Difference between revisions of "Timeline of water supply"

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This is a '''timeline of {{w|water supply}}''', focusing on the provision and treatment of {{w|water}} for non–agricultural human consumption. {{w|Improved water source}} is prioritized. {{w|Irrigation}} is not covered.
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|water supply}}''', focusing on the provision and treatment of {{w|water}} for non–agricultural human consumption. {{w|Improved water source}} is prioritized. {{w|Irrigation}} and {{w|water treatment}} are described in the [[Timeline of irrigation]] and [[Timeline of water treatment]].
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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| Prehistory || {{w|Hunter-gatherer}}s use rivers for drinking and bathing. Permanent settlements are usually established near a river or lake. When there are no rivers or lakes in an area, people use {{w|groundwater}} for drinking.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment">{{cite web|title=History of drinking water treatment|url=http://www.lenntech.com/processes/disinfection/history/history-drinking-water-treatment.htm|website=lenntech.com|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref> During the {{w|Neolithic}}, humans dig the first permanent {{w|water well}}s, from where vessels can be filled and carried by hand.
 
| Prehistory || {{w|Hunter-gatherer}}s use rivers for drinking and bathing. Permanent settlements are usually established near a river or lake. When there are no rivers or lakes in an area, people use {{w|groundwater}} for drinking.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment">{{cite web|title=History of drinking water treatment|url=http://www.lenntech.com/processes/disinfection/history/history-drinking-water-treatment.htm|website=lenntech.com|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref> During the {{w|Neolithic}}, humans dig the first permanent {{w|water well}}s, from where vessels can be filled and carried by hand.
 
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| Ancient times || "in the [[w:Imperial Roman|Roman era]] a {{w|water wheel}} device known as a {{w|noria}} supplied water to [[w:aqueduct (water supply)|aqueducts]] and other water distribution systems in major cities in Europe and the Middle East"
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| Ancient times || In the [[w:Imperial Roman|Roman era]] a {{w|water wheel}} device known as a {{w|noria}} supplies water to [[w:aqueduct (water supply)|aqueducts]] and other water distribution systems in major cities in Europe and the Middle East.
 
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| Middle ages || Little development is made in the water treatment area. The water is extracted from rivers or wells, or from outside the city. Waste and excrements are discharged into the water, thus rendering circumstances highly unhygenic. People that drink this water fall ill and often die. To solve the problem people would drink water from outside the city, where rivers are unpolluted. So-called w|water-bearers carry water to the cities.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/>
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| Middle ages || Little development is made in the water treatment area. The water is extracted from rivers or wells, or from outside the city. Waste and excrements are discharged into the water, thus rendering circumstances highly unhygenic. People that drink this water fall ill and often die. To solve the problem people would drink water from outside the city, where rivers are unpolluted. So-called water-bearers carry water to the cities.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/>
 
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| Industrial revolution || Mechanical pumped supplies become available with the advent of the steam driven Newcomen engine in 1700.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/>   
 
| Industrial revolution || Mechanical pumped supplies become available with the advent of the steam driven Newcomen engine in 1700.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/>   
 
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| 19th century || {{w|Water tower}}s appear late in the century.
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| 19th century || Great Britain would be seen as the forerunner of modern water supply and sanitation systems. However, innovations would soon spread to Germany, other parts of Europe, USA and later also elsewhere.<ref name="A Brief History of Water and Health from Ancient Civilizations to Modern Times">{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Water and Health from Ancient Civilizations to Modern Times|url=https://www.iwapublishing.com/news/brief-history-water-and-health-ancient-civilizations-modern-times|website=iwapublishing.com|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>
 
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| 20th century || {{w|Desalination}} appears late in the century, and is still limited to a few areas.
 
| 20th century || {{w|Desalination}} appears late in the century, and is still limited to a few areas.
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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Present time country/location
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Present time country/location
 
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| 6500 BC || || Wells dug around this time are found in the {{w|Jezreel Valley}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashkenazi|first=Eli|title=Ancient well reveals secrets of first Jezreel Valley farmers|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288|work=haaretz.com|publisher=Haaretz|accessdate=26 March 2014|date=Nov 9, 2012}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
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| 8500 BC – 7000 BC || Storage || Some of the world's oldest known wells, located in Cyprus, date from this period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stone Age wells found in Cyprus|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Cyprus}}
 
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| 5000 BC || Storage || {{w|Jericho}} stores water in {{w|water well}}s that are used as sources.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> ||
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| 6500 BC || Storage || Wells dug around this time are found in the {{w|Jezreel Valley}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashkenazi|first=Eli|title=Ancient well reveals secrets of first Jezreel Valley farmers|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288|work=haaretz.com|publisher=Haaretz|accessdate=29 September 2017|date=Nov 9, 2012}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
 
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| 3200 BC – 1100 BC || Distribution || The {{w|Minoan civilization}} in {{w|Crete}} is the first to use underground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply. Knossos, the capital, has a well–organized water system for bringing in clean water.<ref name="FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Joseph|title=FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=The+Babylonians+introduced+the+world+to+clay+sewer+pipes,+c4000+BCE,+with+the+earliest+examples+found+in+the+Temple+of+Bel+at+Nippur+and+at+Eshnunna,+Babylonia.&source=bl&ots=_2hJfLI0CM&sig=qaUlAtBRoGK5pMfwQ_YJ2MF_-VI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil_NqSyrzVAhWDGZAKHfmlALIQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Babylonians%20introduced%20the%20world%20to%20clay%20sewer%20pipes%2C%20c4000%20BCE%2C%20with%20the%20earliest%20examples%20found%20in%20the%20Temple%20of%20Bel%20at%20Nippur%20and%20at%20Eshnunna%2C%20Babylonia.&f=false|accessdate=4 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Greece}}  
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| 2090 BC || Storage || Wood-lined wells are known from the early {{w|Neolithic}} {{w|Linear Pottery culture}}, for example in {{w|Kückhoven}}, {{w|Germany}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture |vauthors=Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stäuble H, Büntgen U |year=2012 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |page=e51374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051374 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051374 |pmid=23284685 |pmc=3526582}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 3000 BC || || "A primitive indoor, tree bark lined, two channel, stone, fresh and wastewater system appears to have featured in the houses of in {{w|Skara Brae}}, from around 3000 BCE, along with a cell like enclave in a number of houses, that it has been suggested may have functioned as an early indoor toilet."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ginenthal|first1=Charles|title=Pillars of the Past Volume Four|date=2015|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781329747944}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 5000 BC || Storage || {{w|Jericho}} stores water in {{w|water well}}s that are used as sources.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> ||
 
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| 3000 BC || Supply || The city of {{w|Mohenjo-Daro}} in {{w|Pakistan}} uses a very extensive water supply. The city boasts public bathing facilities with water boiler installations and bathrooms.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> || {{w|Pakistan}}
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| 3200 BC – 1100 BC || Piping || The {{w|Minoan civilization}} in {{w|Crete}} is the first to use underground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply. Knossos, the capital, has a well–organized water system for bringing in clean water.<ref name="FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Joseph|title=FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=The+Babylonians+introduced+the+world+to+clay+sewer+pipes,+c4000+BCE,+with+the+earliest+examples+found+in+the+Temple+of+Bel+at+Nippur+and+at+Eshnunna,+Babylonia.&source=bl&ots=_2hJfLI0CM&sig=qaUlAtBRoGK5pMfwQ_YJ2MF_-VI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil_NqSyrzVAhWDGZAKHfmlALIQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Babylonians%20introduced%20the%20world%20to%20clay%20sewer%20pipes%2C%20c4000%20BCE%2C%20with%20the%20earliest%20examples%20found%20in%20the%20Temple%20of%20Bel%20at%20Nippur%20and%20at%20Eshnunna%2C%20Babylonia.&f=false|accessdate=4 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Greece}}  
 
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| 700 BC–400 AD || || The [[w:Roman empire|Romans]] build a system of {{w|aqueduct}}s providing inhabitants with fresh running water, which is piped directly to homes of the wealthy, and to public {{w|fountain}}s and baths. This system greatly improves domestic sanitation and adequate disposal of {{w|sewage}}.<ref name="SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION">{{cite web|title=SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION|url=http://www.hygieneforhealth.org.au/public_sanitation.php|website=hygieneforhealth.org.au|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 3000 BC || System || The city of {{w|Mohenjo-Daro}} in {{w|Pakistan}} uses a very extensive water supply. The city boasts public bathing facilities with water boiler installations and bathrooms.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> || {{w|Pakistan}}
 
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| 700 BC – 681 BC || Canal || Assyrian king {{w|Sennacherib}} builds a 80km stone-lined canal 20 metres wide to bring fresh water from {{w|Bavian}} to {{w|Nineveh}}, including a stone aqueduct 330 metres long.<ref name="Canals and inland waterways">{{cite web|title=Canals and inland waterways|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/canal-waterway|website=britannica.com|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Iraq}}, {{w|Iran}}
 
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| 221 BC – 220 AD || || "Plumbing is also known to have been used in East Asia since the [[w:Qin dynasty|Qin]] and [[w:Han Dynasty|Han]] Dynasties of China." || {{w|China}}
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| 700 BC–400 AD || Aqueduct || The [[w:Roman empire|Romans]] build a system of {{w|aqueduct}}s providing inhabitants with fresh running water, which is piped directly to homes of the wealthy, and to public {{w|fountain}}s and baths. This system greatly improves domestic sanitation and adequate disposal of {{w|sewage}}.<ref name="SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION">{{cite web|title=SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION|url=http://www.hygieneforhealth.org.au/public_sanitation.php|website=hygieneforhealth.org.au|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 
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| 100 BC – 800 AD || || [[w:Nazca culture|Nazca people]] in {{w|ancient Peru}} employ a system of interconnected wells and an underground watercourse known as {{w|puquios}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puzzle of the Nazca holes is solved: Ancient spirals in the Peruvian desert were used as a 'sophisticated' irrigation system|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3537828/Has-puzzle-Nazca-holes-solved-Ancient-spirals-Peruvian-desert-sophisticated-irrigation-system.html|website=dailymail.co.uk|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Peru}}
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| 100 BC – 800 AD || System || [[w:Nazca culture|Nazca people]] in {{w|ancient Peru}} employ a system of interconnected wells and an underground watercourse known as {{w|puquios}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puzzle of the Nazca holes is solved: Ancient spirals in the Peruvian desert were used as a 'sophisticated' irrigation system|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3537828/Has-puzzle-Nazca-holes-solved-Ancient-spirals-Peruvian-desert-sophisticated-irrigation-system.html|website=dailymail.co.uk|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Peru}}
 
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| 40 – 60 AD? || Transportation || [[w:Roman aqueduct|Ancient Roman aqueduct]] {{w|Pont du Gard}} is finished.<ref name="Watering Ancient Rome">{{cite web|title=Watering Ancient Rome|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/roman-aqueducts.html|website=pbs.org|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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| 40 – 60 AD? || Aqueduct || [[w:Roman aqueduct|Ancient Roman aqueduct]] {{w|Pont du Gard}} is finished.<ref name="Watering Ancient Rome">{{cite web|title=Watering Ancient Rome|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/roman-aqueducts.html|website=pbs.org|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 52 AD || Transportation || Rome has 220 miles of aqueducts, which bring in fresh water to the city, and is used for public bathing, fountains, and latrines. The waste water is then removed by the city’s sewage system, some of which, like the {{w|Cloaca Maxima}}, is still in use today.<ref name="History of Plumbing Systems">{{cite web|title=History of Plumbing Systems|url=http://www.homeadvisor.com/r/history-of-plumbing/#.WYeNNlGkqUk|website=homeadvisor.com|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>|| {{w|Italy}}
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| 52 AD || System || Rome has 220 miles of aqueducts, which bring in fresh water to the city, and is used for public bathing, fountains, and latrines. The waste water is then removed by the city’s sewage system, some of which, like the {{w|Cloaca Maxima}}, is still in use today.<ref name="History of Plumbing Systems">{{cite web|title=History of Plumbing Systems|url=http://www.homeadvisor.com/r/history-of-plumbing/#.WYeNNlGkqUk|website=homeadvisor.com|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>|| {{w|Italy}}
 
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| 100 AD || Publication || Roman senator {{w|Frontinus}} writes a handbook on the [[w:Ancient Roman Aqueducts|Roman aqueduct system]].<ref name="Watering Ancient Rome"/><ref name="Water Supply Engineering">{{cite book|last1=Verma et al|first1=Subhash|title=Water Supply Engineering|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8a1DDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}  
 
| 100 AD || Publication || Roman senator {{w|Frontinus}} writes a handbook on the [[w:Ancient Roman Aqueducts|Roman aqueduct system]].<ref name="Watering Ancient Rome"/><ref name="Water Supply Engineering">{{cite book|last1=Verma et al|first1=Subhash|title=Water Supply Engineering|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8a1DDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}  
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| 200 AD – 400 AD || Storage || The first rock-cut {{w|stepwell}}s are built in India.<ref name=L&B>Livingston & Beach, page xxiii</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
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| 532 AD || Storage || The {{w|Basilica Cistern}} is built in {{w|Istanbul}} to store fresh water for the [[w:Justinian I|Byzantine Emperor Justinian I]]'s palace and nearby buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside the Ancient Underground Cisterns of Istanbul|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2015/03/09/basilica_cistern_in_istanbul.html|website=slate.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|Turkey}}
 
| 532 AD || Storage || The {{w|Basilica Cistern}} is built in {{w|Istanbul}} to store fresh water for the [[w:Justinian I|Byzantine Emperor Justinian I]]'s palace and nearby buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside the Ancient Underground Cisterns of Istanbul|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2015/03/09/basilica_cistern_in_istanbul.html|website=slate.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|Turkey}}
 
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| 1500 || || In {{w|Hama}}, {{w|Syria}}, there are a series of water driven wheels of various diameters, that lifts the river water to an aqueduct at a higher level for drinking and irrigation purposes.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|Syria}}
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| 550 AD – 625 AD || Storage || The stepwells at {{w|Dhank}} in {{w|Rajkot district}} in {{w|India}} are built.<ref name=L&B/> || {{w|India}}
 
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| 1561 – 1626 || || English scientist Sir {{w|Francis Bacon}} is attributed the first recorded experiment for filtration in modern history. Bacon believes that using sand to filter seawater would purify it. Though his hypothesis prove to be incorrect, it would pave the way towards further studies on clean drinking water filtration.<ref name="How drinking water has improved over the last 100 years">{{cite web|title=How drinking water has improved over the last 100 years|url=http://www.aquafil.com.au/drinking-water-improved-last-100-years/|website=aquafil.com.au|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1500 || System || In {{w|Hama}}, {{w|Syria}}, there are a series of water driven wheels of various diameters, that lifts the river water to an aqueduct at a higher level for drinking and irrigation purposes.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|Syria}}
 
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| 1579 || || Dutchman Peter Maurice acquires a 500 year lease to construct a {{w|water wheel}} under the first arch of {{w|London Bridge}} on the {{w|River Thames}}, supplying water to individual local houses through {{w|lead}} pipes.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History">{{cite web|title=10 General Water Supply History|url=https://essexwatersupply.com/general-water-supply-history/|website=essexwatersupply.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1579 || Technology || Dutchman Peter Maurice acquires a 500 year lease to construct a {{w|water wheel}} under the first arch of {{w|London Bridge}} on the {{w|River Thames}}, supplying water to individual local houses through {{w|lead}} pipes.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History">{{cite web|title=10 General Water Supply History|url=https://essexwatersupply.com/general-water-supply-history/|website=essexwatersupply.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1723 || || {{w|Chelsea Waterworks Company}} becomes one of the first water companies to use steam driven [[w:Newcomen atmospheric engine|Newcomen engine]].<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1723 || Technology || {{w|Chelsea Waterworks Company}} becomes one of the first water companies to use steam driven [[w:Newcomen atmospheric engine|Newcomen engine]].<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1775 || || Scottish watchmaker {{w|Alexander Cummings}} invents the S-bend pipe.<ref name="The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Joseph|title=The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=S-bend+pipe+%22Alexander+Cummings%22+%221775%22&source=bl&ots=_2hNeRI6CI&sig=RalHrHXHsdeEpQTVDWjnCisIARA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi53Y7C7K_WAhVFjJAKHYtoCUYQ6AEIRDAI#v=onepage&q=S-bend%20pipe%20%22Alexander%20Cummings%22%20%221775%22&f=false|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1775 || Piping || Scottish watchmaker {{w|Alexander Cummings}} invents the S-bend pipe.<ref name="The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Joseph|title=The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=S-bend+pipe+%22Alexander+Cummings%22+%221775%22&source=bl&ots=_2hNeRI6CI&sig=RalHrHXHsdeEpQTVDWjnCisIARA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi53Y7C7K_WAhVFjJAKHYtoCUYQ6AEIRDAI#v=onepage&q=S-bend%20pipe%20%22Alexander%20Cummings%22%20%221775%22&f=false|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1802 || || "In 1802 Napoleon built the Ourcq canal which brought 70,000 cubic meters of water a day to Paris" || {{w|France}}
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| 1802 || Canal || {{w|Napoleon Bonaparte}} builds the {{w|Ourcq canal}} which would bring 70,000 cubic meters of water a day to {{w|Paris}}.<ref name="The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know"/><ref name="Infrastructure Finance in Europe: Insights Into the History of Water, Transport, and Telecommunications">{{cite book|title=Infrastructure Finance in Europe: Insights Into the History of Water, Transport, and Telecommunications|edition=Youssef Cassis, Giuseppe De Luca, Massimo Florio|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZUP_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=%22in+1802%22+%22napoleon%22+%22Ourcq%22&source=bl&ots=WGUOieYgfF&sig=L2NtBdvYRJvpVWoJ68IKFS-FTnk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAt87whbnWAhXEipAKHUGtBqEQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201802%22%20%22napoleon%22%20%22Ourcq%22&f=false|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1804 || Supply || The first drinking water supply covering an entire city is built in {{w|Paisley}}, {{w|Scotland}} by Scottish civil engineer [[w:John Gibb (engineer)|John Gibb]], in order to supply his bleachery and the entire city with water.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/><ref name="Water Supply Engineering"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1804 || System || The first drinking water supply covering an entire city is built in {{w|Paisley}}, {{w|Scotland}} by Scottish civil engineer [[w:John Gibb (engineer)|John Gibb]], in order to supply his bleachery and the entire city with water.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/><ref name="Water Supply Engineering"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1807 || Transportation || Filtered water is transported to {{w|Glasgow}}.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1807 || Transportation || Filtered water is transported to {{w|Glasgow}}.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1827 || || English engineer {{w|James Simpson}} builds a {{w|sand filter}} for drinking water purification.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1845 || Technology || The first screw-down [[w:tap water|water tap]] is patented by Guest and Chrimes, a brass foundry in {{w|Rotherham}}, {{w|England}}.<ref name="The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1845 || || "The first screw-down water tap was patented in 1845 by Guest and Chrimes, a brass foundry in Rotherham" ||
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| 1913 || Aqueduct || The first {{w|Los Angeles Aqueduct}} is completed, bringing water 238 miles from the Owens Valley of the Sierra Nevada Mountains into the Los Angeles basin.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline">{{cite web|title=Water Supply and Distribution Timeline|url=http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3610|website=greatachievements.org|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref>|| {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1880 || || " introduction of the U-shaped trap by Thomas Crapper in 1880" ||
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| 1930 || Engineering || American structural engineer {{w|Hardy Cross}} develops a method for the analysis and design of water flow in simple pipe distribution systems, ensuring consistent water pressure. Cross would employ the same principles for the water system problem that he devised for the [[w:Moment distribution method|Hardy Cross method]] of structural analysis, a technique that enables engineers—without benefit of computers—to make the thousands of mathematical calculations necessary to distribute loads and moments in building complex structures such as multi-bent highway bridges and multistory buildings.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1905 || Epidemic || Serious {{w|typhid fever}} epidemic breaks out in {{w|Lincoln}} , {{w|England}}. Dr. Alexander Cruikshank Houston uses chlorination of the water to stem the epidemic. This marks the beginning of permanent water chlorination. The same year, the London Metropolitan Water Board starts applying drinking water disinfection after researching the disinfection mechanism of {{w|chlorine}} in water purification, under the view that chlorine disinfection is a suitable alternative for long-term storage of raw water. <ref name="FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY"/><ref name="Water disinfection application standards (for EU)">{{cite web|title=Water disinfection application standards (for EU)|url=http://www.lenntech.com/processes/disinfection/regulation-eu/eu-water-disinfection-regulation.htm|website=lenntech.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="How drinking water has improved over the last 100 years"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1936 || Facility || The {{w|Hoover Dam}} opens, aimed at providing water for irrigation and municipal water supplies for {{w|Nevada}}, {{w|Arizona}}, and {{w|California}}, in addition to electricity generation.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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|-
−
| 1913 || || "The Los Angeles–Owens River Aqueduct is completed, bringing water 238 miles from the Owens Valley of the Sierra Nevada Mountains into the Los Angeles basin. The project was proposed and designed by William Mulholland, an immigrant from Ireland who taught himself geology, hydraulics, and mathematics and worked his way up from a ditch tender on the Los Angeles River to become the superintendent of the Los Angeles Water Department. Mulholland devised a system to transport the water entirely by gravity flow and supervised 5,000 construction workers over 5 years to deliver the aqueduct within original time and cost estimates."<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1955 || Piping || Ductile cast-iron pipe becomes the industry standard, being used in water distribution systems. It becomes the industry standard for metal due to its superior strength, durability, and reliability over cast iron. The pipe is used to transport potable water, sewage, and fuel, and is also used in fire-fighting systems.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1919 || || "Civil engineer Abel Wolman and chemist Linn H. Enslow of the Maryland Department of Health in Baltimore develop a rigorous scientific formula for the chlorination of urban water supplies. (In 1908 Jersey City Water Works, New Jersey, became the first facility to chlorinate, using sodium hypochlorite, but there was uncertainty as to the amount of chlorine to add and no regulation of standards.) To determine the correct dose, Wolman and Enslow analyze the bacteria, acidity, and factors related to taste and purity. Wolman overcomes strong opposition to convince local governments that adding the correct amounts of otherwise poisonous chemicals to the water supply is beneficial—and crucial—to public health. By the 1930s chlorination and filtration of public water supplies eliminates waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and dysentery. The formula is still used today by water treatment plants around the world."<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline">{{cite web|title=Water Supply and Distribution Timeline|url=http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3610|website=greatachievements.org|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 1970s || Facility || The {{w|Aswan High Dam}} construction is completed. It impounds the waters of the Nile to form Lake Nasser, the world’s third-largest reservoir, with a capacity of 5.97 trillion cubic feet. The dam would supply water for municipalities and irrigation.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> || {{w|Egypt}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1930 || || "Hardy Cross method. Hardy Cross, civil and structural engineer and educator, develops a method for the analysis and design of water flow in simple pipe distribution systems, ensuring consistent water pressure. Cross employs the same principles for the water system problem that he devised for the "Hardy Cross method" of structural analysis, a technique that enables engineers—without benefit of computers—to make the thousands of mathematical calculations necessary to distribute loads and moments in building complex structures such as multi-bent highway bridges and multistory buildings."<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1977 || Organization || The UN Conference on Water is held in {{w|Mar del Plata}}, Argentina, with the goals of assessing the status of wa ter resources; ensuring that an adequate supply of quality water is available to meet the planet’s socio-economic needs; increasing water use efficiency; and promoting preparedness, nationally and internationally, so as to avoid a water crisis of global dimensions be fore the end of twentieth century. The conference would approve the so called Mar del Plata Action Plan, which would become the first internationally coordinated approach to {{w|Integrated Water Resources Management}} (IWRM). The Mar del Plata conference would be considered a success, in part due to the active participation of the {{w|developing world}} and the discussions on  various aspects of water management.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Conference on  Water (Mar del Plata 1977)|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/unconfwater.pdf|website=who.int|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref>|| {{w|Argentina}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1935 || || "In September, President Franklin D. Roosevelt speaks at the dedication of Hoover Dam, which sits astride the Colorado River in Black Canyon, Nevada. Five years in construction, the dam ends destructive flooding in the lower canyon; provides water for irrigation and municipal water supplies for Nevada, Arizona, and California; and generates electricity for Las Vegas and most of Southern California."<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1990 || Publication || The {{w|WHO}}/{{w|UNICEF}} {{w|Joint Monitoring  Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation  and Hygiene}} (JMP) starts producing regular estimates of national, regional and global progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017">{{cite web|title=Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/258617/1/9789241512893-eng.pdf?ua=1|website=who.int|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1951 || || "First hard rock tunnel-boring machine built. Mining engineer James S. Robbins builds the first hard rock tunnel-boring machine (TBM). Robbins discovers that if a sharp-edged metal wheel is pressed on a rock surface with the correct amount of pressure, the rock shatters. If the wheel, or an array of wheels, continually rolls around on the rock and the pressure is constant, the machine digs deeper with each turn. The engineering industry is at first reluctant to switch from the commonly used drill-and-blast method because Robbins’s machine has a $10 million price tag. Today, TBMs are used to excavate circular cross-section tunnels through a wide variety of geology, from soils to hard rock."<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1990 || Statistics || The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 76%.<ref name="Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all">{{cite web|title=Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all|url=http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|website=un.org|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1955 || || Ductile cast-iron pipe becomes the industry standard, being used in water distribution systems. It becomes the industry standard for metal due to its superior strength, durability, and reliability over cast iron. The pipe is used to transport potable water, sewage, and fuel, and is also used in fire-fighting systems.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1992 || Organization || The International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) is organized in {{w|Dublin}}. The formulated [[w:Dublin Statement|Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development]] recognizes the increasing scarcity of water as a result of the different conflicting uses and overuses of wat. || {{w|Ireland}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1970s || || "Aswan High Dam. The Aswan High Dam construction is completed, about 5 kilometers upstream from the original Aswan Dam (1902). Known as Saad el Aali in Arabic, it impounds the waters of the Nile to form Lake Nasser, the world’s third-largest reservoir, with a capacity of 5.97 trillion cubic feet. The project requires the relocation of thousands of people and floods some of Egypt’s monuments and temples, which are later raised. But the new dam controls annual floods along the Nile, supplies water for municipalities and irrigation, and provides Egypt with more than 10 billion kilowatt-hours of electric power every year."<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1996 || Organization || The {{w|Global Water Partnership}} is founded with the support of the {{w|World Bank}}, the {{w|United Nations Development Programme}} and the {{w|Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency}}.<ref name="Reinicke-53">Reinicke, Wolfgang H. (1999) "The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks"
 +
''Foreign Policy''  No. 117  pp. 44-57, page 53</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20271606~menuPK:559033~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:244381,00.html |title=Environment - Water Partnerships |publisher=Web.worldbank.org |date=2010-05-17 |accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1977 || || "the UN Conference on Water was held in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Its goals  were to assess the status of wa ter resources; to ensure that  an adequate supply of quality water was available to meet the planet’s  socio-economic needs; to increase water use  efficiency; and to promote preparedness, nati onally and internationall y, so as to avoid a  water crisis of global dimensions be fore the end of twentieth century" "The conference approved the Mar del Pl ata Action Plan, which was the first  internationally coordinated approach to IWRM. The plan had two parts: a set of recommendations that covere d all the essential component s of water management, and  twelve resolutions on a wide ra nge of specific subject areas." "The Mar del Plata conference was a success, in  part due to the active participation of the  developing world and the discussions on  various aspects of water management,  specifically the country and region specific  analyses"<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Conference on  Water (Mar del Plata 1977)|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/unconfwater.pdf|website=who.int|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref>|| {{w|Argentina}}
+
| 1998 || Policy || The {{w|European Union}} accepts the {{w|Drinking Water Directive}} 98/83/EC guideline, a framework of quality demands for drinking water. The guidelines include parameters that must be checked to determine quality. The countries of the European Union can add their own demands to this guideline.<ref name="Water disinfection application standards (for EU)">{{cite web|title=Water disinfection application standards (for EU)|url=http://www.lenntech.com/processes/disinfection/regulation-eu/eu-water-disinfection-regulation.htm|website=lenntech.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1980 || || "In 1980, a hepatitis A surge due to the consumption of water from a feces-contaminated well, in Pennsylvania"<ref name="hahs">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bowen GS, McCarthy MA |title=Hepatitis A associated with a hardware store water fountain and a contaminated well in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1980 |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=695–705 |date=June 1983 |pmid=6859025 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/117/6/695.abstract }}</ref> ||
+
| 2000 || || The Second {{w|World Water Forum}} in {{w|The Hague}} concludes that women are the primary users of domestic water, that women use water in their key food production roles, and that women and children are the most vulnerable to water-related disasters.<ref name="Women and Water">[https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/Feb05.pdf, "Women and Water"], UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2005.</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1987 || || "In 1987, a {{w|cryptosporidiosis}} outbreak is caused by the public water supply of which the filtration was contaminated, in western Georgia"<ref name="lcoc">{{cite journal
+
| 2000 || Statistics || Worldwide, 3.5 billion people use piped water supply.<ref name="Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> ||
−
  |vauthors=Hayes EB, Matte TD, O'Brien TR, etal |title=Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=320 |issue=21 |pages=1372–6 |date=May 1989 |pmid=2716783 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198905253202103 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198905253202103?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed}}</ref> ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1988 || || Many people become poisoned through contaminated drinking water supply in [[w:Camelford water pollution incident|Camelford]], after a worker puts 20 tonnes of aluminium sulphate in the wrong tank. || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| 2003 || Program launch || The {{w|United Nations Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality}} (IANWGE) establishes the Gender and Water Task Force. The Task Force would since become a UN-Water Task Force and take responsibility for the gender component of International Water for Life Decade (2005-1015).<ref name=UNWEB>[http://www.unwater.org/TFgender.html, UN Water Activities]</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || || "The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring  Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation  and Hygiene (JMP) has produced regular  estimates of national, regional and global  progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) since 1990. "<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017">{{cite web|title=Progress on  Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/258617/1/9789241512893-eng.pdf?ua=1|website=who.int|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 2006 || Statistics || According to a {{w|World Bank}} study, average water tariffs in {{w|Latin America}} are the highest of any region of the {{w|developing world}}. Tariffs are about four times higher than in {{w|South Asia}}, three times higher than in {{w|Eastern Europe}} and {{w|Central Asia}} and almost twice as high as in {{w|East Asia}}. However, tariffs are less than half as high as in [[w:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] countries. Based on a sample of 23 major cities in Latin America the average residential water tariff for a monthly consumption of 15 cubic meter was US$0.41, equivalent to a monthly bill of only about US$6.<ref>Foster, Halpern and Komides, 2005, p. 21, drawing on data from the Latin American water regulator association ADERASA</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || || The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 76%.<ref name="Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all">{{cite web|title=Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all|url=http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|website=un.org|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 2010 (28 July) || Policy || The {{w|Human Right to Water and Sanitation}} is recognized as a {{w|human right}} by the {{w|United Nations General Assembly}}.<ref name=HRWS>{{cite web|title=Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/RES/64/292&lang=E|website=United Nations|accessdate=8 July 2017|date=August 2010}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || || The International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) is organized in {{w|Dublin}}. The formulated [[w:Dublin Statement|Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development]] recognizes the increasing scarcity of water as a result of the different conflicting uses and overuses of wat. || {{w|Ireland}}
+
| 2010 || Statistics || About 87% of the global population (5.9 billion people) has access to piped water supply through house connections or to an {{w|improved water source}} through other means than house, including [[w:Standpipe (street)|standpipe]]s, {{w|water kiosk}}s, {{w|spring supplies}} and protected [[w:water well|wells]]. However, about 13% (about 900 million people) do not have access to an improved water source and has to use unprotected wells or springs, canals, lakes or rivers for their water needs.<ref>WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2010. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/fast_facts/en/</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1993 || || 400,000 people fall ill in {{w|Milwaukee}} from using drinking water that is contaminated by {{w|Cryptosporidium}} cysts.<ref name="Waterborne diseases"/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 2015 || Statistics || The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 91% (up from 76% in 1990).<ref name="Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all"/>  71 per cent of the global population  (5.2 billion people) use a safely managed drinking water service; that is, one located on premises, available when needed and  free from contamination.<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> Also, the worldwide population using piped water supply reaches 4.7 billion (up from 3.5 billion in 2000).<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> ||
−
|-
+
|-
−
| 1993 || || Overfeeding of fluoride results in a [[w:Fluoride toxicity|fluoride poisoning]] outbreak, in {{w|Mississippi}}.<ref name="oafp">{{cite journal |vauthors=Penman AD, Brackin BT, Embrey R |title=Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993 |journal=Public Health Rep |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=403–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9323392 |pmc=1381948 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
|}
−
|-
+
 
−
| 1996 || || The {{w|Global Water Partnership}} is founded with the support of the {{w|World Bank}}, the {{w|United Nations Development Programme}} and the {{w|Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency}}.<ref name="Reinicke-53">Reinicke, Wolfgang H. (1999) "The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks"
+
== Numerical and visual data  ==
−
''Foreign Policy''  No. 117  pp. 44-57, page 53</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20271606~menuPK:559033~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:244381,00.html |title=Environment - Water Partnerships |publisher=Web.worldbank.org |date=2010-05-17 |accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref>
+
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! "water supply"
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1997 || || "In 1997, 369 cases of {{w|cryptosporidiosis}} occurred, caused by a contaminated fountain in the Minnesota zoo. Most of the sufferers were children"<ref name="ocaw">{{cite journal
+
| 1900 || 1,010
−
|author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
 
−
|title=Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a water sprinkler fountain—Minnesota, 1997 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=47 |issue=40 |pages=856–60 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9790661 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00055289.htm}}</ref> ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || The {{w|European Union}} accepts the {{w|Drinking Water Directive}} 98/83/EC guideline, a framework of quality demands for drinking water. The guidelines include parameters that must be checked to determine quality. The countries of the European Union can add their own demands to this guideline.<ref name="Water disinfection application standards (for EU)"/> ||
+
| 1910 || 1,460
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || "In 1998, a non-chlorinated municipal water supply was blamed for a {{w|campylobacteriosis}} outbreak in northern Finland"<ref name="aloc">{{cite journal
+
| 1920 || 1,410
−
|doi=10.1017/S0950268805003808
 
−
|vauthors=Kuusi M, Nuorti JP, Hänninen ML, etal |title=A large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in Finland |journal=Epidemiol. Infect. |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=593–601 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16050503 |pmc=2870285 }}</ref>
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2000 || || "In 2000, the Second World Water Forum in The Hague concluded that women are the primary users of domestic water, that women used water in their key food production roles, and that women and children were the most vulnerable to water-related disasters".<ref name="Women and Water">[https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/Feb05.pdf, "Women and Water"], UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2005.</ref> ||
+
| 1930 || 1,270
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2000 || || Worldwide, 3.5 billion use piped water supply.<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> ||
+
| 1940 || 1,410
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2000 || || "In 2000, a {{w|gastroenteritis}} outbreak that was brought by a non-chlorinated community water supply, in southern Finland"<ref name="aognc">{{cite journal
+
| 1950 || 1,860
−
|vauthors=Kuusi M, Klemets P, Miettinen I, etal |title=An outbreak of gastroenteritis from a non-chlorinated community water supply |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=273–7 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15026434 |pmc=1732716 |doi= 10.1136/jech.2003.009928|url=http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15026434}}</ref>
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || || "The {{w|United Nations}} Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE) established the Gender and Water Task Force in 2003. The Task Force has since become a UN-Water Task Force and is taking responsibility for the gender component of International Water for Life Decade (2005-1015)."<ref name=UNWEB>[http://www.unwater.org/TFgender.html, UN Water Activities]</ref> ||
+
| 1960 || 3,130
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2004 || || "In 2004, contamination of the community water supply, serving the Bergen city centre of Norway, was later reported after the outbreak of waterborne {{w|giardiasis}}"<ref name="alcow">{{cite journal
+
| 1970 || 5,750
−
|vauthors=Nygård K, Schimmer B, Søbstad Ø, etal |title=A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis-delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=6|pages=141 |year=2006 |pmid=16725025 |pmc=1524744 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-6-141 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/141}}</ref>
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || || "According to a 2006 World Bank study average water tariffs in Latin America are the highest of any region of the developing world. Tariffs are about four times higher than in South Asia, three times higher than in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and almost twice as high as in East Asia. However, tariffs are less than half as high as in [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] countries. Based on a sample of 23 major cities in Latin America the average residential water tariff for a monthly consumption of 15 cubic meter was US$0.41, equivalent to a monthly bill of only about US$6."<ref>Foster, Halpern and Komides, 2005, p. 21, drawing on data from the Latin American water regulator association ADERASA</ref> ||
+
| 1980 || 9,100
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2007 || || "In 2007, contaminated drinking water was pinpointed which had led to the outbreak of gastroenteritis with multiple {{w|aetiologies}} in Denmark"<ref name="osgm">{{cite journal
+
| 1990 || 13,200
−
|vauthors=Vestergaard LS, Olsen KE, Stensvold R, etal |title=Outbreak of severe gastroenteritis with multiple aetiologies caused by contaminated drinking water in Denmark, January 2007 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=E070329.1 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17439795 |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2007/070329.asp }}</ref>
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 (28 July) || || The {{w|Human Right to Water and Sanitation}} is recognized as a {{w|human right}} by the {{w|United Nations General Assembly}}.<ref name=HRWS>{{cite web|title=Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/RES/64/292&lang=E|website=United Nations|accessdate=8 July 2017|date=August 2010}}</ref> ||
+
| 2000 || 27,800
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || || "In 2010, about 87% of the global population (5.9 billion people) had access to piped water supply through house connections or to an {{w|improved water source}} through other means than house, including [[w:Standpipe (street)|standpipe]]s, {{w|water kiosk}}s, {{w|spring supplies}} and protected [[w:water well|wells]]. However, about 13% (about 900 million people) did not have access to an improved water source and had to use unprotected wells or springs, canals, lakes or rivers for their water needs."<ref>WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2010. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/fast_facts/en/</ref> ||
+
| 2010 || 59,500
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || || The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 91% (up from 76% in 1990).<ref name="Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all"/> "  71 per cent of the global population  (5.2 billion people) used a  safely managed drinking water service; that is, one located  on premises, available when needed and  free from contamination. "<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"> Also, the worldwide population using piped water supply reaches 4.7 billion (up from 3.5 billion in 2000).<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> ||
+
| 2020 || 47,800
−
|- ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Water supply gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Water supply (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water supply |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F032t7j |website=Google Trends |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Water supply gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Water supply, from 1500 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water supply |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Water+supply&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=18 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Water supply ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Water supply}}, from July 2015 to March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water supply |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Water+supply&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Water supply wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 157: Line 179:
  
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 +
 +
[http://www.water-technology.net/watersupply/]
 +
[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/results.html][http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/tables/WorldData-Withdrawal_eng.pdf] [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/tables/WorldData-IRWR_eng.pdf][http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/tables/AQWeb_MDG_WaterIndicator7-5.pdf]
  
 
===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===

Latest revision as of 20:31, 14 April 2024

This is a timeline of water supply, focusing on the provision and treatment of water for non–agricultural human consumption. Improved water source is prioritized. Irrigation and water treatment are described in the Timeline of irrigation and Timeline of water treatment.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Prehistory Hunter-gatherers use rivers for drinking and bathing. Permanent settlements are usually established near a river or lake. When there are no rivers or lakes in an area, people use groundwater for drinking.[1] During the Neolithic, humans dig the first permanent water wells, from where vessels can be filled and carried by hand.
Ancient times In the Roman era a water wheel device known as a noria supplies water to aqueducts and other water distribution systems in major cities in Europe and the Middle East.
Middle ages Little development is made in the water treatment area. The water is extracted from rivers or wells, or from outside the city. Waste and excrements are discharged into the water, thus rendering circumstances highly unhygenic. People that drink this water fall ill and often die. To solve the problem people would drink water from outside the city, where rivers are unpolluted. So-called water-bearers carry water to the cities.[1]
Industrial revolution Mechanical pumped supplies become available with the advent of the steam driven Newcomen engine in 1700.[2]
19th century Great Britain would be seen as the forerunner of modern water supply and sanitation systems. However, innovations would soon spread to Germany, other parts of Europe, USA and later also elsewhere.[3]
20th century Desalination appears late in the century, and is still limited to a few areas.
Recent years Worldwide, about 1.2 billion people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water. Every year, 5 million people die of waterborne diseases.[4]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Present time country/location
8500 BC – 7000 BC Storage Some of the world's oldest known wells, located in Cyprus, date from this period.[5] Cyprus
6500 BC Storage Wells dug around this time are found in the Jezreel Valley.[6] Israel
2090 BC Storage Wood-lined wells are known from the early Neolithic Linear Pottery culture, for example in Kückhoven, Germany.[7] Germany
5000 BC Storage Jericho stores water in water wells that are used as sources.[1]
3200 BC – 1100 BC Piping The Minoan civilization in Crete is the first to use underground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply. Knossos, the capital, has a well–organized water system for bringing in clean water.[8] Greece
3000 BC System The city of Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan uses a very extensive water supply. The city boasts public bathing facilities with water boiler installations and bathrooms.[1] Pakistan
700 BC – 681 BC Canal Assyrian king Sennacherib builds a 80km stone-lined canal 20 metres wide to bring fresh water from Bavian to Nineveh, including a stone aqueduct 330 metres long.[9] Iraq, Iran
700 BC–400 AD Aqueduct The Romans build a system of aqueducts providing inhabitants with fresh running water, which is piped directly to homes of the wealthy, and to public fountains and baths. This system greatly improves domestic sanitation and adequate disposal of sewage.[10] Italy
100 BC – 800 AD System Nazca people in ancient Peru employ a system of interconnected wells and an underground watercourse known as puquios.[11] Peru
40 – 60 AD? Aqueduct Ancient Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard is finished.[12] France
52 AD System Rome has 220 miles of aqueducts, which bring in fresh water to the city, and is used for public bathing, fountains, and latrines. The waste water is then removed by the city’s sewage system, some of which, like the Cloaca Maxima, is still in use today.[13] Italy
100 AD Publication Roman senator Frontinus writes a handbook on the Roman aqueduct system.[12][14] Italy
200 AD – 400 AD Storage The first rock-cut stepwells are built in India.[15] India
532 AD Storage The Basilica Cistern is built in Istanbul to store fresh water for the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I's palace and nearby buildings.[16][2] Turkey
550 AD – 625 AD Storage The stepwells at Dhank in Rajkot district in India are built.[15] India
1500 System In Hama, Syria, there are a series of water driven wheels of various diameters, that lifts the river water to an aqueduct at a higher level for drinking and irrigation purposes.[2] Syria
1579 Technology Dutchman Peter Maurice acquires a 500 year lease to construct a water wheel under the first arch of London Bridge on the River Thames, supplying water to individual local houses through lead pipes.[2] United Kingdom
1723 Technology Chelsea Waterworks Company becomes one of the first water companies to use steam driven Newcomen engine.[2] United Kingdom
1775 Piping Scottish watchmaker Alexander Cummings invents the S-bend pipe.[17] United Kingdom
1802 Canal Napoleon Bonaparte builds the Ourcq canal which would bring 70,000 cubic meters of water a day to Paris.[17][18] France
1804 System The first drinking water supply covering an entire city is built in Paisley, Scotland by Scottish civil engineer John Gibb, in order to supply his bleachery and the entire city with water.[1][14] United Kingdom
1807 Transportation Filtered water is transported to Glasgow.[1] United Kingdom
1845 Technology The first screw-down water tap is patented by Guest and Chrimes, a brass foundry in Rotherham, England.[17] United Kingdom
1913 Aqueduct The first Los Angeles Aqueduct is completed, bringing water 238 miles from the Owens Valley of the Sierra Nevada Mountains into the Los Angeles basin.[19] United States
1930 Engineering American structural engineer Hardy Cross develops a method for the analysis and design of water flow in simple pipe distribution systems, ensuring consistent water pressure. Cross would employ the same principles for the water system problem that he devised for the Hardy Cross method of structural analysis, a technique that enables engineers—without benefit of computers—to make the thousands of mathematical calculations necessary to distribute loads and moments in building complex structures such as multi-bent highway bridges and multistory buildings.[19] United States
1936 Facility The Hoover Dam opens, aimed at providing water for irrigation and municipal water supplies for Nevada, Arizona, and California, in addition to electricity generation.[19] United States
1955 Piping Ductile cast-iron pipe becomes the industry standard, being used in water distribution systems. It becomes the industry standard for metal due to its superior strength, durability, and reliability over cast iron. The pipe is used to transport potable water, sewage, and fuel, and is also used in fire-fighting systems.[19]
1970s Facility The Aswan High Dam construction is completed. It impounds the waters of the Nile to form Lake Nasser, the world’s third-largest reservoir, with a capacity of 5.97 trillion cubic feet. The dam would supply water for municipalities and irrigation.[19] Egypt
1977 Organization The UN Conference on Water is held in Mar del Plata, Argentina, with the goals of assessing the status of wa ter resources; ensuring that an adequate supply of quality water is available to meet the planet’s socio-economic needs; increasing water use efficiency; and promoting preparedness, nationally and internationally, so as to avoid a water crisis of global dimensions be fore the end of twentieth century. The conference would approve the so called Mar del Plata Action Plan, which would become the first internationally coordinated approach to Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The Mar del Plata conference would be considered a success, in part due to the active participation of the developing world and the discussions on various aspects of water management.[20] Argentina
1990 Publication The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) starts producing regular estimates of national, regional and global progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).[21]
1990 Statistics The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 76%.[22]
1992 Organization The International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) is organized in Dublin. The formulated Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development recognizes the increasing scarcity of water as a result of the different conflicting uses and overuses of wat. Ireland
1996 Organization The Global Water Partnership is founded with the support of the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.[23][24]
1998 Policy The European Union accepts the Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC guideline, a framework of quality demands for drinking water. The guidelines include parameters that must be checked to determine quality. The countries of the European Union can add their own demands to this guideline.[25]
2000 The Second World Water Forum in The Hague concludes that women are the primary users of domestic water, that women use water in their key food production roles, and that women and children are the most vulnerable to water-related disasters.[26] Netherlands
2000 Statistics Worldwide, 3.5 billion people use piped water supply.[21]
2003 Program launch The United Nations Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE) establishes the Gender and Water Task Force. The Task Force would since become a UN-Water Task Force and take responsibility for the gender component of International Water for Life Decade (2005-1015).[27]
2006 Statistics According to a World Bank study, average water tariffs in Latin America are the highest of any region of the developing world. Tariffs are about four times higher than in South Asia, three times higher than in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and almost twice as high as in East Asia. However, tariffs are less than half as high as in OECD countries. Based on a sample of 23 major cities in Latin America the average residential water tariff for a monthly consumption of 15 cubic meter was US$0.41, equivalent to a monthly bill of only about US$6.[28]
2010 (28 July) Policy The Human Right to Water and Sanitation is recognized as a human right by the United Nations General Assembly.[29]
2010 Statistics About 87% of the global population (5.9 billion people) has access to piped water supply through house connections or to an improved water source through other means than house, including standpipes, water kiosks, spring supplies and protected wells. However, about 13% (about 900 million people) do not have access to an improved water source and has to use unprotected wells or springs, canals, lakes or rivers for their water needs.[30]
2015 Statistics The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 91% (up from 76% in 1990).[22] 71 per cent of the global population (5.2 billion people) use a safely managed drinking water service; that is, one located on premises, available when needed and free from contamination.[21] Also, the worldwide population using piped water supply reaches 4.7 billion (up from 3.5 billion in 2000).[21]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.

Year "water supply"
1900 1,010
1910 1,460
1920 1,410
1930 1,270
1940 1,410
1950 1,860
1960 3,130
1970 5,750
1980 9,100
1990 13,200
2000 27,800
2010 59,500
2020 47,800
Water supply gscho.png

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Water supply (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[31]

Water supply gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Water supply, from 1500 to 2019.[32]

Water supply ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Water supply, from July 2015 to March 2021.[33]

Water supply wv.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

[1] [2][3] [4][5]

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "History of drinking water treatment". lenntech.com. Retrieved 7 August 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "10 General Water Supply History". essexwatersupply.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  3. ↑ "A Brief History of Water and Health from Ancient Civilizations to Modern Times". iwapublishing.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017. 
  4. ↑ "Waterborne diseases". lenntech.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Stone Age wells found in Cyprus". BBC News. Retrieved 29 September 2017. 
  6. ↑ Ashkenazi, Eli (Nov 9, 2012). "Ancient well reveals secrets of first Jezreel Valley farmers". haaretz.com. Haaretz. Retrieved 29 September 2017. 
  7. ↑ Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stäuble H, Büntgen U (2012). "Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture". PLoS ONE. 7 (12): e51374. PMC 3526582Freely accessible. PMID 23284685. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051374. 
  8. ↑ Burke, Joseph. FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY. Retrieved 4 August 2017. 
  9. ↑ "Canals and inland waterways". britannica.com. Retrieved 29 September 2017. 
  10. ↑ "SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION". hygieneforhealth.org.au. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 
  11. ↑ "Puzzle of the Nazca holes is solved: Ancient spirals in the Peruvian desert were used as a 'sophisticated' irrigation system". dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 18 September 2017. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Watering Ancient Rome". pbs.org. Retrieved 7 August 2017. 
  13. ↑ "History of Plumbing Systems". homeadvisor.com. Retrieved 6 August 2017. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Verma, Subhash; et al. Water Supply Engineering. Retrieved 10 August 2017. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Livingston & Beach, page xxiii
  16. ↑ "Inside the Ancient Underground Cisterns of Istanbul". slate.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Burke, Joseph. The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know. Retrieved 18 September 2017. 
  18. ↑ Infrastructure Finance in Europe: Insights Into the History of Water, Transport, and Telecommunications (Youssef Cassis, Giuseppe De Luca, Massimo Florio ed.). Retrieved 22 September 2017. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "Water Supply and Distribution Timeline". greatachievements.org. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  20. ↑ "United Nations Conference on Water (Mar del Plata 1977)" (PDF). who.int. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017" (PDF). who.int. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all". un.org. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  23. ↑ Reinicke, Wolfgang H. (1999) "The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks" Foreign Policy No. 117 pp. 44-57, page 53
  24. ↑ "Environment - Water Partnerships". Web.worldbank.org. 2010-05-17. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  25. ↑ "Water disinfection application standards (for EU)". lenntech.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  26. ↑ "Women and Water", UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2005.
  27. ↑ UN Water Activities
  28. ↑ Foster, Halpern and Komides, 2005, p. 21, drawing on data from the Latin American water regulator association ADERASA
  29. ↑ "Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation". United Nations. August 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2017. 
  30. ↑ WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2010. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/fast_facts/en/
  31. ↑ "Water supply". Google Trends. Retrieved 18 April 2021. 
  32. ↑ "Water supply". books.google.com. Retrieved 18 April 2021. 
  33. ↑ "Water supply". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021. 
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