Difference between revisions of "Timeline of index funds"

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This is a '''timeline of FIXME'''.
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|index fund}}s''', attempting to describe the evolution of the concept as well as release of important funds.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Development summary   
 
! Time period !! Development summary   
 
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| 1990s || "As the 1990s began and the evidence poured in about the success of index investing"<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>
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| 1960s || A theoretical model for an index fund appears in the decade.
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|-
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| 1970s || Index funds are first developed.
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|-
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| 1980s || Competing index funds emerge.
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| 1990s || Index investing becomes popular. The acceptance of index funds accelerates.
 
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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! Year !! Event type !! Details
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details
 
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| 1960 || || The first theoretical model for an index fund is suggested by [[w:Edward J Renshaw|Edward Renshaw]] and [[w:Paul J Feldstein|Paul Feldstein]], both students at the {{w|University of Chicago}}. While their idea for an "Unmanaged Investment Company" garners little support, it would start off a sequence of events in the 1960s that would lead to the creation of the first index fund in the next decade.<ref name="TMOTRM">{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Justin|title=The Myth of the Rational Market|pages=111–112|chapter=Chapter 7: Jack Bogle takes on the performance cult (and wins)|publisher=HarperCollins|location=USA|date=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref><ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments"/>
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| 1960 || Concept development || The first theoretical model for an index fund is suggested by [[w:Edward J Renshaw|Edward Renshaw]] and [[w:Paul J Feldstein|Paul Feldstein]], both students at the {{w|University of Chicago}}. While their idea for an "Unmanaged Investment Company" garners little support, it would start off a sequence of events in the 1960s that would lead to the creation of the first index fund in the next decade.<ref name="TMOTRM">{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Justin|title=The Myth of the Rational Market|pages=111–112|chapter=Chapter 7: Jack Bogle takes on the performance cult (and wins)|publisher=HarperCollins|location=USA|date=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref><ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments"/>
 +
|-
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| 1967 || Organization || Qualidex Fund, Inc., a Florida Corporation, is chartered by Richard A. Beach.<ref>{{cite web |title=INDEX FUND |url=https://alphazadvisors.com/index-fund/ |website=alphazadvisors.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>
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|-
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| 1971 || Concept development || Batterymarch Financial Management of {{w|Boston}} independently decides to pursue the idea of index investing.<ref name="The First Index Mutual Fund: A History of Vanguard Index Trust and the Vanguard Index Strategy"/>
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|-
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| 1971 || Fund release || {{w|Wells Fargo}} launches an early index fund, consisting of an equal weighting of all the stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange, about 1,500. However, constant rebalancing and excessive transaction costs turn the running of the fund very difficult.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1972 || Fund release || Early index fund is created by Qualidex Fund, Inc.<ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments"/> It is based on the {{w|Dow Jones Industrial Average}} of 30 stocks.<ref name="The Value of Active Index Management">{{cite web |title=The Value of Active Index Management |url=https://www.vcm.us.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/The-Value-of-Index-Investing.pdf |website=vcm.us.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>
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|-
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| 1973 || Fund release || American financial executive {{w|Rex Sinquefield}} convinces his then employer, American National Bank of Chicago, to develop one of the first market-capitalization weighted S&P 500 index funds. Established in 1973, the fund is only available to institutions, and the [[w:Verizon New York|New York Telephone Company]] becomes its first major investor.<ref name="1973 - The Birth of Index Funds"/><ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/>
 +
|-
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| 1973 || Fund release || {{w|Wells Fargo}} launches new fund tracking the S&P 500 in a market-cap weighted closed-end fund for institutional investors. The fund launch is assisted by John McQuown and {{w|David G. Booth}}.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/><ref name="1973 - The Birth of Index Funds">{{cite web |title=1973 - The Birth of Index Funds |url=https://www.ifa.com/12steps/step2/1973_birth_of_index_funds/ |website=ifa.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1967 || || Qualidex Fund, Inc., a Florida Corporation, is chartered by Richard A. Beach.<ref>{{cite web |title=INDEX FUND |url=https://alphazadvisors.com/index-fund/ |website=alphazadvisors.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>
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| 1973 || Fund release || John McQuown and {{w|David G. Booth}} of {{w|Wells Fargo}}, and {{w|Rex Sinquefield}} of the {{w|American National Bank}} in Chicago, establish the first two Standard and Poor's Composite Index Funds.<ref name="INDEX INVESTINGs">{{cite web |title=INDEX INVESTING |url=http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Index_investing |website=self.gutenberg.org |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1971 || || {{w|Wells Fargo}} launches the first index fund, consisting of an equal weighting of all the stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange, about 1,500. However, constant rebalancing and excessive transaction costs turn the running of the fund very difficult.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/>
+
| 1973 || Literature || American economist {{w|Burton Malkiel}} writes ''{{w|A Random Walk Down Wall Street}}'', which presents academic findings for the lay public. At the time it is becoming well known in the popular financial press that most mutual funds are not beating the market indices.<ref name="The Value of Active Index Management"/><ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments"/> The book includes one of the earliest calls for indexing.<ref name="The First Index Mutual Fund: A History of Vanguard Index Trust and the Vanguard Index Strategy"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1972 || || The first index fund is created by Qualidex Fund, Inc.<ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments"/>
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| 1974 || Organization || American investor {{w|John C. Bogle}} founds the Vanguard Group of Investment Companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vanguard Group Of Investment Companies |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/vanguard-group-investment-companies |website=encyclopedia.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A look back at the life of Vanguard’s founder |url=https://investornews.vanguard/a-look-back-at-the-life-of-vanguards-founder/ |website=investornews.vanguard |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments">{{cite web |title=The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments |url=https://medium.com/@pgujral/the-history-of-index-funds-the-future-of-diversifying-your-crypto-investments-fdfe2a952914 |website=medium.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1973 || || {{w|Wells Fargo}} launches new fund tracking the S&P 500 in a market-cap weighted closed-end fund for institutional investors.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/>
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| 1974 || Fund release || The first multiclient index fund is probably launched by Batterymarch Financial Management.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Bruce |title=The Hedge Fund Fraud Casebook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3PbBzht9tG0C&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=%22Index+fund%22+%22in+1970..1979%22&source=bl&ots=iBkyK9tntT&sig=ACfU3U0ElhF9AIv0ib4Iiy-CvKMtcnCnMA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbwNKui9PhAhWMKLkGHafEAowQ6AEwAnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Index%20fund%22%20%22in%201970..1979%22&f=false}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1973 || || John McQuown and {{w|David G. Booth}} of {{w|Wells Fargo}}, and {{w|Rex Sinquefield}} of the {{w|American National Bank}} in Chicago, establish the first two Standard and Poor's Composite Index Funds.
+
| 1975 || Organization || John Bogle founds {{w|The Vanguard Group}} to create a new way of investing.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/>
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1973 || || Rex Sinquefeld launches "the first publicly marketed index fund" at the American National Bank of Chicago, for institutional investors.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/>
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| 1975 || Fund release || {{w|The Vanguard Group}} creates the world’s first index mutual fund.<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors">{{cite web |title=Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/personal-finance/vanguards-index-funds-a-history-of-evolution-for-investors |website=foxbusiness.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1974 || || American investor {{w|John C. Bogle}} founds the Vanguard Group of Investment Companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vanguard Group Of Investment Companies |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/vanguard-group-investment-companies |website=encyclopedia.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A look back at the life of Vanguard’s founder |url=https://investornews.vanguard/a-look-back-at-the-life-of-vanguards-founder/ |website=investornews.vanguard |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments">{{cite web |title=The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments |url=https://medium.com/@pgujral/the-history-of-index-funds-the-future-of-diversifying-your-crypto-investments-fdfe2a952914 |website=medium.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
+
| 1976 || Organization || The First Index Investment Trust is launched. It would soon attract much derision for its central premise: That just buying and holding the broad stock market would provide better results than trying to beat it by picking stocks.<ref name="A Brief History of Indexing">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Indexing |url=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/390749/a-brief-history-of-indexing.html |website=morningstar.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This Day In Market History: Vanguard Launches First Index Fund For US Retail Investors |url=https://www.benzinga.com/general/education/18/08/12290408/this-day-in-market-history-vanguard-launches-first-index-fund-for-u |website=benzinga.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1974 || || The first multiclient index fund is probably launched by Batterymarch Financial Management.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Bruce |title=The Hedge Fund Fraud Casebook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3PbBzht9tG0C&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=%22Index+fund%22+%22in+1970..1979%22&source=bl&ots=iBkyK9tntT&sig=ACfU3U0ElhF9AIv0ib4Iiy-CvKMtcnCnMA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbwNKui9PhAhWMKLkGHafEAowQ6AEwAnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Index%20fund%22%20%22in%201970..1979%22&f=false}}</ref>  
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| 1981 || Organization || {{w|Rex Sinquefield}} and {{w|David G. Booth}} team up to launch Dimensional Fund Advisors, a mutual fund company committed to the construction of asset class funds that efficiently capture the specific market risk factors identified by {{w|Eugene Fama}} and {{w|Kenneth French}}.<ref name="1973 - The Birth of Index Funds"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1975 || || John Bogle founds {{w|The Vanguard Group}} to create a new way of investing.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing"/>
+
| 1984 || Fund release || {{w|Wells Fargo}} creates the second index mutual fund (Stagecoach Corporate Stock Fund).<ref name="Today in Market History, The First Index Fund"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Father of passives has doubts about ETFs |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1cd71934-c716-11e4-8e1f-00144feab7de |website=ft.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Indexing for Maximum Investment Results">{{cite book |last1=Neubert |first1=Albert S. |title=Indexing for Maximum Investment Results |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=e0UU58ceP-kC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=%22wells+fargo%22+%22in+1984%22+%22index+fund%22&source=bl&ots=TiUCDQ1L-u&sig=ACfU3U0t9NYA4i17G2s3BFgY2AhCS1-anQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLy6jB8ePhAhUlH7kGHWk1BGIQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22wells%20fargo%22%20%22in%201984%22%20%22index%20fund%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Power of Passive Investing: More Wealth with Less Work">{{cite book |last1=Ferri |first1=Richard A. |title=The Power of Passive Investing: More Wealth with Less Work |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Xpm6TQsf5J8C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22wells+fargo%22+%22in+1984%22+%22index+fund%22&source=bl&ots=98epdmvn1e&sig=ACfU3U0ItBpoBhp_8BzZcU0Qi8F8lbp6vA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLy6jB8ePhAhUlH7kGHWk1BGIQ6AEwBHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22wells%20fargo%22%20%22in%201984%22%20%22index%20fund%22&f=false}}</ref>
 
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|-
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| 1975 || || {{w|The Vanguard Group}} creates the world’s first index mutual fund.<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors">{{cite web |title=Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/personal-finance/vanguards-index-funds-a-history-of-evolution-for-investors |website=foxbusiness.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
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| 1985 || Fund release || The first bond index fund is in the early conceptual stages.<ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies">{{cite book |last1=Martellini |first1=Lionel |last2=Priaulet |first2=Philippe |last3=Priaulet |first3=Stéphane |title=Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=zuCSvSbURmoC&pg=PA213&lpg=PA213&dq=%22index+fund%22+%22in+1985%22&source=bl&ots=W_kkZzN7Hg&sig=ACfU3U3JcuX2ApeTvyLamiYIp3m3kott7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEx_Tg69nhAhWWH7kGHa5nCj04ChDoATAKegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=%22index%20fund%22%20%22in%201985%22&f=false}}</ref>
 
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| 1976 || || The First Index Investment Trust is launched. It would soon attract much derision for its central premise: That just buying and holding the broad stock market would provide better results than trying to beat it by picking stocks.<ref name="A Brief History of Indexing">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Indexing |url=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/390749/a-brief-history-of-indexing.html |website=morningstar.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This Day In Market History: Vanguard Launches First Index Fund For US Retail Investors |url=https://www.benzinga.com/general/education/18/08/12290408/this-day-in-market-history-vanguard-launches-first-index-fund-for-u |website=benzinga.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
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| 1986 || Fund release || Colonial Index Trust is launched.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neuberg |first1=Albert S. |title=Indexing for Maximum Investment Results |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UA8iAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=%22colonial%22+%221986%22+%22index+fund%22&source=bl&ots=sFreaV6INu&sig=ACfU3U0dPUyldhZLyt77EPi-HlPzgbN1Ow&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9weGE3OThAhVxFLkGHciZApUQ6AEwCHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22colonial%22%20%221986%22%20%22index%20fund%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>
 
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| 1984 || || {{w|Wells Fargo}} creates the second index fund.<ref name="Today in Market History, The First Index Fund"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Father of passives has doubts about ETFs |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1cd71934-c716-11e4-8e1f-00144feab7de |website=ft.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
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| 1986 || Fund release || The first bond index fund for individual investors is formed.<ref name="Indexing for Maximum Investment Results"/>  
 
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| 1985 || || The first bond index fund is in the early conceptual stages.<ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies">{{cite book |last1=Martellini |first1=Lionel |last2=Priaulet |first2=Philippe |last3=Priaulet |first3=Stéphane |title=Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=zuCSvSbURmoC&pg=PA213&lpg=PA213&dq=%22index+fund%22+%22in+1985%22&source=bl&ots=W_kkZzN7Hg&sig=ACfU3U3JcuX2ApeTvyLamiYIp3m3kott7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEx_Tg69nhAhWWH7kGHa5nCj04ChDoATAKegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=%22index%20fund%22%20%22in%201985%22&f=false}}</ref>   
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| 1987 || Fund release || The Vanguard Extended Market Index Fund is created.<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>   
 
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| 1986 || || "The 500 Index set the standard for the index funds that followed Vanguard’s innovation, first at Wells Fargo (1984), then at Colonial (born 1986; died 1993, R.I.P.), and then at Fidelity (1988)."<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>
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| 1987 – 1990 || Concept development || The conceptual framework of the Vanguard index fund "family" is established, and the implementation of the strategy begins.<ref name="Indexing for Maximum Investment Results"/>
 
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| 1987 || || The Vanguard Extended Market Index Fund is created.<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>
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| 1988 || Fund release || Fidelity 500 Index Fund is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fidelity 500 Index Fund |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/FXAIX:US |website=bloomberg.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>  
 
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| 1988 || || "The 500 Index set the standard for the index funds that followed Vanguard’s innovation, first at Wells Fargo (1984), then at Colonial (born 1986; died 1993, R.I.P.), and then at Fidelity (1988)."<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>  
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| 1990 || Growth || The First Index Investment Trust, renamed the Vanguard 500, reaches U$1 billion in assets 1990.<ref name="Today in Market History, The First Index Fund">{{cite web |title=Today in Market History, The First Index Fund |url=https://theirrelevantinvestor.com/2017/08/31/today-in-market-history-the-first-index-fund/ |website=theirrelevantinvestor.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 1990 || || The First Index Investment Trust, renamed the Vanguard 500, reaches U$1 billion in assets 1990.<ref name="Today in Market History, The First Index Fund">{{cite web |title=Today in Market History, The First Index Fund |url=https://theirrelevantinvestor.com/2017/08/31/today-in-market-history-the-first-index-fund/ |website=theirrelevantinvestor.com |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
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| 1990 || Index release || Vanguard launches an extended market index, tracking the Wilshire 4500 Index, which is composed of all investable U.S. stocks not held in the [[w:S&P 500 Index|S&P 500]].<ref name="The Power of Passive Investing: More Wealth with Less Work"/>
 
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| 1991 || || Galaxy Funds opens an index fund of govenment long bonds.<ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies"/>   
+
| 1991 || Fund release || Galaxy Funds opens an index fund of govenment long bonds.<ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies"/>   
 
|-
 
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| 1991 || || Charles Schwab Co. opens its Short-Term Bond Market Index.<ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies"/>   
+
| 1991 || Index release || Charles Schwab Co. opens its Short-Term Bond Market Index.<ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies"/>   
 
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| 1992 || || The Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund is designed to provide investors with exposure to the entire U.S. equity market, including small-, mid-, and large-cap growth and value stocks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Investor Shares (VTSMX) |url=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/profile/VTSMX |website=investor.vanguard.com |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref>   
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| 1992 || Fund release || The Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund is designed to provide investors with exposure to the entire U.S. equity market, including small-, mid-, and large-cap growth and value stocks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Investor Shares (VTSMX) |url=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/profile/VTSMX |website=investor.vanguard.com |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref>   
 
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| 1994 || || Vanguard creates the first series of bond index funds of varying maturities –short, intermediate and long.<ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies"/>
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| 1993 || Fund release || Vanguard creates the first specific-maturity bond index funds. The Long-Term Bond, Intermediate-Term Bond, and Short-Term Bond Portfolios of Vanguard Bond Index Fund are modeled after the comparable segments of the Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index.<ref name="Indexing for Maximum Investment Results"/><ref name="Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies"/>
 
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| 1996 || || {{w|Warren Buffet}} writes in the Annual Report of Berkshire Hathaway Corporation:
+
| 1994 – 1996 || Concept development || The index fund concept becomes firmly established in the minds of serious investors, and gains considerable attention in the press.<ref name="Indexing for Maximum Investment Results"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || || The founders of Victoria Capital Management (a venture capital firm specializing in growth stage companies) create an active asset allocation model using a variety of indexed funds. The structure of a range of portfolios with different weightings allows for the active management of these indices based on long‐term return characteristics and traditional economic and market analyses.<ref name="The Value of Active Index Management"/>
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| 1995 || Literature || Vanguard publishes a booklet titled ''The Triumph of Indexing'', which describes the whys and wherefore of the remarkable success of the concept of indexing.<ref name="The First Index Mutual Fund: A History of Vanguard Index Trust and the Vanguard Index Strategy">{{cite web |title=The First Index Mutual Fund: A History of Vanguard Index Trust and the Vanguard Index Strategy |url=https://www.vanguard.com/bogle_site/lib/sp19970401.html |website=vanguard.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>
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|-
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| 1996 || Notable review || {{w|Warren Buffet}} writes in the Annual Report of Berkshire Hathaway Corporation:
  
 
  Most investors, both institutional and individual, will find that the best way to own common stocks is through an index fund that charges minimal fees. Those following this path are sure to beat the net results (after fees and expenses) delivered by the great majority of investment professionals.<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>
 
  Most investors, both institutional and individual, will find that the best way to own common stocks is through an index fund that charges minimal fees. Those following this path are sure to beat the net results (after fees and expenses) delivered by the great majority of investment professionals.<ref name="Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors"/>
 
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| 1999 || || {{w|Index Fund Advisors}} is founded in {{w|California}} as an investment advisory and wealth management company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Careers at Index Fund Advisors |url=https://www.ifa.com/careers/ |website=ifa.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Hebner |url=https://www.ifa.com/Mark |website=ifa.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>
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| 1996 || Fund release || Vanguard launches the Total International Portfolio as a "fund of funds", a composite of underlying European, Pacific, and Emerging Markets Portfolios.<ref name="Indexing for Maximum Investment Results"/>
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|-
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| 1997 (May 19) || Fund release || Schwab S&P 500 Index Fund (SWPPX) is incepted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schwab S&P 500 Index Fund (SWPPX) |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/SWPPX?p=SWPPX&.tsrc=fin-srch |website=finance.yahoo.com |accessdate=4 August 2020}}</ref> ||
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|-
 +
| 1997 || Growth || The acceptance of index funds accelerates.<ref name="Indexing for Maximum Investment Results"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1999 || Organization || {{w|Index Fund Advisors}} is founded in {{w|California}} as an investment advisory and wealth management company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Careers at Index Fund Advisors |url=https://www.ifa.com/careers/ |website=ifa.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Hebner |url=https://www.ifa.com/Mark |website=ifa.com |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2007 || Growth || To date, the Vanguard 500 Index Fund remains the largest mutual fund in the world.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing">{{cite book |last1=Carrel |first1=Lawrence |title=ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pTgSRklESDUC&pg=PT91&lpg=PT91&dq=%22second+index+fund%22&source=bl&ots=bsiFJnxp7z&sig=ACfU3U1zmci6TWw-iVTObr8VTyOfCSFIPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAuJ2vo9XhAhXbILkGHbV-C2sQ6AEwBXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22second%20index%20fund%22&f=false}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || Notable forecast || {{w|Warren Buffett}} makes a bet that an S&P 500 index fund would beat a basket of actively managed hedge funds over 10 years. By the end of 2017, it would be clear Buffett won the bet.<ref name="Why Index Funds Should Be Every Investor's Best Friend">{{cite web |title=Why Index Funds Should Be Every Investor's Best Friend |url=https://moneywise.com/a/index-funds-every-investors-best-friend |website=moneywise.com |accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 (June) || Growth || As of date, there are about 1200 index ETFs in the United States, with about 50 [[w:Active management|actively managed]] ETFs. Index ETF assets are about US$1.2 trillion, compared with about $7 billion for actively managed ETFs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://etfdailynews.com/2012/07/10/etf-statistics-for-june-2012-actively-managed-assets-less-than-1/|title=ETF Statistics For June 2012: Actively Managed Assets Less Than 1%|work=ETF Daily News|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-us|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193639/https://etfdailynews.com/2012/07/10/etf-statistics-for-june-2012-actively-managed-assets-less-than-1/|archivedate=December 12, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> 
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || Fund release || Bitwise establishes the world’s first cryptocurrency-based index fund, called the Bitwise 10 Private Index fund. Its approach is based on the cryptocurrencies in their Bitwise 10 Large Cap Crypto Index — a collection of the ten largest coins, weighted by their 5-year diluted market capitalization. The index includes {{w|Bitcoin}}, {{w|Ethereum}}, {{w|Ripple}}, [[w:EOS.IO|EOS]], {{w|Litecoin}}, {{w|Bitcoin Cash}}, Steller, [[w:Dash (cryptocurrency)|Dash]], [[w:Monero (cryptocurrency)|Monero]], and {{w|Zcash}}.<ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments"/>
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 28, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! index fund
 +
! etf index fund
 +
! mutual index fund
 +
! exchange-traded fund
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 7,280 || 16 || 1,330 || 16
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 9,140 || 12 || 1,490 || 31
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 13,800 || 10 || 2,540 || 72
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 40,700 || 29 || 4,180 || 148
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 74,800 || 62 || 8,250 || 311
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 101,000 || 134 || 12,000 || 562
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 135,000 || 235 || 14,900 || 777
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 156,000 || 322 || 18,400 || 1,080
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 185,000 || 644 || 24,500 || 1,660
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 212,000 || 981 || 30,100 || 2,100
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2007 || || To date, the Vanguard 500 Index Fund remains the largest mutual fund in the world.<ref name="ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing">{{cite book |last1=Carrel |first1=Lawrence |title=ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pTgSRklESDUC&pg=PT91&lpg=PT91&dq=%22second+index+fund%22&source=bl&ots=bsiFJnxp7z&sig=ACfU3U1zmci6TWw-iVTObr8VTyOfCSFIPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAuJ2vo9XhAhXbILkGHbV-C2sQ6AEwBXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22second%20index%20fund%22&f=false}}</ref>
+
| 2012 || 231,000 || 1,300 || 36,800 || 2,860 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || || {{w|Warren Buffett}} makes a bet that an S&P 500 index fund would beat a basket of actively managed hedge funds over 10 years. By the end of 2017, it would be clear Buffett won the bet.<ref name="Why Index Funds Should Be Every Investor's Best Friend">{{cite web |title=Why Index Funds Should Be Every Investor's Best Friend |url=https://moneywise.com/a/index-funds-every-investors-best-friend |website=moneywise.com |accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref>
+
| 2014 || 219,000 || 1,550 || 37,500 || 3,070
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 (June) || || As of date, there are about 1200 index ETFs in the United States, with about 50 [[w:Active management|actively managed]] ETFs. Index ETF assets are about US$1.2 trillion, compared with about $7 billion for actively managed ETFs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://etfdailynews.com/2012/07/10/etf-statistics-for-june-2012-actively-managed-assets-less-than-1/|title=ETF Statistics For June 2012: Actively Managed Assets Less Than 1%|work=ETF Daily News|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-us|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193639/https://etfdailynews.com/2012/07/10/etf-statistics-for-june-2012-actively-managed-assets-less-than-1/|archivedate=December 12, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ||
+
| 2016 || 188,000 || 1,670 || 38,100 || 3,080
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2017 || || "Bitwise established the world’s first cryptocurrency-based index fund, called the Bitwise 10 Private Index fund, in 2017. The Bitwise approach was based on the cryptocurrencies in their Bitwise 10 Large Cap Crypto Index — a collection of the ten largest coins, weighted by their 5-year diluted market capitalization. The index included Bitcoin, Etherium, XRP, EOS, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Steller, Dash, Monero, and Zcash. Unfortunately for retail investors, the index only accepted accredited investors and a minimum investment of $250K."<ref name="The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments"/>
+
| 2017 || 167,000 || 1,880 || 35,900 || 3,330 
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || 140,000 || 1,970 || 31,500 || 3,580   
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 104,000 || 2,190 || 33,400 || 3,760
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 71,000 || 2,350 || 26,600 || 4,160
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
 +
[[File:Index fund tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Index funds (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Index funds |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Index%20funds |website=Google Trends |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Index funds gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Index funds, from 1900 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Index funds |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Index+funds&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&case_insensitive=on&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t4%3B%2CIndex%20funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bindex%20funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BIndex%20Funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BIndex%20funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bindex%20Funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BINDEX%20FUNDS%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bindex%20FUNDS%3B%2Cc0#t4%3B%2CIndex%20funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bindex%20funds%3B%2Cc1%3B%3BIndex%20Funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BIndex%20funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bindex%20Funds%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BINDEX%20FUNDS%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bindex%20FUNDS%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=28 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Index funds ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Index funds}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Index funds |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Index+funds&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Index funds wv.png|thumb|center|400px]]
 +
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 90: Line 192:
  
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 +
 +
* [https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/FNILX?p=FNILX&.tsrc=fin-srch]
 +
* A column for stock exchanges?
  
 
===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 +
 +
* [[Timeline of money transfer]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Latest revision as of 19:47, 27 July 2023

This is a timeline of index funds, attempting to describe the evolution of the concept as well as release of important funds.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1960s A theoretical model for an index fund appears in the decade.
1970s Index funds are first developed.
1980s Competing index funds emerge.
1990s Index investing becomes popular. The acceptance of index funds accelerates.


Full timeline

Year Event type Details
1960 Concept development The first theoretical model for an index fund is suggested by Edward Renshaw and Paul Feldstein, both students at the University of Chicago. While their idea for an "Unmanaged Investment Company" garners little support, it would start off a sequence of events in the 1960s that would lead to the creation of the first index fund in the next decade.[1][2]
1967 Organization Qualidex Fund, Inc., a Florida Corporation, is chartered by Richard A. Beach.[3]
1971 Concept development Batterymarch Financial Management of Boston independently decides to pursue the idea of index investing.[4]
1971 Fund release Wells Fargo launches an early index fund, consisting of an equal weighting of all the stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange, about 1,500. However, constant rebalancing and excessive transaction costs turn the running of the fund very difficult.[5]
1972 Fund release Early index fund is created by Qualidex Fund, Inc.[2] It is based on the Dow Jones Industrial Average of 30 stocks.[6]
1973 Fund release American financial executive Rex Sinquefield convinces his then employer, American National Bank of Chicago, to develop one of the first market-capitalization weighted S&P 500 index funds. Established in 1973, the fund is only available to institutions, and the New York Telephone Company becomes its first major investor.[7][5]
1973 Fund release Wells Fargo launches new fund tracking the S&P 500 in a market-cap weighted closed-end fund for institutional investors. The fund launch is assisted by John McQuown and David G. Booth.[5][7]
1973 Fund release John McQuown and David G. Booth of Wells Fargo, and Rex Sinquefield of the American National Bank in Chicago, establish the first two Standard and Poor's Composite Index Funds.[8]
1973 Literature American economist Burton Malkiel writes A Random Walk Down Wall Street, which presents academic findings for the lay public. At the time it is becoming well known in the popular financial press that most mutual funds are not beating the market indices.[6][2] The book includes one of the earliest calls for indexing.[4]
1974 Organization American investor John C. Bogle founds the Vanguard Group of Investment Companies.[9][10][11][2]
1974 Fund release The first multiclient index fund is probably launched by Batterymarch Financial Management.[12]
1975 Organization John Bogle founds The Vanguard Group to create a new way of investing.[5]
1975 Fund release The Vanguard Group creates the world’s first index mutual fund.[13]
1976 Organization The First Index Investment Trust is launched. It would soon attract much derision for its central premise: That just buying and holding the broad stock market would provide better results than trying to beat it by picking stocks.[14][15]
1981 Organization Rex Sinquefield and David G. Booth team up to launch Dimensional Fund Advisors, a mutual fund company committed to the construction of asset class funds that efficiently capture the specific market risk factors identified by Eugene Fama and Kenneth French.[7]
1984 Fund release Wells Fargo creates the second index mutual fund (Stagecoach Corporate Stock Fund).[16][17][18][19]
1985 Fund release The first bond index fund is in the early conceptual stages.[20]
1986 Fund release Colonial Index Trust is launched.[21][13]
1986 Fund release The first bond index fund for individual investors is formed.[18]
1987 Fund release The Vanguard Extended Market Index Fund is created.[13]
1987 – 1990 Concept development The conceptual framework of the Vanguard index fund "family" is established, and the implementation of the strategy begins.[18]
1988 Fund release Fidelity 500 Index Fund is launched.[22][13]
1990 Growth The First Index Investment Trust, renamed the Vanguard 500, reaches U$1 billion in assets 1990.[16]
1990 Index release Vanguard launches an extended market index, tracking the Wilshire 4500 Index, which is composed of all investable U.S. stocks not held in the S&P 500.[19]
1991 Fund release Galaxy Funds opens an index fund of govenment long bonds.[20]
1991 Index release Charles Schwab Co. opens its Short-Term Bond Market Index.[20]
1992 Fund release The Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund is designed to provide investors with exposure to the entire U.S. equity market, including small-, mid-, and large-cap growth and value stocks.[23]
1993 Fund release Vanguard creates the first specific-maturity bond index funds. The Long-Term Bond, Intermediate-Term Bond, and Short-Term Bond Portfolios of Vanguard Bond Index Fund are modeled after the comparable segments of the Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index.[18][20]
1994 – 1996 Concept development The index fund concept becomes firmly established in the minds of serious investors, and gains considerable attention in the press.[18]
1995 The founders of Victoria Capital Management (a venture capital firm specializing in growth stage companies) create an active asset allocation model using a variety of indexed funds. The structure of a range of portfolios with different weightings allows for the active management of these indices based on long‐term return characteristics and traditional economic and market analyses.[6]
1995 Literature Vanguard publishes a booklet titled The Triumph of Indexing, which describes the whys and wherefore of the remarkable success of the concept of indexing.[4]
1996 Notable review Warren Buffet writes in the Annual Report of Berkshire Hathaway Corporation: 
Most investors, both institutional and individual, will find that the best way to own common stocks is through an index fund that charges minimal fees. Those following this path are sure to beat the net results (after fees and expenses) delivered by the great majority of investment professionals.[13]
1996 Fund release Vanguard launches the Total International Portfolio as a "fund of funds", a composite of underlying European, Pacific, and Emerging Markets Portfolios.[18]
1997 (May 19) Fund release Schwab S&P 500 Index Fund (SWPPX) is incepted.[24]
1997 Growth The acceptance of index funds accelerates.[18]
1999 Organization Index Fund Advisors is founded in California as an investment advisory and wealth management company.[25][26]
2007 Growth To date, the Vanguard 500 Index Fund remains the largest mutual fund in the world.[5]
2008 Notable forecast Warren Buffett makes a bet that an S&P 500 index fund would beat a basket of actively managed hedge funds over 10 years. By the end of 2017, it would be clear Buffett won the bet.[27]
2012 (June) Growth As of date, there are about 1200 index ETFs in the United States, with about 50 actively managed ETFs. Index ETF assets are about US$1.2 trillion, compared with about $7 billion for actively managed ETFs.[28]
2017 Fund release Bitwise establishes the world’s first cryptocurrency-based index fund, called the Bitwise 10 Private Index fund. Its approach is based on the cryptocurrencies in their Bitwise 10 Large Cap Crypto Index — a collection of the ten largest coins, weighted by their 5-year diluted market capitalization. The index includes Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, EOS, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Steller, Dash, Monero, and Zcash.[2]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 28, 2021.

Year index fund etf index fund mutual index fund exchange-traded fund
1980 7,280 16 1,330 16
1985 9,140 12 1,490 31
1990 13,800 10 2,540 72
1995 40,700 29 4,180 148
2000 74,800 62 8,250 311
2002 101,000 134 12,000 562
2004 135,000 235 14,900 777
2006 156,000 322 18,400 1,080
2008 185,000 644 24,500 1,660
2010 212,000 981 30,100 2,100
2012 231,000 1,300 36,800 2,860
2014 219,000 1,550 37,500 3,070
2016 188,000 1,670 38,100 3,080
2017 167,000 1,880 35,900 3,330
2018 140,000 1,970 31,500 3,580
2019 104,000 2,190 33,400 3,760
2020 71,000 2,350 26,600 4,160


Index fund tb.png

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Index funds (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[29]

Index funds gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Index funds, from 1900 to 2019.[30]

Index funds ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Index funds, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.[31]

Index funds wv.png


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

  • [1]
  • A column for stock exchanges?

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Fox, Justin (2011). "Chapter 7: Jack Bogle takes on the performance cult (and wins)". The Myth of the Rational Market. USA: HarperCollins. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-06-059903-4. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "The History of Index Funds & The Future of Diversifying Your Crypto Investments". medium.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 
  3. ↑ "INDEX FUND". alphazadvisors.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The First Index Mutual Fund: A History of Vanguard Index Trust and the Vanguard Index Strategy". vanguard.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Carrel, Lawrence. ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "The Value of Active Index Management" (PDF). vcm.us.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "1973 - The Birth of Index Funds". ifa.com. Retrieved 10 May 2019. 
  8. ↑ "INDEX INVESTING". self.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 10 May 2019. 
  9. ↑ "The Vanguard Group Of Investment Companies". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  10. ↑ "John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89". nytimes.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  11. ↑ "A look back at the life of Vanguard's founder". investornews.vanguard. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  12. ↑ Johnson, Bruce. The Hedge Fund Fraud Casebook. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 "Vanguard's index funds: A history of evolution for investors". foxbusiness.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 
  14. ↑ "A Brief History of Indexing". morningstar.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 
  15. ↑ "This Day In Market History: Vanguard Launches First Index Fund For US Retail Investors". benzinga.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Today in Market History, The First Index Fund". theirrelevantinvestor.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 
  17. ↑ "Father of passives has doubts about ETFs". ft.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Neubert, Albert S. Indexing for Maximum Investment Results. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Ferri, Richard A. The Power of Passive Investing: More Wealth with Less Work. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Martellini, Lionel; Priaulet, Philippe; Priaulet, Stéphane. Fixed-Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies. 
  21. ↑ Neuberg, Albert S. Indexing for Maximum Investment Results. 
  22. ↑ "Fidelity 500 Index Fund". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  23. ↑ "Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Investor Shares (VTSMX)". investor.vanguard.com. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 
  24. ↑ "Schwab S&P 500 Index Fund (SWPPX)". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 4 August 2020. 
  25. ↑ "Careers at Index Fund Advisors". ifa.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  26. ↑ "Mark Hebner". ifa.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019. 
  27. ↑ "Why Index Funds Should Be Every Investor's Best Friend". moneywise.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019. 
  28. ↑ "ETF Statistics For June 2012: Actively Managed Assets Less Than 1%". ETF Daily News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. 
  29. ↑ "Index funds". Google Trends. Retrieved 28 February 2021. 
  30. ↑ "Index funds". books.google.com. Retrieved 28 February 2021. 
  31. ↑ "Index funds". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 28 February 2021. 
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