiologics|EuBiologics]].<ref name="Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV): What You Need To Know" /> || [[wikipedia:South Korea|South Korea]]
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-| 2016 || Scientific development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves Vaxchora for the prevention of cholera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaxchora|url=http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM506235.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]]}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+| 2016 || Medical development (drug) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves Vaxchora for the prevention of cholera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaxchora|url=http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM506235.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2016|publisher=[[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]]}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of cholera"

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