Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Médecins Sans Frontières"
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| 1971 (December 22) || || || {{w|Médecins Sans Frontières}} is founded in {{w|Paris}}<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières History"/> by a group of French doctors and journalists in the wake of {{w|Nigerian Civil War}}, and the [[w:Bangladesh famine of 1974|floods in Bangladesh]].<ref name="Founding"/> || {{w|France}} | | 1971 (December 22) || || || {{w|Médecins Sans Frontières}} is founded in {{w|Paris}}<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières History"/> by a group of French doctors and journalists in the wake of {{w|Nigerian Civil War}}, and the [[w:Bangladesh famine of 1974|floods in Bangladesh]].<ref name="Founding"/> || {{w|France}} |
Revision as of 14:03, 19 July 2019
This is a timeline of Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), a French-origin international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in nearly 70 countries.[1]
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary |
---|---|
1970s | "Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) was born in the early 1970s out of the exasperation of a group of French doctors who worked in desperate conditions in the Biafra War (1967-70)" "MSF's growth and increased professionalism in the 1970s came as a response to decolonisation and cold war conflicts in Africa and Asia, which created massive refugee crises."[2] |
2010s | As og 2015, MSF is active in nineteen countries and is involved in assistance activities in over sixty nations. It is represented by the International Office in Geneva, and has operational centers in Brussels, Paris, Amsterdam, Barcelona and Geneva that coordinate interventions. MSF is independent from governments and political parties.[3] |
Full timeline
Year | Event type | Main affliction (when applicable) | Details | Country/location |
---|---|---|---|---|
1971 (December 22) | Médecins Sans Frontières is founded in Paris[1] by a group of French doctors and journalists in the wake of Nigerian Civil War, and the floods in Bangladesh.[4] | France | ||
1972 | Assistance | An earthquake in Nicaragua marks the first MSF mission in a natural disaster.[4] | Nicaragua | |
1974 | Assistance | Hurricane | MSF conducts a relief mission to assist people in Honduras after the devastating Hurricane Fifi–Orlene.[4] | Honduras |
1975 | Assistance | Dictatorship/genocide | MSF establishes its first large-scale medical program during a refugee crisis in Cambodia, providing medical care for the waves of Cambodians seeking sanctuary from the Khmer Rouge regime.[5] | Cambodia |
1976 | Assistance | War | MSF conducts its first wartime mission in Lebanon and becomes a professional medical emergency organization.[6] | Lebanon |
1977 | MSF organizes its first major advertising campaign, featuring a picture of a child, looking into a camera from behind bars.[7] | |||
1977 | In spite of having promoted a depoliticized image, MSF representative Claude Malhuret first violates the statutory confidentiality commitment by condemning the “revolutionary crimes” of the Khmer Rouge who, he says, are “exterminating entire segments of the population in the name of some revamped communist ideology”.[8] | Cambodia | ||
1978 | Assistance | War | MSF launches various refugee programs in Thailand, in Djibouti during the Ogaden War and Eritrean refugees in Sudan.[9] | Thailand, Djibouti, Sudan |
1979 | Staff | MSF Co-founder Dr Bernard Kouchner leaves to form a new group, Médecins du Monde (Doctors of the World).[9] | ||
1979 | MSF moves beyond its modus operandi of sending isolated doctors to crisis zones in favour of creating a more structured organization that can provide quality medical services in crises. The initiative is led by Dr Claude Malhuret and Dr Francis Charhon.[9] | |||
1979 | War | MSF starts working in Somalia, in times of the Somali Rebellion.[10] | Somalia | |
1979 | War | MSF sets up missions to help civilians in South Sudan affected by starvation and the civil war.[11] | Sudan | |
1980 | Assistance | War | MSF launches its first nutritional program in the midst of drought and civil war in Karamoja, Uganda.[9] | Uganda |
1980 | Assistance | War | MSF medical teams clandestinely cross the Pakistani–Afghan border and travel by mule for several weeks to reach injured civilians living in remote areas during the Soviet–Afghan War.[9] | Afghanistan |
1980 | Branch | MSF-Belgium is founded.[12] | Belgium | |
1981 | War | MSF hospitals in Afghanistan are bombarded.[9] | Afghanistan | |
1981 | MSF sets up its first logistics department to coordinate and channel emergency medical relief.[2] | |||
1981 | Branch | MSF-Switzerland is established.[13] | Switzerland | |
1982 | Assistance | General | MSF begins working in Rwanda.[14] | Rwanda |
1983 | MSF France registers the brands "MSF International" and "MSF Europe" in Geneva and modifies its own statutes in order to integrate the possible creation of an MSF international structure.[15] | France | ||
1984 | Assistance | Malnutrition | MSF starts programs to treat malnutrition in Ethiopia.[16] | Ethiopia |
1984 | MSF establishes office in the Netherlands.[17] | Netherlands | ||
1984 | MSF creates the Liberté Sans Frontières (LSF) Foundation, a think-tank on development and human rights issues.[8] | |||
1984 | MSF Belgium establishes AEDES (Association Européenne pour le Développement et la Santé/European Association for Development and Health) in order to support long-term projects that MSF want to hand over, and to offer more stable jobs for certain MSF employees.[18] | Belgium | ||
1985 | MSF Belgium opposes the creation by MSF France’s newly formed Liberté Sans Frontières, thus taking a first step towards independence from MSF France.[15] | Belgium | ||
1985 | Withdrawal | The Government from Ethiopia expells MSF doctors on accusations for speaking out against Government policies.[19] | Ethiopia | |
1985 | Assistance | Starvation | MSF adds food relief to its eight-year-long mission in Eritrea, which has previously focused on emergency medicine.[20] | Eritrea |
1985 | Assistance | MSF assists with medical care in Honduras to refugees from El Salvador and Nicaragua.[9] | Honduras | |
1986 | Assistance | War | MSF organizes mobile clinics and starts assisting injured and traumatized people affected by the Sri Lankan Civil War.[21] | Sri Lanka |
1986 | Branch | MSF-Spain is established. | Spain | |
1986 | MSF France creates MSF Logistique to manage the stocks of equipment and medicines to be sent to missions.[15] | France | ||
1986 | Branch | Three doctors create MSF Luxembourg. The first actions by this association are done jointly with MSF Belgium in Ethiopia, Lebanon, Nicaragua, and then with MSF Spain in Bolivia. Refusing to recognize MSF Luxembourg as operational and independent, because of concerns over its small size and about its close ties to MSF Belgium, MSF France threatens to prosecute MSF Luxembourg to prevent the use of the MSF trademark.[15] | Luxemburg, France | |
1986 | MSF France registers as an overseas organization in the United Kingdom.[15] | United Kingdom | ||
1986 | MSF Belgium creates its own green logo.[15] | Belgium | ||
1986 | MSF France’s General Assembly votes to create a structure in charge of training MSF volunteers. This association, called CIREM (Centre d’Intervention pour la Recherche et l’Epidémiologie Médicale/Intervention Centre for Research and Medical Epidemiology), has three objectives: public health training, provision of scientific support to MSF missions, and scientific networking.[15] | France | ||
1987 | Disease | MSF vaccinates 2,5 million Nigerians in the region around Ibadan and in Anambra State.[22] | Nigeria | |
1987 | Assistance | General | MSF doctors start working in the Philippines.[23] | Philippines |
1987 | MSF France launches a satellite organization called "Epicentre" to conduct epidemiological studies and assessments in field settings.[24] | France | ||
1988 | MSF is requested to start an intervention to address urgent health needs in the area of the Western Upper Nile.[25] | Sudan | ||
1988 | MSF Belgium and MSF Holland strive to develop a concrete operational collaboration, and create a common Rapid Response Unit [Unité d’Intervention Rapide/UIR] which is to be coordinated alternately by each section.[15] | Belgium, Netherlands | ||
1988 | Earthquake | MSF assists victims of the earthquake of Armenia.[26] | Armenia | |
1988 | Cholera | MSF employs cholera treatment centers (CTCs) in Malawi to address an epidemic among refugees escaping from the Mozambican Civil War.[27] | Malawi | |
1989 | Withdrawal | War | MSF withdraws from Sudan after an MSF plane is shot down by a missile, killing 4 people, two of them MSF volunteers.[9] | Sudan |
1989 | MSF Belgium creates Transfer, a logistics center cooperative association, which remains under MSF control via the members of the General Assembly and board, who are all MSF Belgium members.[15] | Belgium | ||
1990 | "An MSF logistician is murdered in Afghanistan. Activities suspended."[9] | |||
1990 | Assistance | War | MSF begins working in Liberia in response to the civil war.[28] | Liberia |
1990 | Branch | MSF-Greece is established.[29] | Greece | |
1990 | Branch | MSF establishes office in the United States.[30] | United States | |
1990 | Assistance | War | MSF begins its first psychosocial program in Gaza, which focuses on developing people’s self-help skills and on addressing both the social and psychological effects of violence.[31] | Palestine |
1991 | "The MSF relief convoy evacuating the wounded from Vukovar hospital comes under attack. Three of our workers are wounded."[9] | |||
1991 | Assistance | HIV/AIDS | MSF initiates an HIV/AIDS prevention program in Uganda.[32] | Uganda |
1991 | Branch | MSF establishes office in Canada.[33] | Canada | |
1991 | Assistance | General | MSF starts operations in Brazil. All projects would be closed in 2011.[34] | Brazil |
1992 | Branch | MSF establishes office in Japan.[35] | Japan | |
1992 | Branch | MSF Sweden is established.[15] | Sweden | |
1992 | War/crime | MSF states that, “the main problem today is that of access to victims; the authorities or factions oppose humanitarian action, an inconvenient witness to their atrocities, and insecurity makes intervention increasingly dangerous”.[8] | ||
1992 | The MSF International Office organizes the ‘Populations in Danger’ Days and the production of the ‘MSF Report on the Populations in Danger.’[15] | |||
1992 | "In 1992, the lawyer Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier was tasked by the International Office to address the trademark issue, starting with a review of all the registered MSF trademarks. Eventually, the six first sections (MSF France, MSF Belgium, MSF Switzerland, MSF Holland, MSF Luxembourg, MSF Spain) were allowed to keep their trademark in their home countries, providing they would release their trademarks in other countries to the international office."[15] | |||
1993 | Assistance | War | MSF starts operations in Burundi during the civil war in the country.[36] | Burundi |
1993 | Branch | MSF establishes office in the United Kingdom.[37] | United Kingdom | |
1993 | Branch | MSF-Italy is established.[15] | Italy | |
1993 | MSF Denmark is established.[15] | Denmark | ||
1994 | Tuberculosis | MSF issues a new tuberculosis guideline that refers explicitly to WHO's declaration on the eradication of TB as a public health priority.[38] | ||
1994 | Branch | MSF-Australia is established.[39] | Australia | |
1994 | Branch | MSF Germany, MSF Hong Kong, MSF Australia, and MSF Austria are established.[40][15] | Germany, Hong Kong, Australia, Austria | |
1995 | War | MSF doctors assist civilians during the First Chechen War.[41] | Russia | |
1995 | Branch | MSF France’s Antenna is set up in the United Arab Emirates.[15] | United Arab Emirates | |
1995 | MSF becomes the first European NGO to begin working in North Korea.[42] | North Korea | ||
1996 | Recognition | MSF receive the Seoul Peace Prize.[11] | South Korea | |
1996 | Branch | MSF Norway is established.[15] | Norway | |
1996 | Assistance | Meningococcal meningitis | MSF launches a massive vaccination and treatment program during a severe epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Nigeria. About 4.5 million people are assisted.[43] | Nigeria |
1996 (November) | War | MSF calls for armed international intervention in Rwanda, “to protect the refugees and guarantee access to aid”.[8] | Rwanda | |
1997 | Assistance | War/Genocide | MSF assists Rwandan refugees forced out of camps in Zaire as they return home, but are blocked from assisting those fleeing further into Zaire, who fall victim to widespread massacres.[9] | Rwanda |
1997 | Literature | MSF publishes the book Refugee Health, which establishes ten top priorities for managing refugee emergencies.[44] | ||
1998 | Policy | MSF formally recognizes the importance of providing mental healthcare and psychosocial care as part of its emergency work.[45][46] | ||
1998 | Endorsement | MSF decides to support the creation of the International Criminal Court. However, 10 years later it would state that it ‘would not cooperate and would not transmit any information to the ICC', as the organization needs to keep its distance from the ICC, as from any other political body.[47] | ||
1998 (October–November) | Assistance | Hurricane | MSF assists victims of Hurricane Mitch in Central America.[48] | Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador |
1999 | Recognition | MSF is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents".[49] | Sweden | |
1999 | Assistance | Cyclone | MSF India doctors assist victims of the cyclone in Odisha.[50] | India |
1999 | Assistance | War | MSF doctors provide humanitarian assistance to refugees in Macedonia, Albania and Montenegro during the Kosovo War.[51] | Kosovo |
2000 | Assistance | War | MSF doctors assist victims during the Sierra Leone Civil War.[52] | Sierra Leone |
2000 | Assistance | HIV/AIDS | MSF teams in Thailand break rules to import affordable HIV medicines to treat patients from HIV/AIDS.[53] | Thailand |
2001 | Assistance | HIV/AIDS | MSF starts providing antiretroviral therapy to people living with AIDS in several countries.[9] | Thailand, Cambodia, Cameroon, Guatemala, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa |
2001 | Assistance | Earthquake | MSF assists victims of the earthquake in Gujarat.[50] | India |
2002 | Assistance | Dictatorship/repression | MSF France extends its program to assist North Korean refugees who fly from China to other Asian countries in their attempt to reach South Korea, where an office is established in Seoul.[54] | North Korea, China, South Korea |
2003 | Disease | MSF joins several research institutes, including the Institut Pasteur, to create the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, a non-profit organization engaged in research and development of new treatments for neglected diseases.[55] | ||
2003 | Program | Disease | The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative is founded by MSF and the Pasteur Institute, along with four other public research institutions. DNDi focuses on research and development of new and more efficient treatments for neglected diseases such as malaria, Chagas, kala azar and sleeping sickness.[56] | |
2004 | Assistance | Tuberculosis | MSF treats patients for tuberculosis in nearly 50 projects in 24 countries.[57] | Angola, Afghanistan, Abkhazia/Georgia, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Caucasus/Chechnya, Chad, China, Congo, Congo DR, Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Thailand, Uganda, Uzbekistan |
2004 | Assistance | Malnutrition | MSF treats 30,000 malnourished children worldwide.[58] | |
2004 | Withdrawal | War | MSF leaves Afghanistan after five of its aid workers are murdered, ostensibly by the Taliban. By 2009, the organization would return to the country.[59] | Afghanistan |
2005 | MSF establishes an independent and specialized Evaluation Unit in Vienna. Since then, similar units would be set up in Stockholm and Paris.[60] | Austria | ||
2005 | Malnutrition | MSF treats 60,000 children suffering from severe acute malnutrition in Niger by providing ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), a fortified milk paste rich in vitamins and minerals.[27] | Niger | |
2005 | Infrastructure | Earthquake | During the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, MSF uses an inflatable hospital for the first time, comprising nine tents, four operating theaters, an emergency room, an intensive care unit, and 120 beds. Since then such hospitals would become a staple in MSF’s projects, especially in places where medical infrastructure were damaged by conflict or natural disasters.[27] | Pakistan |
2006 | Branch | The MSF-Czech Republic office is established in Prague.[61] | Czechia | |
2006 | Assistance | Malaria | MSF treats 1.8 million people for malaria in its projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America.[56] | Africa, Asia, Latin America |
2007 | Assistance | Ebola | MSF teams assist patients during an Ebola outbreak in Uganda.[62][63] | Uganda |
2007 | War | MSF assists civilians affected by the Somali Civil War. War surgery programs start in several locations.[10] | Somalia | |
2008 | "MSF staff already working in the country provide assistance to thousands of people displaced by the cyclone while the government stalls on allowing additional staff to enter the country."[9] | |||
2008 | Cholera | MSF doctors assist patients during an outbreak of cholera in Zimbabwe.[64] | Zimbabwe | |
2009 | Withdrawal | MSF is expelled from Darfur, and its activities in Niger are suspended by the government.[65] | Sudan | |
2009 | Assistance | War | MSF opens a surgical hospitals in Gaza and starts offering post-operative and psychological care. The two hospital tents include operating theaters and a 12-bed post-surgery recovery and post-operative care unit.[66] | Palestine |
2009 | Assistance | Disease | MSF organizes large-scale immunization campaigns, particularly against meningitis in western Africa, where MSF workers vaccinate almost eight million people in Nigeria and Niger.[67] | |
2009 | Withdrawal | War | MSF withdraws from Sri Lanka, after working for seventeen years against a background of civil war between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[65] | Sri Lanka |
2009 | Assistance | Malnutrition | MSF workers treat 250,000 malnourished children in 34 countries in the year.[68] | |
2009–2013 | Infrastructure | MSF first pilots the use of telemedicine and consolidates multiple platforms in different languages in 2013 to create a more secure and accessible system. The platforms allow doctors and nurses in the field to easily consult with both MSF and non-MSF experts and specialists anywhere in the world by posting text and images, including X-rays.[27] | ||
2010 | Assistance | MSF responds to massive floods in Pakistan, assisting more than 80,000 patients and distributing nearly 2 million liters of clean water, along with almost 65,000 relief kits.[69] | Pakistan | |
2010 | Malnutrition | "MSF and the VII photo agency launch the "Starved For Attention" multimedia campaign on global malnutrition. The ongoing exhibition, which has already been staged in the US, Europe, and Africa, highlights the often overlooked global scourge of malnutrition, its lethal impact on children in particular, and some innovative practices employed by MSF and others to combat it."[9] | ||
2010 (January) | Assistance | Earthquake | MSF doctors assist victims of the Haitian earthquake.[70] | Haiti |
2010 | Assistance | General | MSF doctors carry out more than 80,000 medical consultations, treat more than 4,500 children for malnutrition and distribute 1.8 million litres of clean water every day to people affected by flooding during the 2010 Pakistan floods.[70] | Pakistan |
2010 | Infrastructure | MSF develops a multilingual telemedicine network to assist its field medical staff by providing direct access to specialist advice.[71] | ||
2010 | Withdrawal | MSF suspends activities in Turkmenistan stating they can no longer provide effective assistance in a country where national health authorities hide the true state of public health and disseminate misinformation.[70] | Turkmenistan | |
2011 | Assistance | War/crime | MSF workers provide medical care to more than 20,088 patients in the emergency room and conduct 955 emergency surgeries in the hospital’s operating theater in Hangu, Pakistan, where risk of armed conflict remains high.[72] | Pakistan |
2013 | Withdrawal | War/crime | MSF closes all its programs in Somalia after 22 years working in the country. The decision comes after a long series of threats, kidnappings, extremely violent attacks, and murders, with 16 members of MSF staff having been killed since 1991.[73] | Somalia |
2013 | Assistance | Tuberculosis | MSF begins implementation of a shortened treatment course for drug-resistant tuberculosis in Uzbekistan.[27] | Uzbekistan |
2014 (February) | Withdrawal | MSF is ordered by the Government of Myanmar to cease all activities in the country, where MSF doctors assist 30,000 HIV/AIDS patients and more than 3,000 TB patients.[74] By December 2014 MSF would restart primary health clinics in the country.[75] | Myanmar | |
2014 | Infrastructure | MSF experiments with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in Papua New Guinea to transport sputum samples from patients with suspected tuberculosis from remote health centers to a hospital for testing. | Papua New Guinea | |
2018 (January) | Disease/injury | MSF opens a paediatric surgical program at a hospital in Monrovia, Liberia, with the goal to make surgical care more available for children in the country.[76] | Liberia |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Médecins Sans Frontières History". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "About MSF". theguardian.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ "Papernet supports Doctors without Borders (MSF)". papernet.com. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Founding". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "FOUNDING OF MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES". msf.org.au. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "Caring for the most vulnerable". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "Medecins sans Frontieres looks back at its first four decades". dw.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "II. History". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 "The MSF timeline". msf.ie. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "A timeline of MSF in Somalia". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Médecins Sans Frontières". bionity.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - Belgium". globalhand.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF Switzerland" (PDF). msf.ch. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "Rwandan genocide 25 years on: MSF caught in spiral of extreme violence from Rwanda to Zaire". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 "Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014" (PDF). associativehistory.msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ "Famine in Ethiopia". doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - Holland". globalhand.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "AEDES" (PDF). http://associativehistory.msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019. External link in
|website=
(help) - ↑ "EXPELLED DOCTORS ACCUSE ETHIOPIA". nytimes.com. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ Davey, Eleanor. "7 - Controversy in a humanitarian age". doi:10.1017/CBO9781107706880.008.
- ↑ "Civil War in Sri Lanka". doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF starts malaria programme in the Niger Delta". msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ "Philippines: Floodwaters recede but medical needs remain". msf-seasia.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ Redfield, Peter. Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders.
- ↑ "Leishmaniasis Sudan" (PDF). watermark.silverchair.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "Heroes without borders". ccbeuproject2015j.blogspot.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 "Timeline: Innovation in action". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "Liberia". msf-me.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ Fox, Renée C. Doctors Without Borders: Humanitarian Quests, Impossible Dreams of Médecins Sans Frontières.
- ↑ "Doctors Without Borders". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "Psychosocial support within a global movement". thepsychologist.bps.org.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ Schopper, D; Doussantousse, S; Idro, WJ; Homsy, J. "Country watch. Uganda.". PMID 12318838. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS". charityintelligence.ca. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "Brazil". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Japon founded". msf.or.jp. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF treats 60 people wounded in grenade explosions". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières". msf.org.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "Questioning health and human rights". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES AUSTRALIA". msf.org.au. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF-Hong Kong". msf-seasia.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "War crimes and politics of terror in Chechnya (1994-2004)". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ Flake, L. Gordon; Snyder, Scott. Paved with Good Intentions: The NGO Experience in North Korea.
- ↑ Mohammed, I; Nasidi, A; Alkali, AS; Garbati, MA; Ajayi-Obe, EK; Audu, KA; Usman, A; Abdullahi, S. "A severe epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Nigeria, 1996.". Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ Oxford Handbook of Humanitarian Medicine (Amy Kravitz ed.).
- ↑ "Beyond a healthy body: MSF's mental health support". msf-me.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "The psychological impact of a humanitarian emergency can be severe.". msf.org.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "Grounds for divorce ? MSF and the international criminal court". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "Hurricane Mitch: Two years after MSF post Mitch intervention". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize speech". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Emergency response". msfindia.in. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF in Albania and Macedonia". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "Assessing Trauma in Sierra Leone". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "1999-2019: 20 Years of Advocacy in Action". 20years.msfaccess.org. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ↑ Binet, Laurence. MSF and North Korea 1995-1998.
- ↑ "Access to medicines". msf.org. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 "MSF welcomes new fixed-dose combination against malaria". msf.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF and Tuberculosis Care in 2004". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "Nutritional emergency in Niger". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "The Big Dilemma Facing Doctors Without Borders". smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "What is evaluation?". evaluation.msf.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "(MSF) Czech Republic". lekari-bez-hranic.cz. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "Ebola healthcare workers: a hazardous and isolating job". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "Outbreak of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Uganda". hpsc.ie. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "A collective response to cholera in Harare". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Sri Lanka. Amid All-out War". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF expands surgical activity in Gaza City". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF India" (PDF). msfindia.in. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ ""Starved for Attention": MSF Launches Global Campaign on Childhood Malnutrition". msfaccess.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "Pakistan: Six months after the floods". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 "MSF Activity Report 2010" (PDF). msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ↑ Delaigue, Sophie; Bonnardot, Laurent; Steichen, Olivier; Martinez Garcia, Daniel; Venugopal, Raghu; Saint-Sauveur, Jean-François; Wootton, Richard. "Seven years of telemedicine in Médecins Sans Frontières demonstrate that offering direct specialist expertise in the frontline brings clinical and educational value". PMID 30574293 Check
|pmid=
value (help). doi:10.7189/jogh.08.020414. - ↑ "In 2011, MSF provided medical care to 20,440 patients in Hangu". msf.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF closes operations in Somalia over 'extreme attacks'". bbc.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF concerned about the fate of thousands of patients after being ordered to cease activities". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF restarts basic medical activities in parts of Myanmar's Rakhine State after nine-month absence". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ↑ "MSF opens paediatric surgery programme". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.